Social Class and Residential Architecture in Medieval Europe
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Transcript of Social Class and Residential Architecture in Medieval Europe
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Social Class and Residential Architecture in Medieval Europe
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I. Medieval urbanism: cities after the fall of the Roman Empire A. Main lines of city morphology (form) in Europe: 1. the old rural pattern
Open field village: Wharram Percy (East Anglia), England1.
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Continuous occupation of Roman gridded colony
Florence, Italy
Fosdinovo, Italy
New village springs up near a castle or monastery
New town deliberately founded by a patron
Montaubon (bastide), France
3.
I. A. 2. three basic patterns of the medieval town
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I. B. A partiality for regular, urban-based geometric plans in the Middle Ages: the pitfalls of thinking that similar forms have similar significance 1. In spite of similar form, how were medieval bastides in France unlike Roman towns?
Medieval bastide
Montaubon, France
Roman colony
Timgad, Algeria
Law of the Indies plan
New Orleans, LA
6.8.
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I. C. Purposefulness of the medieval organic towns, a rural, topography-based “plan” 1. Influence of topography on form: why did faubourg type towns often conform to topography?
Friesbach, Austria, 12th century
4.
Faubourg in German-speaking lands Faubourg in England
Farnham, England, 12th century
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Friesbach, Austria, 12th century
I. C. 1.
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I. C. 2. How did the influence of economic considerations shape informal medieval town plans?
Siena, Italy (free commune)
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I. C. 3. How could intelligent decisions based on accidents of site become part of the aesthetic identity of an organic town?
Siena, Italy – view over town square (the Campo)
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II. Middle Ages in Northern Europe: the culture of the hall
Great Hall at Oakham Castle, Oakham, England, 1180-90
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II. A. Functions: What functions did a great hall serve?
Halls and the Great Hall of the Saxon royal court at Yeavering, England, 7th - 9th cen.
Remains of a byre in Ezinge, Netherlands2nd cen. BC
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II. A. Origins of the rural North European timber hall 1. Vernacular
Saxon royal hall at Cheddar (c. 1100), England
Halls and the Great Hall of the Saxon royal court at Yeavering, England, 7th - 9th cen.
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II. A. 2. Roman basilicas
Great Hall at OakhamConstantine’s Aula or Basilica
Trier, Germany, c. 300
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II. C. Evolution of a northern architecture for the elite: making the hall an architecture of power
Great Hall at Oakham Castle
bailey (grounds)
earthen banks w/ stone walls
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“Here below, some pray, others fight, still others work.” (11th century, Bishop Adalbero of Laon)
“From the beginning, mankind has been divided into three parts,
among men of prayer, farmers, and men of war.”(11th century, Bishop Gerard of Cambrai)
II. C. Feudal context of the substantial great halls: why did great halls become more monumental beginning in the 11th century?
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Great Hall at Oakham
II. C. 2. How were architectural languages combined to distinguish great halls with pretensions from other halls?
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II. C. 2.
Great Hall at Oakham
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Great Hall at Oakham
Figure playing a viol
II. C. 2.
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Keep (donjon) of Loches Castle, Loches, France, 1030s
III. Signature architecture of the feudal aristocracy: The keep an un-Roman vertical status dwelling➝
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Tower of London, 1078
Royal residence of William the Conqueror
Keep of Durham Castle
III.
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Remains of motte-and-bailey castle at Pleshey,
England
wood hall → future masonry keep
III. A. Origin of the keep in north European motte-and-bailey earthwork fortifications motte (mound) and bailey (enclosed grounds)
great hall and other buildings
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Loches Castle
III. B. Rural landscape setting: Why would the idea to live in a vertical house not have occurred to the elite Roman?
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Hall at Oakham Castle Stacking of halls seen in Bayeux Tapestry, 11th cen.Stacking of halls seen in Bayeux Tapestry, 11th cen.
III. C.
a keep
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Loches Castle
III. C. Architectural program of the tower, keep, or donjon
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4 floor levels inside the keep at Loches
Plan of the keep at Loches
great hall
chambers
armory
chambers
III. C. 1. keep as stacked feudal halls for feasting, entertaining, sleeping, praying
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The great hall (2nd floor)
III. C. 1.Loches Castle
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Loches Castle
The chapel in the small keep (3rd floor chamber level)
III. C. 1.
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III. C. 1.
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III. C. 2. thick walls (idea found also in Romanesque churches)
Loches Castle Loches CastleDwarf gallery at Durham Cathedral
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III. D. Aesthetics: non-defensive statements made by the castle and keep
Loches Castle
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III. D. 1. Its relationship to the grandeur of Romanesque church design
Engaged shafts at Loches Castle Romanesque Speyer Cathedral
Engaged shafts, passageways in walls, and ashlar masonry: already appear at Loches before they become widespread in church architecture
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Tower of London, 1078 Keep of Castle Rising, England, 1140
More complex massing and/or exterior articulation
III. D. 1.
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Étampes donjon, Étampes, France, 1130-50
III. D. 1. Evolution away from the rectangular hall toward more visually flashy keeps