Social Change [Compatibility Mode]

7/29/2019 Social Change [Compatibility Mode]

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SocialSocial

ChangeChangeocia cience I

UP Visayas


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Social changeSocial change

The transformation of culture and socialinstitution over time

among indiiduals, groups, cultures, andsocieties (Kameyer, Reyzer, & Kitman, 1992).


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Social changes four characteristics:Social changes four characteristics:

Social change is inevitable Some societies change faster than others Some cultural elements change faster than

others CULTURAL LAG : material culture usually

changes faster than nonmaterial culture


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Social changes four characteristics:Social changes four characteristics:

Social change is sometimes intentional

but often unplanned

Social change matter more than others


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Causes of social changeCauses of social change

Invention production of new

objects, ideas, and social patterns.

take note of certain elements orlearn to see them in a new way


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Diffusion creates change as trade,

migration, and mass communicationspread cultural elements throughout theworld

Cloth Asia

Clocks Europe Coins - Turkey


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Tension and Conflict

Karl Marx : the struggle between capitalistsand workers propels society towards asocialist system of production


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Ideas (emphasized by Max Weber)

Ideas can inhibit or advance social change Social movements

Change comes from the determination of people actingoge er examp e env ronmen a c ean up


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Natural environment

Cultural determination to master theenvironment

Demographic Change


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ModernityModernity

The progressive weakening, if not

destruction, of the concrete andrelatively cohesive communities in whichhuman bein s have found solidarit and

meaning throughout most of history

MODERNIZATION The process of social

change initiated by industrialization


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Key dimensions of modernizationKey dimensions of modernization

Decline of small, traditional communities

The expansion of personal choice

merg ng a u oo Period between adolescence and young adulthood


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Key dimensions of modernizationKey dimensions of modernization

Increasing social diversity

Modernization promotes a more rational,scientific view, in which tradition loses itsforce and morality becomes a matter of

individual attitude Increasing secularization


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Model/ Perspectives on ModernizationModel/ Perspectives on Modernization

Gemienschaft and Gesellschaft

by Ferdinand Toennies Modernization leads to a progressive loss of

emeinschaftor human communit

Growing population, rise in cities, increasingimpersonality European and North American societies gradually

became rootless and impersonalas people came to associate mostly on

the basis of self-interest(gesellschaft)


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Gemienschaft and Gesellschaft

Criticism on this principle: Modern life, while often impersonal, is not

com letel devoid of emeinschaft

Say little about which are causes and whichare effects

Toennies approach favored (and

romanticized) traditional societies


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Division of Labor

By Emile Durkheim Modernization is marked by an increasing

division of labor, or s ecialized economic

activity Pre-industrial societies are held together

by mechanical solidarityor shared moral

sentiments


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Division of Labor

Modern societies are organic or natural Durkheim viewed modernization not as the

loss of communit but as a chan e from

community based on bonds of likeness tocommunity based on economicinterdependence

View is more complex and positive


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Division of Labor

Durkheim feared that modern societiesmight become so diverse that they wouldcollapse into a state of anomie

A condition in which norms and values are soweak and inconsistent that society provideslittle moral guidance to individuals; people tendto be egocentric and find little purpose in life


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Division of Labor

Criticism on this principle: Even though modernization is associated

distress, shared norms and values are stillstrong enough to give the majority ofpeople a sense of meaning and purpose


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Rationalization

By Max Weber Modernity means replacing a traditional

world view with a rational wa of thinkin

In pre-industrial societies, tradition acts asa constant brake on change; what has alwaysbeen is greatly valued. In modern societies,

rational calculation isgiven importance(i.e., efficiency).


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Rationalization

for Max Weber, modern society isdisenchanted

the ca italist, the scientist, the bureaucrat

all have a rational view of the world


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Rationalization

Weber was critical of modern society :while science could produce technologicaland organizational wonders, it might carry

human beings away from more basicquestions about the meaning and purpose ofhuman existence


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Rationalization

Criticism on this principle: The alienation that Weber attributed to

inequality


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Modernization is synonymous with

Capitalism By Karl Marx

i i i i

Europe; the bourgeoisie gradually displacedthe feudal aristocracy


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Capitalism Marx agreed that modernity weakened

small-scale communities, shar ened the

division of labor, and fostered a rationalview but he only viewed these factors asconditions necessary for capitalism to

flourish


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Capitalism For Marx, social conflicts within capitalist

societies would sow the seeds of

revolutionary social change, leading to anegalitarian socialism


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CapitalismCriticism on this principle:

bureaucracy in modern societies


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Modernity and the IndividualModernity and the Individual

Mass Society : Problems of Identity

Social Character by David Reisman Refers to personality patterns common to

members of a particular society

Tradition-directedness - rigid conformity ortime-honored ways of living

Other-directedness receptiveness to thelatest trends and fashions


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Class Society : Problems of

Powerlessness Individual freedom is undermined by the

ersistence of social ine ualit

According to Herbert Marcuse, society isirrational because of its failure to meet thebasic needs of many people


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Modernity and Progress

Modernity does not proceed in apredictable, linear fashion, and cannotmerely be understood as progress.

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