SCIL10047: SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEMENTS: THEORY & PRACTICE

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has (Margaret Mead).

‘S uddenly, spontaneously, barricades were being thrown up in the streets [of 1968 Paris]. People w ere p iling up the cobblestones because they w anted, many for the first time, to throw themselves into a collective, spontaneous activity. People w ere releasing all their repressed feelings, expressing them in a festive sp irit. Thousands felt the need to communicate w ith each other, to love one another. That n ight has made me for ever optimistic about h istory. Having lived through it, I can ’t

ever say, “It w ill never happen ”’ (Dan iel Cohn-Bendit).

Anyone that thinks that the ANC will be running the South African government is living in cloud-cuckoo land (Margaret Thatcher).

Course Convenor: Hugo Gorringe

Time: Tuesday 11.00-1.00 Venue: Seminar Room 5, CMB Office hours: Tuesday 3-5pm

My office is Room 3.04 in 56 George Square. Pop in during office hours or make an appointment to meet me at another

time after one of the class sessions, or by sending me an email on hgorring@staffmail.ed.ac.uk

2

SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEMENTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE Short description: Social mobilisation is one means by which social change is attained. This course will offer both empirical case studies of particular movements and theoretical insights into mobilisation and engage with the debates about how, why and when social movements occur. It will be particularly concerned with the social and political context of protest, focusing on the circumstances in which social movements operate; how dissidents choose political tactics and strategies; and how movements affect social and political change.

Course Aims • To provide a critical understanding of social movements and the

interplay between collective actors, society and the state • To address the specific social formations created by collective actors

and consider how best to analyse and research them • To equip students with contextual knowledge and practical skills that

will be of use for careers in social research and practice Summary of Intended Learning Outcomes: • Knowledge of the main theoretical approaches to the study of social

movements and their links to wider social and political change; • Awareness of the interplay between social movements, political

institutions, wider social change and democratisation; • Competence in analysing social movements and their impact from a

sociological perspective; • Skills in investigation, planning and reporting on current issues. Course Format and Requirements The course consists of a weekly two-hour session. The first hour of the session will usually be a formal lecture. The format of the second hour of the session will vary but may include; class discussions, small group work or tutorial activities. Classes are organised around the discussion of key readings and homework tasks. The successful running of each class requires that students are prepared and able to contribute. Anyone who comes unprepared, having not done the reading or thought about the key issues, is effectively asking their peers to do the work for them. Everyone is welcome to draw on their personal experience but should try and relate this to the readings and think them through sociologically. Course Assessment

• 75% of the course mark will be assessed by long essay (3,500 – 4,500 words) or exam

• 25% of the course mark will be assessed by a short assignment

3

SHORT ASSIGNMENT (25%) Choose ONE of the following assignments. Feel free to draw on your own experience and opinions BUT this will be assessed as a piece of sociology, so please relate your examples to the course literature and concepts. Within those parameters be creative. Word Count: Your short essay should be between 1400-1600 words. Essays above 1,600 words will be penalized using the Ordinary level criterion of 1 mark for every 20 words over length: anything between 1,601 and 1,620 words will lose one point, between 1,621 and 1,640 two points, and so on. Note that the lower 1400 figure is a guideline for students which you will not be penalized for going below. However, you should note that shorter essays are unlikely to achieve the required depth and that this will be reflected in your mark. EITHER: Identify an instance of collective action from media accounts or everyday life and draw on course readings to determine whether the collective constitutes a social movement (Hint: you need to define what a SM is) or not. It may help to think through:

• How it is organised and how it operates (direct action or media stunts, leader-centred or participatory?);

• What its objectives are; • What (if anything) it has achieved.

To get an idea of what I am looking for, you can skim the following studies of socio-political movements (all available electronically): Law, A & McNeish, W (2007) ‘Contesting the New irrational Actor Model’, Sociology 41(3): 439- 456 (the conclusion in particular captures what I am looking for). Gorringe, H & Rosie, M (2006) ‘Pants to Poverty? Making Poverty History, Edinburgh

2005’. Sociological Research Online 11(1). Be creative: Past students have written essays on the ‘Campaign for Real Ale’, ‘The One Movement’, and ‘Fathers for Justice’. The following debates on whether Hip Hop is a social movement highlight some of the issues and questions that you could engage with:

• http://blog.lib.umn.edu/wilso092/socialmovements/2006/04/hiphop_as_movement.html OR: Find a media article relating to a social movement, instance of collective action or SM event and offer a sociological analysis of this. Think through:

• How is the movement described? Is presented in a positive light or not? • Are the issues dealt with in detail? Is the coverage episodic or thematic? • Look to see whether the same movement/issue is covered in the movement’s own

media (Indymedia for example)? How do the stories compare? A good way to find relevant articles is to go to Google News and type in ‘Protest’, ‘activism’ or ‘demonstration’. There were 2, 560,000 results for ‘protest’ the day I did this – something there for everyone I am sure For an example (though far too long) of the sort of thing I am looking for see: Rosie, M & Gorringe, H (2009) ‘The anarchists’ world cup’: respectable protest and media panics’, Social Movement Studies 8(1): pp35-53. (Also see reading in week on the Media). Deadline & Submission: The report is to be submitted online by 12pm on the Monday of week 5: 10th February. See page 4 of this handbook for details on how to submit.

75% ASSESSMENT Students have a choice between a Long Essay OR a two-hour Exam

4

LONG ESSAYS Essays should be 3500-4500 words long, excluding bibliography (essays above or below these limits will be penalised). Suggestions for long essay titles can be found at the back of this handbook. Students are encouraged to create their own essay questions BUT this must be done in consultation with the course convenor. Students writing long essays are advised to submit a plan or outline of their long essay so that they can receive informal feedback before the final assessment is due. Plans should be no longer than 2 sides of A4 and should be submitted to me no later than the end of week eight. For advice on planning, writing and referencing your essay please refer to the worksheet on the course web page. Due and final date for long-essays: Long essays should be anonymised and submitted online by 12.00pm on Monday 28th April. See below for details on how to submit. EXAM Students can sit a two hour exam instead of writing the long essay. The exam paper consists of six questions and students must answer two of these. An exemplar is provided at the back of this handbook and there will be a revision session in advance of the exam. You can sign up for the exam via the Learn Course Page.

Please feel free to come and see me in my office hours if you are at all unsure about any aspect of the assessment. Bonus marks will be awarded to students who actually go out

and change the world in line with course readings and debates

How to Submit Coursework Online Course work will be submitted online using our submission system – ELMA. You will not be required to submit a paper copy. Marked course work, grades and feedback will be returned online – you will not receive a paper copy of your marked course work or feedback. For information, help and advice on submitting coursework and accessing feedback, please see the ELMA wiki at: https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/SPSITWiki/ELMA

ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT IN SUBMISSION OF ESSAYS Coursework submitted to the Undergraduate Teaching Office will be regarded as the final version for marking. Where there is evidence that the wrong piece of work has been deliberately submitted to subvert hand-in deadlines - e.g. in a deliberately corrupted file - the matter may be treated as a case of misconduct and may be referred to the School Academic Misconduct Officer.

5

Key Sources for the Course The following are not text-books as such, but they will help you contribute to (and follow) lectures and will form the basis of your reading for essays or exams. They serve as excellent introductions to the field and to the debates that we will be following. Key sources are not necessarily those that are best books to buy (The Blackwells Companion is expensive). Reasonably affordable key readings that are possibly worth buying are marked with an *. The books are available through Word-Power bookshop on West Nicholson Street. It is an independent, local and radical bookshop and is well worth a visit anyway: Key Sources: *Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell. [HN17.5 Del] Snow, Soule and Kriesi. 2004: The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. [HM881 Bla.] (Very expensive – available electronically via Library Online ! Other Important General Works *Crossley, N. 2002. Making Sense of Social Movements. Buckingham. Open University: [HM881 Cro.] Also available electronically Diani, M & McAdam, D (eds.) 2003. Social Movements and networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford. O.U.P: [HM881 Soc]. Also Online via library catalogue Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’, Annual Review of Anthropology (Online) 30: pp285-317 Eyerman, R & Jamison, A. 1991. Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Polity [.301153 EYE.] Jordan, T. 2002. Activism! London: Reaktion Books [301.15 JOR] McAdam, D, McCarthy, J & Zald, M (ed.) 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge, C.U.P. [.301153 Com.] McDonald, K. 2006. Global Movements: Action and Culture [HM881 Macd.] *Melucci, A. 1996. Challenging Codes (Ch 1). [.301153 Mel.] Morris, A & Mueller, C (ed.) 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Yale University Press [.301153 Fro.] Roggeband, C & B. Klandermans (eds) 2007. Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines. Springer Press: [Electronic resource via library online] Russell, D and Kuechler, M (eds.) 1990. Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies. New York, Oxford: O.U.P [HN373.5Cha.] *Tarrow, S. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed., Cambridge: C.U.P [HM291 Tar.] Good Journals and Websites to check: Social Movements are constantly evolving and changing – keep up to date with current examples by checking the Guardian online [http://www.guardian.co.uk] or sites such as the New Social Movement Network [http://www.interweb-tech.com/nsmnet/] or Indymedia [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/]. Good journals to check include: Social Movement Studies (2002+ issues on Library Online) Interface (http://www.interfacejournal.net/)

Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power: Per. .3 Ide. Current Sociology: Online or Per. .3 Cur. See Special edition: July 2004 Annual Review of Sociology: Available Online

For a less academic take on these issues see: Mark Steel. 2009. What’s Going On? Mark Thomas. 2007. As Used on the Famous Nelson Mandela

6

Course Outline

Week/Date Lecture 1: 14/01 Definitions, Key Concepts & Tactics

2: 21/01 Theoretical Approaches: Climate Camp

3: 28/01 Social Movements and the Media: Make Poverty History

4: 04/02 Why Participate? The Student Protests

Short Essay Due 10th Feb

5: 11/02 Researching Social Movements/How SMs work

6: 18/02 INNOVATIVE LEARNING WEEK Alongside all the other activities planned for this week: A. Watch a Film on Social Movements, including:

• Bread and Roses by Ken Loach • Harvey Milk by Gus Van Sant • Matewan by John Sayles • Malcolm X by Spike Lee • Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick • Battle of Algiers by Gillo Pontecorvo • Land & Freedom by Ken Loach

B. Experience social activism: • Attend a protest/vigil/meeting; • sign a petition; • wear a badge

C. Read a protest novel – plenty out there including: • Ian Rankin’s The Naming of the Dead • Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man • Ian McEwan’s Saturday • One of Mark Thomas or Mark Steel’s books

7: 25/02 Political Consumers? Fairtrade as Social Movement?

8: 04/03 Social Movements and Violence: Genoa and ??

9: 11/03 Globalisation: The Alter-Globalisation Movement

10: 18/03 Institutionalisation: Dalit Movements in India

11: 25/03 Social Movement Outcomes

7

Week 1: Definitions, Key Concepts & Tactics This introductory session will define the key concepts of the course and introduce the main issues and debates: What is a social movement? What is the difference between social movement and other forms of action? Why do they arise and what do they do? Key Readings: Diani, M & Bison, I. 2004. ‘Organizations, coalitions and movements’, Theory &

Society 33: pp281-309 [Online] Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction (esp. Ch. 1).

[HN17.5 Del] Snow, Soule and Kriesi. 2004: The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements.

Intro. Available online: w w w .blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/0631226699/Snow _001.pdf

Stammers, N & Eschle, C. 2005. ‘Social Movements and Global Activism’ in De Jong, W; Shaw, M & Stammers, N (eds.) Global Activism, Global Media. London: Pluto: pp50-67 [HM1206 Glo.]

Other Readings: Armstrong, E and Bernstein, M. 2008. ‘Culture, Power, and Institutions: A Multi- Institutional Politics Approach to Social Movements’, Sociological Theory 26(1): pp74-99 [Online] Crossley, N 2003. Making Sense of Social Movements. Chs 1, 2. Foweraker, J. 1995. Theorizing Social Movements (Ch 1). Fox-Piven, F. 2008. ‘Can Power from Below Change the World?’, American Sociological Review 73(1): pp1-14 [Online] Meyer, D & Staggenborg, S. ‘Thinking about Strategy’, in G. Maney, R. Kutz- Flamenbaum, D. Rohlinger & J. Goodwin (eds): Strategies for Social

Change pp3-22 (on order, also – http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/cbsm_plenary_3.pdf)

Oliver, P. 1989: ‘Bringing the Crowd Back In’. Available online only: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/PROTESTS/ArticleCopies/CrowdPEO.pdf

Smithey, L. 2009. ‘Social Movement Strategy, Tactics, and Collective Identity’, Sociology Compass 3(4): pp658–671 (online)

Tarrow. S. 1998. Power in Movement. Introduction [HM291 Tar.] Taylor, V & Van Dyke, N. 2004. ‘”Get up, Stand Up”: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements’, in Snow et al (ed) Blackwells Companion to SMs: pp262-293 Homework Task: Write a short description of some form of collective action: This can be anything from a protest march to a pop concert. Explain why you think it is or is not a Social Movement. Then by reference to readings for Week 2 on theoretical approaches to SM analysis think through which theory makes most sense of your example.

8

Week 2: Theoretical Approaches This session will assess the advantages and disadvantages of Crowd Theory, Resource Mobilisation Theory, and New Social Movement Theory. These approaches form the basis for most writing on social movements. We will also ask what is meant by ‘new’ social movements and how they differ from ‘old’ ones. This session will explore how we should understand social movements. Key Readings Beuchler, S 2000: Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism: Chapter2 Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’,

Annual Review of Anthropology 30: pp285-317 [Online] Jasper, J. 2010. ‘Social Movement Theory Today: Toward a Theory of Action? Sociology Compass 4(11): pp 965-976 Other Sources *Armstrong, E and Bernstein, M. 2008. ‘Culture, Power, and Institutions: A Multi- Institutional Politics Approach to Social Movements’, Sociological Theory 26(1): pp74-99 [Online] Bevington, D & Dixon, C. 2005. ‘Movement-Relevant Theory’, Social Movement Studies 4(3): pp185-208 Crossley, N 2002: Making Sense of Social Movements. Ch9 *Della Porta & Diani 1999: Social Movements. Ch1. Castells, M 1997: The Power of Identity. Ch1. Diani, M and McAdam, D 2003: Social Movements and Networks. Esp.

Chs10, 12 (Available as an electronic resource through Libonline) Foweraker, J 1995: Theorizing Social Movements. Ch. 2. Haenfler, R; Johnson, B & Jones, E. 2012. ‘Lifestyle Movements: Exploring the Intersection of Lifestyle and Social Movements, Social Movement Studies

11(1): pp1-20 *Jasper, J 1997: The Art of Moral Protest. Chapter 2 (Also see: 3, 4) Jaswin 1999: ‘Trouble in Paradigms’, Sociological Forum 14(1): pp107-125

(JSTOR). Nash, K 2000: Contemporary Political Sociology. Ch.3 Snow et al. 2004: The Blackwell Companion: Chs2-6, 15-19 *Tarrow, S 1988. ‘National Politics and Collective Action’. Annual Review of

Sociology 14: 421-40 (JSTOR) Zirakzadeh, C 1997: Social Movements in Politics. Chapter 1 These readings offer general overviews of theoretical approaches to SMs. For essays on particular theories or more information please see the list at the end of the handbook. Also chase up readings listed on the table for more detailed analyses. Homework Task: Next week's lecture is on the media. Please find and bring in a newspaper article about SM activism. Think about how the SM is presented: Is the article pro or anti, balanced or biased? Are SM sources cited and if so who are they? Are the background issues highlighted, assumed or ignored?

9

Week 3: Media and Social Movements SM activists often depend on the media to reach a wider audience, meaning that much SM activity is played out in the media. Analysing media coverage, thus, is central to understanding contemporary SMs. In this lecture we focus on the example of Make Poverty History.

Key Readings Rosie, M & Gorringe, H 2009: ‘The anarchists’ world cup’: respectable protest and media

panics’, Social Movement Studies 8(1): pp35-53. [Online]

McFarlane, T & Hay, I (2003) ‘The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in The Australian newspaper’, Political Geography 22, pp211–232 [Online]

Other readings: Berger, S (2005), ‘From Aldermaston Marcher to Internet Activist’, in de Jong et al (eds), Global Activism, Global Media, London: Pluto. See also Intro and chs by Timms and Gaber & Wilson [HM1206 Glo.] Cohen, Stanley (2002), Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers: Third Edition, London: Routledge. [HQ799.8.G7 Coh.] Donson, F; Chesters, G; Welsh, I & Tickle, A 2004. ‘Rebels with a Cause, Folk Devils without a Panic: Press jingoism, policing tactics and anti-capitalist protest in London and Prague’, The Internet Journal of Criminology, http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com Downing, John (2008), ‘Social Movement Theories and Alternative Media: An Evaluation and Critique’, Communication, Culture and Critique 1: pp40-50 (Online) Earl, J; Martin, A; McCarthy, J & Soule, S (2004) ‘The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action’, Annual Review of Sociology 30: pp65-80 [Online] *Juris, J 2005. 'Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc & the Mass Media in Genoa', Critique of Anthropology 25(4), pp413-432 Make Poverty History (2004), ‘Manifesto’. Available from:

http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/docs/manifesto.pdf Make Poverty History (2006), ‘Measuring the reach of the Make Poverty History Media Campaign’. Available from:

http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/docs/measuringreachofmph.pdf Murdock, G 1973: 'Political Deviance: The Press Presentation of a Militant Mass

Demonstration', in S. Cohen & J. Young (eds): The Manufacture of News. Rosie, M & Gorringe, H 2009: ‘What a difference a death makes’, Sociological Research Online 14(5): <http://www.scoresonline.org.uk/14/5/4.html> Smith, Jackie; McCarthy, John; McPhail, Clark; & Augustyn, Boguslaw (2001), ‘From Protest to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in Washington, D.C.’, Social Forces, 79(4), pp1397-1423 [Online] See end for more readings

For Next Week: Think about the recent student protests over fees and cuts. Were you involved? If so, in what capacity were you involved? Did you sign a petition, write to your MP or MSP, go on a demonstration, trash Millbank, occupy a University building or talk about it in the pub? If not, why did you choose not to get involved? Did not agree with the protestors, not enough time, too busy studying, did not concern you? How many of your friends were involved? What difference did that make? These are the questions we will be returning to in class.

10

Week 4: Activist Participation & Non-Participation: A Case Study of the Student Protests in the UK Why might people who are sympathetic to the goals of a protest campaign choose not to participate in them? What distinguishes them sociologically from those who do participate? This lecture uses the 2010/11 student protests in the UK as a case study for understanding how contemporary social movements mobilise individuals into more alternative forms of political participation. The student protests saw large-scale regional and national demonstrations take place, as well as the formation of a network of simultaneous campus occupations across the UK, presenting a greater scale and diversity of protest participation opportunities than had been seen for a generation. Key Readings: Hensby, A. 2013: ‘Networks, counternetworks and political socialisation – paths and barriers to high-cost/risk activism in the 2010/11 student protests against fees and cuts’, Contemporary Social Science: DOI: 10.1080/21582041.2013.851409 McAdam, D. 1986. ‘Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom

Summer’, American Journal of Sociology 92(1) 64-90 Other Readings: Blackwells Companion: Chapters 15, 16, 18 *Crossley, N. and Ibrahim, J. 2012. ‘Critical Mass, Social Networks and Collective Action: Exploring Student Political Worlds’, Sociology 46:596 Norgaard, K. 2006. ‘”People Want to Protect themselves a Little Bit”: Emotions, denial and SM Nonparticipation’, Sociological Inquiry 76(3): pp372-396 Opp, K-D. 1988. ‘Grievances and Participation in Social Movements’, American Sociological Review 53(6): pp853-64 Pattie, P., Seyd, P. and Whiteley P. (2004) Citizenship in Britain: values, participation and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *Ray, K et al. 2003. ‘The Exclusiveness of the Political Field: Networks and Political Mobilization’, Social Movement Studies 2(1): pp37-60 *Salter, L. and Kay, J.B. (2011) "The UWE student occupation," Social Movement Studies 10(4) 423-429 Stecklenberg, J van & Klandermans, B. 2010. ‘The Social Psychology of Protest’,

Sociopedia.isa: (Online) http://www.surrey.ac.uk/politics/research/researchareasofstaff/isppsummeracademy/instructors/Social%20Psychology%20of%20Protest,%20Van%20Stekelenburg%20%26%20Klandermans.pdf

Snow, D; Rochford, E; Worden, S & Benford, R. 1986. ‘Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilisation, and Movement Participation’, American Sociological review 51(4): pp464-81

Homework Task: Imagine that you have been given a grant to research a Social Movement. List the methods you will use and why. Eg: Newspaper articles – to trace the frequency of protests and get a sense of the impact. Interview Leaders – Get a history of the movement and its ideology Questionnaire – Gain an insight into participant’s views Do different movements require different strategies? Why are you methods most appropriate for your chosen movement? The lecture next week will begin by asking you for input so come prepared.

11

Week 5: Researching Social Movements Part of the aim of this course is to equip you to study social movements yourselves. Given the number of approaches to the study of movements it is unsurprising that there are particular methodological issues involved. This week will address the particularities of researching social movements. Key Readings: Diani & Eyerman. 1992. Studying Collective Action: Introduction: pp1-21.

[.301153 Stu.] Frampton, C; Kinsman, G; Thompson, A & Tilleczek, K 2006: ‘Afterword: New

Directions for Activist Research’ in Frampton et al (eds): Sociology for Changing the World’.

Other Key texts Diani, M & McAdam, D 2004: Social Movements and Networks. Ch. 13 (Online in Lib). Jasper, J. 2007. Chapter 3 (especially pp95-101) in Roggeband, C & B. Klandermans (eds) 2007. Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines. Springer Press: [Electronic resource via library online] Klandermans, B and Staggenborg, S (eds). 2002. Methods of social movement research. University of Minnesota Press [HM881 Met.] Mayer, D 2002: ‘Introduction: Opportunities and Identities’ in D. Mayer, N. Whittier & B. Robnett (eds.): Social Movements: Identity, Culture & the State Melucci, A 1996: Challenging Codes (Ch 20) Other Readings Earl, J, Martin, A, McCarthy, J & Soule, S. 2004. ‘The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action’. Annual Review of Sociology 30: 65-80 (Online). Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’,

Annual Review of Anthropology (Online) 30: pp285-317 Gorringe, H. 2005. Untouchable Citizens. pp30-47 Olzak, S. 1989. ‘Analysis of Events in the Study of Collective Action’. Annual Review of Sociology 15: 119-41 (Available online). Omvedt, G. 1979. On the Participant Study of Women’s Movements. Huizer, G & Mannheim, B (ed.): The Politics of Anthropology: pp373-93 Touraine, A. 1981. The Voice and the Eye. Part 2. Innovative Learning Week 6: Next week is ILW there will be no classes. Suggestions of how to spend your time may be found in the overview of the course. Homework Task: Find an example of a consumer boycott, buycott or campaign (eg. Red™ Revolution). Think through whether this is a form of movement activism in preparation for a discussion next week. Good places to look include; Hertz, N (2001) The Silent Takeover (Shop Don’t Vote – OFFPRINT). http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/; http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/consumer. Also see the opinionated critique of consumption patterns: http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/211paterson.htm

12

Week 7: Political Consumers? Fairtrade as Social Movement? This week looks at ethical consumption, and the idea of organised consumers, charting the impact of social movements in the market and considering motives for participation at both the activist and the organisational level. The lecture uses the case of fair trade coffee. The class discussion will focus on whether such forms of activism constitute SM action or not.

Key readings Holzer, B., 2006. Political consumerism between individual choice and collective action: social movements, role mobilization and signalling. International Journal of Consumer Studies 30(5), 405-415. Available Online Kozinets, R.V. & Handelman, J.M., 2004. Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 691- 704. Available Online. Webb, J., 2007. Seduced or Sceptical Consumers? Organised Action and the Case of Fair Trade Coffee. Sociological Research Online, 12(3). Available Online. Irving S.,Harrison R.and Rayner M. (2002), Ethical Consumerism - Democracy through the Wallet. Journal of research for Consumers 3. Available Online. Other readings *Balsiger, P. 2010. ‘Making Political Consumers: The Tactical Action Repertoire of a Campaign for Clean Clothes’, Social Movement Studies 9(3): pp311-329, Bauman, Z. (2004) ‘The consumerist syndrome in contemporary society’, Journal of

Consumer Culture, 4: 291-312. Callon, M., Meadel, C. and Rabeharisoa, V. (2002) ‘The economy of qualities’,

Economy and Society, 31: 194-217. Gresser, C. and Tickell, S. (2002) Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup, Oxfam International,

www.maketradefair.com. Jaffee D; Kloppenburg J & Monroy, M. 2004: 'Bringing the "Moral Charge" Home: Fair

Trade within the North and within the South', Rural Sociology 69(2): pp169-196 Lyon, Sarah (2006) ‘Evaluating fair trade consumption: politics, defetishization and

producer participation.’ International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30 (5): 452-464. *Poletta, F & Jasper, J 2001: ‘Collective identity and social movements', Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 283-305. *Raynolds, L. 2002: 'Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks', Background Paper. New York: The Ford Foundation See the end of this handbook for more suggested readings and resources. Homework Task: The class next week will take the form of a debate about social movements and violence. Is there a place for violence? What sort? Why/Why not? The class will be divided into two groups and asked to prepare a case justifying the use of violence or arguing against it. Useful sites to check include: http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300348.html; Also see Anonymous in Carter and Morland 2004. Anti-Capitalist Britain or Sullivan’s engagement with this debate: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/research/workingpapers/2003/wp12303.pdf

13

Week 8: Social Movements and Violence Social Movements are often demonised or repressed as a consequence of resorts to violence. In this lecture we look at violence as a form of expressive action and argue that it has to be understood in context. Key Readings Juris, J. 2005 ‘Violence Performed and Imagined’, Critique of Anthropology 25(4):

pp413-432 *Gamson, W 1990: The Strategy of Social Protest. Chapter 6. (HN64 Gam.) The chapter is available as a Sociology Offprint from the Hub. Sorry, it cannot be made available electronically. Waddington, D. and King, M. 2005 ‘The Disorderly Crowd: From Classical

Psychological Reductionism to Socio-Contextual Theory – The Impact on Public Order Policing Strategies’, The Howard Journal, 44(5): pp490-503

Other Readings Button, M, John, T & Brearley, N. 20020 ‘New Challenges in Public Order Policing’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30: 17-32 *Earl, J 2003: ‘Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression’, Sociological Theory 21(1): pp. 44-68 Goldstone, J 2004: ‘More Social Movements or Fewer? Beyond Political Opportunity

Structures to relational Fields’, Theory & Society 33: pp333-365 Kitschelt, H 1986: ‘Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear

Movements in Four Democracies’, British Journal of Political Science 16(1): pp57-85

*Marx, G 1970: ‘Issueless Riots’. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science. Vol. 391: pp. 21-33 *Meyer, D & Staggenborg, S 1996: ‘Movements, Countermovements, & the Structure of Political Opportunity’, The American Journal of Sociology 101(6): pp1628-1660 Reicher, S, Stott, C, Cronin, P and Adang, O. 2004 ‘An integrated approach to crowd

psychology and public order policing’. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 27 (4), pp558-572

Starr, A. 2006. ‘… (Excepting Barricades Erected to Prevent Us from Peacefully Assembling)’: So Called ‘Violence’ in the Global North Alterglobalization

Movement, Social Movement Studies 5(1): pp61-81 See end for more readings on collective violence Homework Task: Go online and try to find an example of transnational activism. Think about the possibilities and hindrances facing the construction of a ‘global movement’.

14

Week 9: Globalisation and Social Movements The most prominent contemporary movements are those that have arisen in response to processes of globalisation. This lecture charts the rise of transnational movement activism. Key Readings Della Porta, D & Tarrow, S 2005: ‘Transnational Processes and Social Activism’

in Della Porta, D & Tarrow, S (eds) Transnational Protest and Global Activism: Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield [HM881 Tra.] And other chaps in this volume.

Wood, L. 2005. ‘Bridging the Chasms: The Case of People’s Global Action’, in Bandy, J & Smith, J. (eds) 2005. Coalitions Across Borders. [HM881 Coa.]

*Smith, J 2002. ‘Bridging Global Divides? Strategic Framing & Solidarity in Transnational SMOs’, International Sociology 17(4): 505-528

See also short, accessible and informative pieces: Hardt, M 2002. ‘Porto Alegre: Today’s Bandung?’ New Left Review 14 (Online). Mertes, T 2002. ‘Grassroots Globalism’. New Left Review 17 (Online). Klein, N 2001: ‘Reclaiming the Commons’ pp.1-7 in New Left Review 9 (Online) On transcending ‘unity’: http://www.turbulence.org.uk/walkingintherigh.html Other Readings Bandy, J & Smith, J. (eds) 2005. Coalitions Across Borders. Lanham: Rowman and

Littlefield [HM881 Coa.] Esp Chapters by Faber, Wood, Brooks and eds. Castells, M 1997: The Power of Identity. Crossley, N 2003. ‘Even Newer Social Movements? Anti-Corporate Protests, Capitalist

Crises and the Remoralization of Society’, Organization 10(2): pp287-305 Gorringe, H and Rosie, M 2006: ‘“Pants to Poverty”? Making Poverty History, Edinburgh

2005’. Sociological Research Online, 11 (1) Olesen, T 2004: ‘Globalising the Zapatistas: From Third World Solidarity to Global

Solidarity?’ pp.255-267 in Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1, 2004. Sklair, L: Social Movements and Global Capitalism’ in Roberts, J and Hite, A (2000):

From Modernization to Globalization: pp340-352 *Tarrow, S. 2001. ‘Transnational Politics’, Annual review of Political Science 4: pp1-20 See below on Anarchism and Anti-Capitalism for further readings Homework Task: In the final two lectures we turn to a consideration of the impact of social movements. What do you think would be the ultimate success for a movement? What might the issues with this be?

15

Week 10: Institutionalisation: Success or Sell-Out? The path from movement to party is a well trodden one. Since mass protest is difficult to sustain Tarrow (1998) argues that movements tend to become more bureaucratic in their attempt to keep an issue alive. Offe (1990), likewise, outlined a three stage model of institutional transformation in which the enthusiasm and mass appeal of the ‘take-off’ stage of movement life gives way to ‘stagnation’ after which movements undergo a process of ‘institutionalisation’. Many scholars, like Tarrow (1998) and Jenkins & Klandermans (1995), regard political participation as a core objective of protest groups, again suggesting that what Dryzek (1996: 484) calls ‘inclusion in, or entry into, the state’ is a logical progression for movements. Many such groups, however, perceive institutional politics as corrupt and/or reformist. The process of ‘institutionalisation’ – whereby movements ‘develop internal organisation, become more moderate, adopt a more institutional repertoire of action and integrate into the system of interest representation’ (Della Porta & Diani 1999: 148) – is therefore contentious. This week will focus on the example of Dalit politics in South India. Key Readings: Offe, C. 1990. ‘Reflections on the Institutional Self-Transformation of Movement Politics’. In Dalton, R & Kuechler, M (eds.): Challenging the Political Order. Cambridge: Polity: pp232-250 Dryzek, J. 1996. 'Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization', American

Political Science Review 90(1): pp475-87 (Online) Further Reading Coy, P & Hedeen, T. 2005. ‘A Stage Model of SM Co-optation’, The Sociological Quarterly 46(4): pp405-435 Dryzek, J; Downes, D; Hunold, C; Schlosberg, D and Hernes, H. 2003. Green States

and Social Movements: Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online

Gamson, W. 1990: The Strategy of Social Protest, 2nd ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. Gorringe, H. 2011. ‘Party Political Panthers: Hegemonic Tamil Politics and the Dalit

Challenge’, SAMAJ (South Asia Multi-disciplinary Academic Journal): http://samaj.revues.org/3224

Hensby, A; Sibthorpe, J & Driver, S. 2012. ‘Resisting the ‘protest business’: Bureaucracy, post-bureaucracy and active membership in social movement organisations’, Organization 19(6): pp809-823 Jenkins, J & Klandermans, B (eds). 1995. The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative

Perspectives on States and Social Movements. London & New York: Routledge Jordan, G. and Maloney, W. 2006. 'Letting George Do it: Does Olson Explain Low Levels of Participation?' Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 16(2): 115-140. [Online] Jordan, G. and Maloney, W. 2007. Democracy and interest groups: enhancing participation? Basingstoke: Palgrave. Tarrow, S. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics,

2nd ed., Cambridge: C.U.P Homework Task: Identify an example of SM/SMO success. What do you think led to the success of the movement in this instance? Could more have been done to build on this?

16

Week 11: Social Movement Outcomes The critical question for any theorist of social movements is what impact does/did it have? Measuring ‘success or failure’ can be difficult when the movement does not have concrete demands, but in this lecture we try to chart the myriad ways in which SMs affect society. Nb. For those with access to the national library there is a special issue of Mobilization devoted to this theme that came out in 2009. Key Readings Giugni, M 1998. ‘Was it Worth the Effort?’ Annual Review of Sociology 98: 371-

93(online) Sherkat, D and Blocker, T. 1997. ‘Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest’. Social Forces 75(3): 1049-1076 (Online). Notes from Nowhere (2003) 'Walking: We Ask Questions' in We Are Everywhere. London:

Verso. [HN17.5 We.] Online at http://www.narconews.com/Issue35/article1124.html Anonymous (2000) 'Give up Activism.' Do or Die: Voices from the Ecological Resistance 9: 160-166. Online at

http://www.eco-action.org/dod/no9/activism.htm http://www.turbulence.org.uk/arewewinning.html also see other articles in this edition. Other Readings *Andrews, K 2001. ‘Social movements and policy implementation: The Mississippi civil rights movement and the war on poverty, 1965-1971’. American Sociological Review 66(1): 71-95. Burstein P, Einwohner RL, Hollander JA. 1995. The success of political movements: a

bargaining perspective. In The Politics of Social Protest, ed. J Craig Jenkins, B Klandermans, pp. 275.95.

Clemens E. 1993. ‘Organizational repertoires and institutional change’. Am. J. Sociol. 98:755.98

Della Porta and Diani. 1999. Social Movements. Ch 9. Franceschet, S 2004: ‘Explaining Social Movement Outcomes: Collective Action

Frames and Strategic Choices in First- and Second-Wave Feminism in Chile’. Comparative Political Studies 37(5): pp499-530 (online)

Gamson, W 1990: Strategy of Social Protest. Ch 1. *Giugni, M, McAdam, D & Tilly, C. 1999. How Social Movements Matter Jasper, J 1997. The Art of Moral Protest. Ch 17. *Kane, M. 2010. ‘You’ve won, Now what? The Influence of Legal Change on Gay and Lesbian Mobilization, 1974-1999’, The Sociological Quarterly 51: pp255-277 (Available online) McAdam D. 1989. The biographical consequences of actvism. Am. Sociol. Rev. 54:

744.60 (JSTOR) Saeed, R. 2009 ‘Conceptualising Success and Failure for Social Movements’, Law,

Social Justice & Global Development Journal 2: <http://www.go.warwick.ac.uk/elj/lgd/2009_2/saeed>

Snow, Soule & Kriesi. 2004. Blackwell Companion …Chs 20-23 Suh, D. 2012. ‘Intricacies of SM Outcome Research and Beyond’, Sociological Research Online 17(4)3 *Wagner, D & Cohen, M 1991. ‘The Power of the People’. Social Problems 38(4):543-61 Welsh, I. 2001. ‘Anti-nuclear Movements: Failed Projects or Heralds of a Direct Action

Milieu?’ Sociological research Online 6(3).

17

Essay Questions Students are encouraged to make up their own questions and tailor them to aspects of the course, or specific movements, that they are interested in. It is imperative, however, that you clear the question with me first. Alternatively, students can opt to do one of the following questions: Example Questions:

1. Critically compare and contrast two social movement theories with reference to at least one case study.

2. Is buying Fairtrade goods a form of social movement activism? Justify your

answer with examples.

3. Do contemporary movements need to engage the mass media? What are the implications for social struggle?

4. Why might social movement activists resort to violence? What are the problems

with such tactics?

5. How ‘global’ are global movements? Discuss by reference to examples.

6. What works for SMs? Discuss the determinants of movement ‘success’, by reference to at least TWO examples of social movement outcomes.

Exam Questions from Summer 2010

You will have 2 hours to answer two out of six questions.

• Is Fairtrade a Social Movement? Discuss. • Are ‘media hits’ an apt measure of movement success? Discuss by

reference to media coverage or the literature on movement outcomes. • If you were a social movement activist, why might you use violent tactics? • Does membership of a Social Movement Organisation count as political

participation? Or are SMOs self-sustaining ‘protest businesses?’ • To what extent have social movements responded to increasing

globalisation? Has social theory kept pace with practice? • Can caste-based movements eradicate caste? Discuss.

18

Further Reading and Case Studies The home work tasks and the long essays and exam in particular, require you to draw on case studies and examples. There are numerous resources in the library and available through journals (on and off line). To give you a start, however, I have listed some key sources for theoretical approaches or particular movements below which are all available from the library. Theoretical Approaches Resource Mobilisation Theory Jenkins, J.C. 1983. ‘Resource Mobilization Theory & the study of Social Movements’, Annual Review of Sociology 9: pp527-53 Buechler, S. 1993. ‘Beyond Resource Mobilization? Emerging Trends in Social Movement Theory’, Sociological Quarterly 34(2): p.217 Relative Deprivation and Crowd Theory Crossley, N 2002: Making Sense of Social Movements. Ch2 Law, A & McNeish, W 2007: ‘Contesting the New irrational Actor Model’, Sociology 41(3): 439- 456 Rational Actor Model Chong, D 1992: ‘Social Incentives and the Preservation of Reputation in Public-Spirited

Collective Action’, International Political Science Review 13(2): pp171-198 (JSTOR) Moore, W 1995: ‘Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem’, Political Research Quarterly 48(2): pp417-454 (JSTOR) Olson, M 1965. The logic of collective action. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press Political Process Goodwin, J & Jasper, J 1999: ‘Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine’, Sociological Forum, 14(1)

(JSTOR) Tarrow, S 1998: Power In Movement. Introduction NSMT Buechler, Steven M., ‘New Social Movement Theories’, Sociological Quarterly 36(3): pp441 Pichardo, N 1997: ‘New Social Movements: A Critical Review’, Annual Review of Sociology 23(ns): 411-430 (JSTOR) Scott, A 1990: Ideology and the New Social Movements. Ch. 1 Veltmeyer, H. 1997. ‘NSMs in Latin America: The Dynamics of Class and Identity’, in Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol.25, No.1. pp139-169 Network Approaches Diani, M and McAdam, D 2003: Social Movements and Networks. Esp. Chs10, 12 (Libonline) Marwell, G; Oliver, P & Prahl, R. 1988. ‘Social networks and Collective Action’. The American Journal of Sociology 94(3): pp502-534 Emerging Approaches Dubet, F & Thaler, H 2004: ‘The Sociology of Collective Action Reconsidered’, Current Sociology 52(4): 557-573. (Online) Jaswin 1999: ‘Trouble in Paradigms’, Sociological Forum 14(1): pp107-125 (JSTOR). Goodwin, Jasper and Polletta 2001: Passionate Politics. Intro and Ch 1-4 Identity Politics One of the main questions asked by social movement studies is WHY people protest. Part of the answer to this rests in the construction of collective identities. When these identities become exclusive and dominate a movement’s political agenda this is known as ‘identity politics’, which is variously known as the politics of Recognition or Difference. Some of the most successful and best known movements are identity based … but can they become trapped in their identities? Allen, A (1999): ‘Solidarity after identity politics’. Philosophy and Social Criticism: 25(1): 97

19

-118 Bernstein, M (2002): ‘Identities and Politics’, Social Science History 26:3: pp531-81 Castells, M. 1997. The Power of Identity. (Ch 1) Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements (esp. Ch. 4). [HN17.5 Del] Fraser, N (2003): ‘Rethinking recognition’. In Hobson, B (ed.): Recognition Struggles and Social Movements. pp21-32 Hekman, S (2000): ‘Beyond Identity: Feminism, identity and identity politics’. Feminist Theory, Vol. 1 (3), pp: 289-308 (Online) *Kenny, M (2004): The Politics of Identity. Ch 6. Melucci, A. 1995. ‘The Process of Collective Identity’, in Johnston, H & Klandermans, B (Ed.):

Social Movements & Culture: pp41-63 Poletta, F and Jasper, J. 2001: ‘Collective Identity and Social Movements’, Annual Review of Sociology 27: 283-305 (Online).

Movements and the Media Altheide, D (1997), ‘The News Media, the Problem Frame, and the Production of Fear’, Sociological Quarterly, 38 (4), pp647-668 [Online] Hoynes, W (2005), ‘Media Research & Media Activism’, in D. Croteau, W. Hoynes & C. Ryan (eds), Rhyming Hope & History. Uni of Minnesota Press: pp97-114 Kolb, F (2005) ‘The Impact of Transnational Protest on Social Movement Organisations’, in D.

Della Porta & S. Tarrow (eds.) Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield: pp95-120. [HM881 Tra.] McFarlane, T & Hay, I (2003) ‘The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in The Australian newspaper’, Political Geography 22, pp211–232 [Online] McLuhan, M (1960) Explorations in Communication. Boston: Beacon Press. [PU23.3 Car] Philo, G (1993) ‘From Buerk to Band Aid: the Media & the 1984 Ethiopian Famine’, in J.

Eldridge (ed.) Getting the Message: News, Truth & Power. London: Routledge: pp104-125 [P91.25 Get.]

Anarchism & Anti-Capitalism Numerous commentators have suggested that recent developments in anti-capitalist politics are much more consistent with anarchist political traditions. This provides a challenge not only to capitalism, but also to 'Old Left' tendencies toward party politics and hierarchical forms of organisation. These readings offer an introduction to anarchist thought, a look at the anarchist movements, and some critical thoughts on contemporary anarchist politics. *Carter, J. and Morland, D. (2004) 'Anti-Capitalism: Are We All Anarchists Now?' in Anti-

Capitalist Britain Cheltenham: New Clarion Press. [HN18.3 Ant.] Chesters, G. (2003) 'Shape Shifting: Civil Society, Complexity and Social Movements' Anarchist

Studies, 11(1): 42-65 or on-line at http://www.shiftingground.freeuk.com/shapeshifting.htm *Day, R. (2005) Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements.

London, Pluto Press. [HN49.R33 Day.] Introduction [OFFPRINT (Sociol)] Darkstar (eds) (2003) Quiet rumours: an anarcha-feminist reader. Edinburgh: AK Press/Dark Star Dowling, E (2005) 'The Ethics of Engagement Revisited: Remembering the ESF 2004'. Ephemera 5 (2): 205-215. Online at http://www.ephemeraweb.org/journal/5-2/5-2dowling.pdf *Graeber, D. (2002) 'The New Anarchists' New Left Review, 1:13, on-line at

http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR24704.shtml Heckert, J. (2002) 'Maintaining the Borders: politics and identity'. Greenpepper, Autumn:

26-28. Online at: http://squat.net/cia/gp/hom3c.php?artid=161&back=/cia/gp/hom.php

20

May, T (1994) 'Steps Toward a Poststructuralist Anarchism' The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism. Pennsylvania State University Press. [OFFPRINT (Sociol)]

Purkis, J and J Bowen (1997) Twenty-first century anarchism. London : Cassell. [HX833 Twe.] Purkis, J and J Bowen (2004) Changing anarchism: anarchist theory and practice in a global

age. Manchester : Manchester University Press. [HX833 Cha.] Starhawk (2002) Webs of Power: notes from the global uprising. Gabriola Island, Canada, New Society Publishers.[JZ1318 Sta.] Ward, C. (1973) 'Anarchy and a plausible future' in Anarchy in Action. London, Allan & Unwin.

[OFFPRINT (Sociol)] Ward, C. (2004) Anarchism: a very short introduction. Oxford, OUP. [HX833 War.] Further reading on anarchism in novel-form: LeGuin, U. (1999 [1974]) The Dispossessed. London, The Women's Press. Piercy, M. (2000 [1976]) Woman on the Edge of T ime. London, The Women's Press. Global Movements The ‘anti’ or ‘alternative’ globalisation movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement) has been one of the most high profile and active mass movements in recent decades. Amoore, L (ed.) 2005. The Global Resistance reader. London: Routledge Della Porta, D, Peterson, A & Reiter, A (eds) 2006: The Policing of Transnational Protest. Aldershot: Ashgate Khagram, S; Riker, J & K. Sikkink (eds.) 2002: Restructuring world politics: transnational

SMs, networks, and norms. Minneapolis: Uni of Minnesota Press (HM881 Res) Mayo, M 2005: Global citizens . London: Zed Books (HM881.May) McDonald, K 2006. Global Movements. Oxford: Blackwell McNally, D 2002: Another World is Possible. Globalization and Anti-Capitalism. Notes from Nowhere (2003) We Are Everywhere: the irresistible rise of global anti-capitalism .

London: Verso. [HN17.5 We.] Smith, J & Johnston, H (eds.) 2002: Globalization and resistance. Lanham: Rowman &

Littlefield (HN17.553 Glo) Starr, A 2000: Naming the enemy: anti-corporate movements confront globalization. London: Zed. (HM881. Sta) *Tormey, S. (2005) 'After Gleneagles: Where Next?' in Shut Them Down! The G8, Gleneagles

2005 and the Movement of Movements. Leeds/New York: Dissent!/Autonomedia. [JZ1318 Shu.] Also online at http://www.shutthemdown.org/Resources/Ch%2033.pdf

Vargas, V 2003. ‘Feminism, globalization and the global justice and solidarity movement’. Cultural Studies17(6): pp905-920

Waterman, P 2001: Globalization, social movements and the new internationalisms. London: Continuum. (HD6475.A1 Wat.) Fair Trade Fair trade as an alternative to free trade has mushroomed in the past few decades. Fair Trade Federation (2005) Fair Trade Trends in North America and the Pacific Rim,

Washington, DC, USA www.fairtradefederation.org ICO Coffee Market Report, 2006 http://dev.ico.org/index.asp James, D. (2002) ‘Consumer activism and corporate accountability: A history of the fair trade

movement’ Journal of Research for Consumers, Issue 3, September. Krier, J-K (2005) Fair Trade in Europe: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in 25 European

Countries, Brussels: Fair Trade Advocacy Office & Heinrich Boll Foundation. Lewin, B. Giovannucci, D. and Varangis, P. (2004) Coffee Markets: New Paradigms in Global

Supply and Demand. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Agriculture and Rural Development Department.

21

http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext.nsf/11ByDocName/CoffeeMarketsNewParadigmsinGlobalSupplyandDemand/$FILE/CoffeeMarkets-ArdDp3.pdf

Lindsey, B. (2004) Grounds for Complaint? ‘Fair Trade’ and the Coffee Crisis. London: Adam Smith Institute, www.adamsmith.org

Miller, D. (1998) A Theory of Shopping. Cambridge: Polity Press. Raynolds, L. (2002) ‘Consumer/producer links in fair trade coffee networks’, Sociologia Ruralis,

42: 404-424. Warde, A. (2005) ‘Consumption and theories of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5: 131-

153. Dalit Movements Dalits, formerly Untouchables, are those at the foot of the caste hierarchy. Since the late 19th Century at least they have been organising for social, political and cultural change. Good places to start looking for details on Dalit movements: Charsley, S & Karanth, G (ed.) 1998. Challenging Untouchability. London: Sage Duncan, I. 1999. ‘Dalits and Politics in Rural North India’. Journal of Peasant Studies 27(1): pp35-60 Gorringe, H 2005. Untouchable Citizens. New Delhi: Sage Gorringe, H and Rafanell, I 2007: ‘The Embodiment of Caste’. Sociology 41(1): pp97-114 Jeffrey, C. 2000. ‘Democratisation without Representation?’ Political Geography 19: pp1013- 1036 Morkhandikar, R (1990): ‘Dilemmas of Dalit Movement in Maharashtra’. EPW XXV (12), March 24: pp586-590 Omvedt, G 1994. Dalits & the Democratic Revolution. New Delhi: Sage Pai, S 2004. Dalit Assertion and The Unfinished Revolution. New Delhi Sage Women’s Movement/Feminism One of the most successful and innovative social movements. Has been important in the real world and in reshaping academic thinking. Bolt, C 2004: Sisterhood questioned? race, class, and internationalism in the American and British women’s movements, c.1880s-1970s. London: Routledge Eschle, C 2001. Global democracy, social movements, and feminism. Boulder: Westview Press Ferree, M & Mueller, C 2004. ‘Feminism & the Women’s Movement’, in Snow et al. (eds): The Blackwell Companion to SMs (Ch. 25). Staggenborg, S 1998. Gender, family, and social movements. London: Pine Forge Press Wieringa, S (ed) 1997: Subversive women: women’s movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America

and the Caribbean. London : Zed Books Environmentalism One of the major and most important movements of the contemporary era. Can be a catch all category that includes conservationists as well as those campaigning for eco-justice. Bryner, G 2001. Gaia’s wager: environmental movements and the challenge of sustainability. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Peet, R & Watts, M (eds) 2004: Liberation ecologies: environment, development, social movements. London: Routledge Rootes, C (ed) 1999. Environmental movements: local, national, and global. London: Frank Cass Rootes, C. 2004: ‘Environmental Movements’, in Snow et al. (eds): The Blackwell Companion to SMs (Ch. 26). Taylor, B (ed) 1995. Ecological resistance movements. State University of New York Press

22

Civil Rights Movement The most important movement for SM Theorists many of whom cut their political teeth in the CRM. A much used case study due to its importance, success and composition. Andrews, K 2004. Freedom is a constant struggle: the Mississippi civil rights movement and its legacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Davis, J (ed) 2001. The Civil Rights Movement. Oxford: Blackwell Joseph, P (ed) 2006. The Black power movement: rethinking the civil rights-Black Power era. London: Routledge Lewis, G. 2006. Massive resistance: the white response to the civil rights movement. London: Hodder Arnold Robnett, B 1997: How Long? How Long? African-American women in the struggle for civil rights

Oxford: OUP. LGBT Movements One of the wave of movements that emerged in the 1960s and have reshaped our social and political lives. Bernstein, M 2002. ‘Identities & Politics’, Social Science History 26(3): pp531-81 Blasius, M (ed) 2001. Sexual identities, queer politics. Princeton University Press Gamson, J 1995. ‘Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma’, Social Problems 42(3): pp390-407 Marcus, E 2002. Making gay history: the half-century fight for lesbian and gay equal rights. New

York: Perennial Rimmerman, C; Wald, K & Wilcox, C 2000. The politics of gay rights. Uni of Chicago Press Peace/Anti-Nuclear The poor relation of the 1960s movements. The Peace/Anti nuclear movement has had some of the largest demonstrations and protests but its impact is less tangible. Flam, H (ed) 1994. States and anti-nuclear movements. Edinburgh University Press Hall, S 2005. Peace and freedom: the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s.

University of Pennsylvania Press Jeffreys-Jones, R 1995. Peace now! : American society and the ending of the Vietnam War.

Yale University Press Marullo, S & Meyer, D 2004. ‘Antiwar & Peace Movements’, in Snow et al. (eds): The Blackwell Companion to SMs (Ch. 27). Sauermann, B (ed). 2/15 : the day the world said no to war. Edinburgh : AK Press Roseneil, S 1995. Disarming patriarchy: feminism and political action at Greenham.

Buckingham: Open University Press Collective Violence: Basu, A 1995: Why Local Riots are not simply Local. Theory and Society 24: pp35-78 (Online) Blok, A 2001: Honour and Violence. Ch6. Bowman, G 2001. The Violence in Identity. In Anthropology of Violence and Conflict, B. Schmidt & I. Schröder, eds. London: Routledge: pp25-46 Das, V 1992: Introduction: Communities, Riots and Survivors - The South Asian Experience. In Mirrors of Violence. V. Das, ed. Delhi, O.U.P: pp1-36. Gorringe, H 2006: ‘Banal Violence? The everyday Underpinnings of Collective Violence’.

Identities 13(2): pp237-60 (Avail Online). Riches, D 1986: ‘The Phenomenon of Violence. In The Anthropology of Violence, D. Riches, ed. Oxford: Blackwell: pp1-27 Stanko, E 2003: Introduction: Conceptualising the Meanings of Violence. In The Meanings of Violence. E. Stanko, ed. London: Routledge: pp1-13 Tolnay, S. and Deane, G 1996: Vicarious Violence: Spatial Effects on Southern Lynchings, 1890-1919. American Journal of Sociology 102(3): pp788-815.