SOC 204 Drugs & Society

Goldberg Chapter 13 Hallucinogens

Have you used hallucinogens?

A. Yes, LSD

B. Yes, mushrooms

C. Yes, other

D. No

Yes, LS

D

Yes, m

ushro

oms

Yes, oth

erNo

25%

46%

21%

7%

Hallucinogens

Naming this class of drugs is complex

Terms

Hallucinogens

Induce perceived distortions in time and space

Phantasticants

Create a fantasy world

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”)

Controversially implies a beneficial, visionary type of effect

Terms

Deliriants

Produce mental clouding & confusion

Psychotomimetic

Produce psychotic-like symptoms

Psychotogenic

Generate psychosis

Classical Phantasticants

Alter perceptions while allowing the user to remain in communication with the present world

Indole hallucinogens

Serotonin

LSD, psilocybin

Catechol hallucinogens

Norepinephrine & dopamine

Mescaline, MDMA, belladonna, amanita muscaria

Deliriants

Produce more mental confusion, greater clouding of consciousness, and a loss of touch with reality

Anticholinergic hallucinogens

Acetylcholine

PCP, ketamine

Psychomimetic means

A. Causes hallucinations

B. Causes psychotic-like symptoms

C. Causes increased sense of spirituality

Causes h

allucin

ations

Causes p

sych

otic-li

ke sy

...

Causes i

ncrease

d sense

of..

.

31%

0%

69%

Deliriant means

A. Causes confusion

B. Causes increased creativity

C. Causes psychosis

Causes c

onfusio

n

Causes i

ncrease

d creativ

ity

Causes p

sych

osis

85%

15%

0%

Hallucinogens

About 6,000 different types of plants are capable of altering consciousness

About 150 plants are used for hallucinogenic purposes

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are synthetic hallucinogens

LSD Discovery

Synthesized from alkaloids extracted from the ergot fungus

Ergotism

St. Anthony’s Fire

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann developed LSD as a possible headache remedy in 1938

Albert Hofmann, who was responsible for developing LSD, died from an LSD overdose soon after developing the drug.

A. True.

B. False. He died at 57, jumping off a roof during a flashback.

C. False. He lived to be 102 and died of natural causes.

True.

False

. He d

ied at

57, j

um...

False

. He li

ved to

be 1

02...

15%

46%

38%

One of the reasons LSD attracted attention is because

A. The trips are so pleasant

B. The drug is so cheap

C. The drug is so potent

The trip

s are

so p

leasa

nt

The dru

g is so

cheap

The dru

g is so

pote

nt

31%

46%

23%

Early Use of LSD

Theories of Benefit

Psychotherapy

Enhanced understanding

Military Experiments

At one time, hallucinogenic drugs were associated with witchcraft and sorcery.

A. True

B. False

True

False

8%

92%

Most of the research on LSD contributed very little to our understanding of the drug.

A. True

B. False

True

False

23%

77%

Timothy Leary

Experiments on Harvard graduate students

Religion: League of Spiritual Discovery

At twice its normal dosage, LSD can be fatal.

A. True

B. False

True

False

67%

33%

Pharmacology

Mouse Party Different hallucinogens are classified by which

neurotransmitter they impact

Tolerance develops rapidly

Metabolized by liver, half-life is approximately 3 hours

No physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms

LSD

A. Is the most potent psychoactive chemical known to man

B. Causes a distressing withdrawal syndrome

C. Does not create tolerance

Is th

e most

pote

nt psy

ch...

Causes a

dist

ress

ing w

it...

Does not c

reat

e tole

rance

82%

18%

0%

Trips

Perceptions Altered

Visual Images

Time Altered

Synesthesia

Emotionality

6-9 hours

Unique and variable experiences

The phenomenon of hearing colors or seeing sounds is called:

A. Flashback

B. Trip

C. Synesthesia

D. Overdose

Flash

backTrip

Synest

hesia

Overd

ose

0% 0%

70%

30%

Use of LSD makes one more creative.

A. True

B. False

True

False

22%

78%

Adverse Reactions

Bad Trips

Panic Reactions

Flashbacks

LSD has been shown to be as addictive as heroin.

A. True

B. False

True

False

67%

33%

Expert Group Activity

Study the hallucinogen

What is it?

How is it used?

How is it regulated?

What are the effects?

Are there negative effects or warnings?

Psilocybin “Magic Mushrooms”

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

PeyoteMescaline

MDMA - Ecstasy

PCP (Phencyclidine)

BelladonnaMandrakeHenbaneDatura

Amanita Muscaria

Salvia Divinorum

Morning GloryHawaiian Baby Woodrose

In-class Discussion

Should hallucinogens be used in therapy?

Do they enhance spirituality?

Do they enhance creativity?

Do they facilitate self-expression?

What safeguards should be implemented?

SOC 204 DRUGS & SOCIETY

GoldbergChapter 14Over-the-Counter DrugsChapter 3Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Have you ever used supplements?

A. Sure, vitamins

B. Herbal supplements

C. Amino acids to bulk up

D. No way!

Sure, v

itam

ins

Herbal s

upplem

ents

Amin

o acids t

o bulk

up

No way!

0% 0%0%0%

Supplements vs OTC

Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act

Food = safe, pure, NOT required to show they are effective or have benefit

Drug = intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease

DSHE Act

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994

Defined supplements and set regulation for safety and labeling

Same as food labeling

Includes: vitamins, minerals, herbs (and concentrates), amino acids

OTC Drug Categories

Category I: generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

generally recognized as effective (GRAE)

generally recognized as honestly labeled (GRAHL)

Category II: Not generally recognized as safe or effective or is improperly labeled

Category III: Cannot be sold

What influences your choice to use an OTC product?

A. My mom.

B. Advertisements.

C. Friends.

D. Used it in the past.

E. Nothing.

My m

om.

Advertise

ments

.

Frie

nds.

Used it

in th

e past

.

Nothin

g.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

OTC Regulation

1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment required all drugs be evaluated for safety and efficacy

FDA

FDA can only declare a product adulterated if it presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury

Health claims

Structure/function claims

Carries disclaimer

Supplement Label

Questions?

What are the pros and cons of current supplement regulations?

What are some supplements you’ve heard of?

FILM http://digital.films.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=32926#

Common Herbal Supplements

Definitely hazardous Aristolochic acid

Ephedra

Very likely hazardous Comfrey

Androstenedione

Chaparral

Germander

Kava

Cesium

Colloidial Siver

Graviola

Likely hazardousBitter orangeOrgan/glandular extractsLobeliaPennyroyal oilScullcapYohimbe

Commonly used

St. John’s WortGingko BilobaEchinaceaGoldensealAloe VeraFlax Seed Oil

Green TeaPrimroseGinsengSaw Palmetto

Americans self-treat illnesses ___ times as often as they seek a physician’s help.

A. 2

B. 4

C. 10

2 4 10

0% 0%0%

How does your perception of OTC drugs differ from your perception of prescription drugs?

A. It doesn’t; they are the same.

B. OTC drugs are safer than prescription drugs.

C. Supplements are safer than prescription drugs.

It doesn

’t; th

ey are

the ..

.

OTC dru

gs are

safe

r than...

Supplem

ents are

safe

r t...

0% 0%0%

Do you read the label on OTC meds?

A. Yes, thoroughly

B. Well, I skim it

C. Nope, never looked

Yes, th

oroughly

Well,

I skim

it

Nope, never l

ooked

0% 0%0%

OTC Drug Label

About how many high school students have taken cough medicine in the previous year to get high?

A. 1 in 20

B. 1 in 50

C. 1 in 100

1 in 2

0

1 in 5

0

1 in 1

00

0% 0%0%

Because Dextromethorphan can have harmful effects, individuals can only buy one bottle at a time

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

OTC vs Prescription Drugs

1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act established class of prescription drugs

DIFFERENCES:

Dosage

Active ingredient

FDA reviews products, may switch to OTC

Types of OTC Drugs

Stimulants

Only caffeine

Weight-control products

Only Orlistat/Alli

Sedatives/sleep aids

No approved sedatives, sleep aids contain antihistamine

Types of OTC Drugs

Analgesics

Acetylsalicylic Acid, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen (NSAIDs)

Cold/Allergy remedies

Antihistamines

Nasal decongestants

Analgesic-antipyretics

Acetaminophen accounts for more ER visits than aspirin

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Aspirin and ibuprophen are twice as effective for protecting people against heart attacks when taken together

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Not only does aspirin reduce the risk of heart attacks, it reduces the risk of many types of _________

A. Seizures

B. Cancer

C. Infections

D. Mental illnesses

Seizure

s

Cancer

Infe

ctio

ns

Menta

l illn

esses

0% 0%0%0%

PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS

Goldberg Chapter 3

Video

http://digital.films.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=43517

Anabolic steroids are a man-made

A. Mood stabilizer

B. Testosterone

C. Enzyme

D. Protein

Mood st

abilize

r

Testost

erone

Enzym

e

Prote

in

0% 0%0%0%Response

Which of the following is not a function of testoterone?

A. Deepening voice

B. Growth of facial and chest hair

C. Decrease depression

D. Increase muscle mass

Deepening v

oice

Growth

of f

acia

l and ch

es...

Decreas

e depre

ssio

n

Incr

ease m

uscle

mass

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Steroids increase muscle mass by

A. Changing metabolism

B. Increasing protein synthesis

C. Affecting neurotransmitters

D. Increasing growth hormone

Changing m

etabolis

m

Incr

easing p

rote

in sy

nthesis

Affect

ing n

eurotr

ansm

itters

Incr

easing gro

wth

horm

one

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Steroids are used to treat

A. Depression

B. Growth deficiencies

C. AIDS

D. Cancer

Depress

ion

Growth

defic

iencie

sAID

S

Cancer

0% 0%0%0%

Response

A new trend in steroid use is

A. Using steroids to get bigger and stronger

B. Using steroids to ward off depression

C. Using steroids to improve looks

D. Using steroids to combat side effects from chemotherapy

Using st

eroid

s to get b

igg..

Using st

eroid

s to w

ard o

f...

Using st

eroid

s to im

prove...

Using st

eroid

s to co

mbat .

..

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Which of the following is not a side effect of steroid use?

A. Respiratory distress

B. High blood pressure

C. High cholesterol

D. Liver damage

Respira

tory

dist

ress

High b

lood p

ress

ure

High ch

olest

erol

Liver d

amage

0% 0%0%0%Response

Body distortion is

A. Abnormal growth of muscles

B. Having an unrealistic perception of your body

C. A symptom of eating disorders

D. Caused by a hormone imbalance

Abnormal g

row

th o

f mus..

.

Having an u

nrealis

tic p

er...

A sym

ptom

of e

ating d

is...

Caused b

y a horm

one im...

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Stimulants

Steroids

Human growth hormone

Creatine

Do you think use of stimulant medications for academic purposes is cheating?

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

0%0%Response

Small Group Questions

In your group, talk about use of performance-enhancing drugs:

1. Under what circumstances is it acceptable? Why?

2. Under what circumstances is it unacceptable? Why?

3. When should testing for PEDs be implemented? Under what situations or conditions? Why? For what groups?

High school, college, professional athletes?

Cheerleading?

Academic competitors?