Soc. 101 rw ch. 6
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Transcript of Soc. 101 rw ch. 6
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Chapter 6
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Outline What is a group?
Primary and Secondary Groups
Anomie
In-groups and Out-groups
Group Cohesion
Social Influence
Qualities of Leadership
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What defines a group? Group-collection of people who share some attribute,
identify with one another, and interact with each other
Not groups:
Crowd-temporary gathering of people in a public place; might interact, but don’t identify w/ each other-won’t remain in contact
Aggregate-collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations
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Primary and Secondary Groups Primary groups-people
who are most important to our sense of self; relations characterized by:
Face-to-face interaction
High levels of cooperation
Intense feelings of belonging
Ex. Family
Secondary groups-larger and less intimate than primary groups;
*relationships usually organized around a specific goal
often temporary
Ex.: your job
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Social Networks
Social ties directly and indirectly connect people
Social network-the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect her
Social ties-connections between individuals Direct or indirect Social networks
Sociologists study construction and influence of social networks Ex.: We may change our minds
whom we vote for if enough of our friends vote for other candidate
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Separate from Groups: Anomie Anomie- normlessness; alienation and loss of purpose
that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change
Durkheim believed group membership keeps us from feeling anomie
More common with modernization?
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In-Groups and Out-Groups In-group-a group that one identities with and feels
loyalty toward
Out-group-any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward
Both can come from our ethnic, familial, professional, educational backgrounds
We may feel a sense of superiority towards those excluded from our in-group
At their worst in-group/out-group dynamics create the backdrop for social tragedies like slavery and genocide
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Group Dynamics How do groups form, change, achieve goals,
disintegrate, etc…?
Group Dynamics-patterns of interaction between groups and individuals
Dyad-two-person social group
Intense, unstable
Triad-three-person social group
More stable because conflicts can be refereed
*The smaller a group is, the more likely it is to be based on personal ties; large groups are more likely to be based on rules and regulations
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Reference Groups Reference group-group that provides a standard of
comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
can be crucial to our sense of self
Ex.: Family, celebrities, pro athletes etc…
Live up to its standards
Sometimes you may aspire to belong, but are not yet a part
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Group Cohesion Group cohesion-the sense of solidarity or loyalty that
individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
Force that binds members together
Relies on shared values or demographic traits (race, age, gender…)
Excessive group cohesion can bring about negative consequences
Groupthink-in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members
May punish those who threaten to undermine consensus
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Challenger explosion
Groupthink may have played a role in the Challenger shuttle explosion. Scientists may have not taken weaknesses in the shuttle’s design seriously.
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Social Influence Social influence (peer pressure)-the influence of
one’s fellow group members
Part of being in groups
Can affect all ranges of behavior
We conform because we want to gain acceptance
Prescriptions-behaviors approved of by social group
Proscriptions-behaviors a particular social group wants members to avoid
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Social Influence Social influence results in one of three kinds of
conformity
Compliance-mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments
Identification-type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group
Internalization-strongest type of conformity; occurs when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own
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The Asch Experiment
Study on compliance conducted by Solomon Asch in 1951
Groups of 7-8 “students” each to participate in “visual perception”
Only one student in group was real research subject
Results: 33%: yielders-gave wrong answer
though they knew it was wrong Another 40% yielded less frequently Only 25% were independents
refusing to give in to majority
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Qualities of Leadership Power-ability to control the actions of others; getting
people to do things they may or may not want to do
Quality of all leaders
Coercive-backed by the threat of force
Influential-supported by persuasion
Authority-legitimate right to wield power
Max Weber identified three types of authority found in social orgs.
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Types of Authority Traditional authority-
based on custom, birthright, or divine right
Legal-rational authority-based on laws, rules, and procedures (not on heredity or personality)
Charismatic authority-based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
3 types not necessarily mutually exclusive
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Bureaucracies
Bureaucracies-secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently
Specialization
Technical competence
Hierarchy
Rules and regulations
Impersonality
Formal written communications
McDonaldization of Society
McDonaldization-Ritzer’s term spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization
Make us aware of “iron cage” of bureaucracy
Rationalization-implementation of formal rules in order to be more efficient w/out consideration of subjective concerns