Snorkeling North-Shore Kauai 1.0 Web Version

38
Snorkeling North-shore Kauai Snorkeling North-shore Kauai What I Did On My Vacation

description

Vacation photo book about snorkeling north shore of Kauai in April 2011

Transcript of Snorkeling North-Shore Kauai 1.0 Web Version

Page 1: Snorkeling North-Shore Kauai 1.0 Web Version

Bibliography

Hoover, John P. Hawai’i’s Fishes - A Guide for Snorkelers and Divers, Second Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2003-2007. This was my main reference.

Hoover, John P. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2008. A more comprehensive reference on fishes.

Hoover, John P. Hawaii’s Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawaii’s Marine Invertebrates, Revised Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2006. For the invertebrates in this book.

Above: Ke’e Beach, Kauai

Snorkeling N

orth-shore Kauai

Snorkeling North-shore Kauai What I Did On My Vacation

About this book

This is my first iPhoto book: a compilation of the various fish and other underwater life I encountered snorkeling in Kauai, during two weeks in April 2011.

All of the underwater photos were taken with an inexpensive camera, at three beaches on the north side of Kauai: a small beach down the bluff from our rented condominium at Pali Ke Kua in Princeville (above), and at Tunnels and Ke’e beaches.

Larry Kenyon

Front and Back Covers: Saddle Wrasse at Ke’e, a very curious native Hawaiian fish

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Bibliography

Hoover, John P. Hawai’i’s Fishes - A Guide for Snorkelers and Divers, Second Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2003-2007. This was my main reference.

Hoover, John P. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2008. A more comprehensive reference on fishes.

Hoover, John P. Hawaii’s Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawaii’s Marine Invertebrates, Revised Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2006. For the invertebrates in this book.

Above: Ke’e Beach, Kauai

Snorkeling N

orth-shore Kauai

Snorkeling North-shore Kauai What I Did On My Vacation

About this book

This is my first iPhoto book: a compilation of the various fish and other underwater life I encountered snorkeling in Kauai, during two weeks in April 2011.

All of the underwater photos were taken with an inexpensive camera, at three beaches on the north side of Kauai: a small beach down the bluff from our rented condominium at Pali Ke Kua in Princeville (above), and at Tunnels and Ke’e beaches.

Larry Kenyon

Front and Back Covers: Saddle Wrasse at Ke’e, a very curious native Hawaiian fish

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This book captures my first attempt at taking photos underwater. Patti and I had been to Kauai in November 2010, and, as I have been doing for 30 years of visiting Kauai, I tried to spend a little time each day floating about in the water with my snorkel gear, catching a glimpse into the “other world” just offshore. Evenings, I would pick up a book, titled “Hawai’i’s Fishes” by John P. Hoover, trying to locate the fish I had seen during the day. I could never quite remember the fish with any kind of detail, and since so many look similar, I decided that the next time I would come with a camera.

A few weeks before this latest trip in April 2011, I invested some time on Amazon to find an inexpensive digital camera that would work underwater, and settled on the Canon PowerShot D10 which was well-regarded in the user ratings. When I got to Kauai, I set myself a goal of photographing 50 different fish; late in the trip I relaxed that goal to include other sea life (obsession dies easily in Hawaii), and reached that updated goal with the photos you see here. Although I made sure to include my best photos, I’ve also included a number of murkier ones just to capture all the species I found.

Most of the identification and all of the quotes come from the second edition of Hoover’s book. The world’s fish are classified into classes, orders, families, and genera/species. Most reef fishes belong to the bony fish class, and Perciformes (perch-like) order. Family Latin names always end in “-idae” and the fish in this book are organized alphabetically by common family name, following Hoover’s example. Endemic species (species unique to Hawaii) are highlighted in black; photos taken at Tunnels and Ke’e are noted in the text.

Larry Kenyon12 May 2011

Snorkeling North-shore Kauai

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I only found one of these small fish, resting in some coral; they mainly feed on scraped up algae and other detritus. They differ from gobies by having one dorsal fin (rather than two), and backing into holes rather than diving in head-first.

I started focusing more and more on the coral after finding “invisible” fish like this blenny and the Stocky Hawkfish - once you get into the fish identification business, you start noticing more and more as you snorkel. I’m sure in the future I will be amazed at how oblivious I was in past trips, including this one.

Right and below: Spotted Coral Blenny - Exallias brevis (aka Shortbodied Blenny). This is a male - the female is brown to yellow. This species feeds exclusively on living coral.

Blennies (Blenniidae)

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These little fishes are a bit shy, and hang close to clumps of coral, but I did see this particular species a few times. They look similar to the Whitespotted Toby pufferfish. Hoover: “Except when courting or spawning, they tend to be solitary, poking about the reef picking at sponges, tunicates, worms, small crustaceans, and algae.”

Left bottom and below: Spotted Boxfish - Ostracion meleagris. Hoover says this is the most common boxfish in Hawaii. These photos probably show a female; mature males have dark blue sides.

Boxfishes (Ostraciidae)

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These very pretty fish are seen often (some species more than others), and almost always in pairs. I was lucky enough to encounter six different species, all of which I found to be quite beautiful in shape and coloring.

Hoover: “Depending on the species, butterflyfishes feed on small invertebrates, plankton, coral polyps, and occasionally algae, often using their snouts to probe into crevices... they have long-term, possibly permanent mates...” I wish all fish were this easy to identify!

Near right top (local) and middle (Ke’e): Bluestripe Butterflyfish - Chaetodon fremblii. Narrow blue stripes running diagonally across a yellow body.

Near right bottom: Ornate Butterflyfish - Chaetodon ornatissimus. Cream colored with black bars on the face, and orange diagonal stripes on the body, rimmed in black.

Middle photo: Fourspot Butterflyfish - Chaetodon quadrimaculatus. Two white spots on either side, dark on top, yellow on bottom.

Far right top (Tunnels): Saddleback Butterflyfish - Chaetodon ephippium. Bluish gray with a black saddle rimmed in white. “Because their home range is large they are sparsely distributed; seeing a pair is always a treat.”

Far right middle (Tunnels): Teardrop Butterflyfish - Chaetodon unimaculatus. Recognizable by the large upside-down teardrop in the center.

Far right bottom: Threadfin Butterflyfish - Chetodon auriga. White body turning to gold at the rear, sets of black strips perpendicular to each other, black dot on top rear dorsal fin which also ends in a thread.

Butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae)

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These are medium-sized fish, and I encountered them several times. Hoover notes that they like to be fed, and can become pushy if you don’t feed them fast enough. “They school in shallow rocky areas where they feed on marine plants.”

Left middle and top: Brassy Chub - Kyphosus vaigiensis. This fish sprouts spots when it is aroused, which you can see in the middle photo.

Bottom: Gray Chub - Kyphosus sandwicensis. Hawaii’s most common chub. Hoover notes one way to differentiate this from the Brassy Chub, by noting the relative angle of its anal (underside rear) fin: “a line projected along the margin of the anal fin will not intersect the tail fin.”

Chubs (Kyphosidae)

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From Hoover: “In Hawaii, small fishes aggregating above coral heads are almost sure to be damsels.” They have a single dorsal fin and a forked or almost forked tail.

Far left middle and top: Hawaiian Gregory - Stegastes marginatus. Will “farm” a 2-4 ft. patch of algae near its shelter hole.

Left middle and top: Blackspot Sergeant - Abudefduf sordidus. Solitary, has six broad brown bars, or is dark with light bars.

Bottom left (Tunnels) and right (Ke’e, in a school of Flagfish): Hawaiian Sergeant - Abudefduf abdominalis. These plankton eaters have five black bars, widest on the upper back.

Damselfishes (Pomacentridae)

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I encountered a large school of small flagtails at Ke’e beach right along the rocky shoreline.

Hoover: “Flagtails are a small family of silvery perchlike fishes with moderately deep bodies and a single dorsal fin. These fish usually rest in tight schools during the day, typically above the reef in areas of heavy surge, but also in caves.” He also notes that these endemic flagtails are very difficult to distinguish from Zebra-head flagtails as adults. I assume these are juveniles, and with no black markings, they are the Hawaiian variety.

Right (Tunnels) and below (Ke’e): Hawaiian Flagtail - Kuhlia xenura.

Flagtails (Kuhlidae)

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“Goatfishes are among the first fishes seen by a snorkeler finning over the sandy bottom” - Hoover. They eat worms, small fish, etc.

Top far left: Blue Goatfish - Parupeneus cyclostomus. ID by blueish body and yellow saddle above the tail base.

Bottom left and middle far left (both Ke’e) Manybar Goatfish - Parupeneus multifasciatus.

Bottom right (Ke’e): Square-Spot Goatfish - Mulloidichthys flavolineatus. Above left and near left: Yellowfin Goatfish - Mulloidichthys vanicolensis. The yellow tails are pretty intense.

Goatfishes (Mullidae)

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This was the only Hawkfish I saw, and I very nearly missed it as it blended in so well with its surroundings. Hoover notes that they can grow to 11 inches (this one was only 4 or 5 inches long), and they wedge themselves into the coral to stabilize themselves in the wave surge - this one has found a nice place in the coral to hang out.

Hoover: “Hawkfish live in social groups consisting of a male and one or more females... Around twilight [the males] visit their females sequentially, mating individually with each. If the male dies, the dominant female changes sex and takes his place.” And so, this might be a small female, with a male somewhere in the vicinity.

They are predators, and wait, motionless, for some poor fish to come along.

Right: Stocky Hawkfish - Cirrhitus pinnulatus.

Hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae)

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I only saw one member of this species (at least only one I have identified so far) - the Bluefin Trevally. These are the most common large jacks in Hawaii, and I encountered them at both the beginning and end of our trip. Jacks feed on other fish, and the Bluefin Trevallies’ diet “consists of 90% fishes (wrasses, goatfishes, filefishes, damselfishes, parrotfishes, and bigeyes being most important)...”

Identifying characteristics: silvery blue, with scattered dark blue spots on the side, lovely blue fins, distinctive fin shapes. The yellow pectoral fins on the fish in these photos is a characteristic of the young of this species.

Left and bottom: Bluefin Trevally - Caranx melampygus.

Jacks (Carangidae)

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These large fish are wary and hard to get close to! All of these photos were taken from at least 20 feet away, and I’ve had to magnify them quite a bit here.

Parrotfish change colors radically from initial to terminal phases, and have the ability to dynamically change as well, making them hard to identify, and I’m not confident that I got these completely right. They are large fish, probably a foot long in size, and they seem to be constantly on the move. Parrotfishes are herbivorous, and remove algae from the reef by scraping it with their strong “beaks” which are their fused teeth - Hoover notes that “this scraping and gouging is easily heard underwater... much of the world’s coral sand is produced by these fishes.” They are related to the wrasses, and, like the wrasses, swim mainly with their pectoral fins, and share their color changing ability as well.

At Left and top right (local), and middle and bottom right (Tunnels): Ember Parrotfish - Scarus rubroviolaceus. Also known as the Redlip Parrotfish. “Both the initial and terminal phases frequently display a distinct bicolor pattern, darker in front, lighter in back.” Also note the distinctive tail; other photos of this species on the page after next.

Parrotfishes - uhu (Scaridae)

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Top: Spectacled Parrotfish - Chlorurus perspicillatus. Also known as the Banded-Nose Parrotfish. Initial phase.Bottom: Palenose Parrotfish - Scarus psittacus. “Supermales are green and blue with lavender tints about the head...”

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Left side bottom (Tunnels) and left side top: probably Ember Parrotfish; dark in front, light in back.Bottom middle left (local) and all on right side (Tunnels): juvenile Parrotfish, probably either Spectacled or Palenose.

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Similar to the box fishes, it took a while for me to decide that this was really a pufferfish; its dark face doesn’t match Hoover’s description, but otherwise body shape and spotting fit. Pufferfish carry a strong neurotoxin, and “In spite of their toxicity, or perhaps because of it, pufferfishes are delicacies in Japan, where government-licensed ‘fugu chefs’ prepare them safely for the table.”

They get their name from their unusual defense strategy which they share with porcupinefishes: “when alarmed, [they] distend themselves with water into prickly balloons, becoming difficult or impossible for predators to swallow.” However, the tobies, such as the species shown here, have limited abilities to inflate themselves and rely more upon their neurotoxin for defense.

Hawaiian Whitespotted Toby - Canthigaster jactator. Hoover: “The species name means ‘boaster,’ or ‘braggart,’ no doubt because of the fish’s ability to inflate. To about 3 1/2 in. Endemic.” Brown with white spots.

Pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae)

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“Snappers are perchlike carnivores of considerable economic importance, common on shallow tropical reefs throughout the world... Emperors are a family of mid-size predatory fishes closely related to snappers.” - Hoover.

I wasn’t aware that I had found any of these fishes until I got home and was looking more closely at a few fish I hadn’t identified yet. The fellow on the top right is undoubtedly a Bluestripe Snapper, a species introduced to Hawaii in 1958 for commercial fishing, and which have become somewhat common though regarded now more as a pest than a good meal.

The small fish in the lower two photos has all the markings of a Bigeye Emperor juvenile, although my identification is less certain, as its size and shape are similar to members of the wrasse family.

Upper right: Bluestripe Snapper - Lutjanus kasmira. Yellow, with four narrow longitudinal blue dark-edged stripes, distinctive tail fin.

Middle and lower right: Bigeye Emperor - Monotaxis grandoculis. ID uncertain.

Snapper and Emperors(Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae)

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These abundant fish, according to Hoover, “probably account for most of the fish biomass in the state.” They have two spines at the base of the tail which flip out and can be used as razor-sharp weapons. They seem well-adapted to the somewhat rough shoreline reef, and are pretty easy to get close enough to for some clear photos.

Unicornfishes are a subfamily (Nasinae), and have fixed bony keels instead of the spines.

Right top: Orangeband Surgeonfish (Acanthurus olivaceus Forster, 1801). Identified by the “orange band ringed in blue on the shoulder, and a white bar on the rear margin of the tail fin... the rest of the body can change color rapidly from entirely light olive to entirely black.” I’m unsure if the surgeonfish in the lead is an Orangeband in its light olive disguise.

Right middle (local) and bottom (Tunnels): Convict Tang - manini (Acanthurus triostegus). The streak of blue next to the tang in the photo in the middle is a small Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse - see the section on wrasses for a close-up.

Left: A school of Convict Tang along with some Orangeband Surgeonfish (and dark Yellowfin or Ringtail). 20 April 2011, Pali Ke Kua. I twice came across large schools of Convict Tang at our local beach; on this occasion I was able to swim along with them for a while.

Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes (Acanthuridae)

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Top left and right: Whitebar Surgeonfish - Acanthurus leucopareius. These are easy to identify with the white bar in front and rear.Bottom left (Ke’e): Brown Surgeonfish - Acanthurus nigrofuscus. They have a lavender tinge, especially on the fins, ID uncertain.Bottom right: Surgeonfish, probably Yellowfin (see next page).

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Top and bottom left: Yellowfin Surgeonfish - Acanthurus xanthopterus. Note yellow pectoral fin, blue surrounding the scalpel; should also have yellow stripe in front of the eye. Very similar to the Ringtail on the right. ID uncertain.Right side (Ke’e): Ringtail Surgeonfish - Acanthurus blochii. White stripe at base of dark blue tail, darker pectoral fins. ID uncertain.

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Above left (Ke’e) and right (local): Bluespine Unicornfish - kala (Naso unicornis). Hoover: “..the horned unicornfish most commonly seen by snorkelers.” Bright blue tail spines, and a medium size horn, the males have tail streamers (see left photo, foreground).

Following page: school of Convict Tang, with Brown Surgeonfish with more distinctive coloring.

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The Wedgetail, or Picasso, Triggerfish is a common and colorful sight along north shore reefs, and quite an unusual-looking fish with its high-positioned eyes. They have been known to attack snorkelers, but they seemed only a bit shy to me.

Both the Wedgetail and Lagoon Triggerfishes have the same Hawaiian name: humuhumu-nukunuku-aa-pua’a!

Top right: Wedgetail Triggerfish - Rhinecanthus rectangulus. Also known as the Picasso Triggerfish or Reef Triggerfish. Although not endemic to Hawaii, this has been adopted as the official state fish.

Middle right (Tunnels): Lagoon Triggerfish - Rhinecanthus aculeatus. Similar to the Wedgetail, this prefers a sandier habitat and is more rare (I only encountered this species once).

Bottom right: Bridled Triggerfish - Sufflamen fraenatus. A male would have a band under the chin, but this one meets Hoover’s description of this species with its coloration and white band at the base of its tail, and its shyness. ID uncertain. Compare to Filefishes as well.

Left: larger photos of both the Wedgetail Triggerfish (local) and Lagoon Triggerfish (Tunnels).

Triggerfishes - humuhumu (Balistidae)

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These very long, tubular fish are the most common fish predators on Hawaiian reefs, according to Hoover. Trumpetfishes are very stiff and bend very little as they swim, while Cornetfishes flex back and forth.

I think both of the fish I saw and photographed were Cornetfishes - the top right fish is flexing while it swims, and the bottom one has a long filament trailing from the center of its tail fin.

Bottom (Tunnels) and right (Ke’e): Bluespotted Cornetfish - Fistularia commersonii.

Trumpetfishes and Cornetfishes

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This is a large family of small fish, with quite a variety of species. An earlier version of Hoover noted that they are small cigar-shaped fish, and that helped me distinguish them the most. They are incredibly varied, and the same species can often show up with quite different coloring based on age and sex. They are found all over the north shore reefs.

Most wrasses start out life as females (initial phase), with a few turning into larger, more colorful, males at maturity (terminal phase). The males typically have a “harem,” and, if they die, the dominant female will turn male and take over. However, this pattern is not true of all members of this family, though the “supermales” are almost always sex-reversed females: according to Hoover “individuals ‘born’ male almost never become dominant and are doomed to a life of mediocrity.”

Top right: Yellowtail Coris (juvenile) - Coris gaimard.

Middle (Tunnels) and bottom right: Christmas Wrasse - Thalassoma trilobatum. These fast-moving fish feed on crabs and mollusks. The coloring in the middle photo is that of a “supermale” and that in the lower is an initial phase fish.

Wrasses (Labridae)

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Right top (and next page bottom): Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse - Labroides phthirophagus. This tiny blue fish feeds on parasites and mucus it picks from the skin and gills of other fish; it hangs around a spot on the reef, and fish come by to get cleaned.

Right middle and bottom: Bird Wrasse - Gomphosus varius. The one on the near left middle photo is an initial phase male/female, the others are terminal phase supermales. Their long snout and coloring are defining characteristics.

Wrasses, continued

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Top left and right (Ke’e): Pearl Wrasse - Anampses cuvier. Female color pattern (males are green with fine blue marking). Bottom left (and front and back book covers): Saddle Wrasse - Thalassoma duperrey. These guys were everywhere!Bottom right: Blackstripe Coris - Coris flavovittata. Female color pattern.

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Finally, here are a few photos of life other than fish that you may encounter while snorkeling at this local beach here in Princeville: coral, urchins, and a sea cucumber. Kauai is relatively far north for a huge abundance of coral, so the types found are limited.

Near right: A fairly typical offshore boulder covered with coral and other plant life.

Top middle right: Cauliflower Coral - Pocillopora meandrina.

Middle right: Finger Coral - Porites compressa. (Or Lobe Coral - Porites lobata).

Top far right: White-Spotted Sea Cucumber - Actinopyga mauritiana.

Middle far right: Red Pencil Urchin - Heterocentrotus mammillatus. I only came upon these small explosions of red colored fingers of sea urchin one time. (Aka Slate Pencil Urchin).

Lower far right: Rock Boring Urchin - Echinometra mathaei.

Left: beach at Pali Ke Kua, Princeville, Kauai.

Other Sealife

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Encountering a sea turtle is amazing - I came upon the medium-size turtle on the right while snorkeling down the edge of the reef at Tunnels; suddenly it was there, and it seemed to almost pose for the pictures, very undisturbed about my presence.

On my last day, I found a small, shy turtle, at our local snorkeling beach, which promptly hid under a rock (bottom far right). As I swam around the rock, it flopped around so it could keep an eye on me...

Asking other snorkelers if they have seen any turtles can get you started in the right direction. We had a great experience seeing a whole herd of turtles feeding and splashing around some heavy surf at the Queen’s Bath, a short walk from our condo.

So, if you’re counting, this sea turtle makes 50, which is about 50 more than I could name before I started this project. Hoover’s text covers 54 families of Hawaiian reef fish, and I’ve only scratched the surface here with 15 families and 44 fish. This incredible diversity just offshore makes snorkeling in Hawaii an amazing experience. I hope you enjoyed this glimpse into that world, and if you haven’t had an opportunity to experience it first hand, I hope that this provides a little motivation to do so. See you in Kauai!

Right: Green Turtle - Chelonia mydas. This is the most common of Hawaii’s turtles; the Hawksbill Turtle is also found in inshore areas.

Sea Turtles - honu (Chelonidae)

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Bibliography

Hoover, John P. Hawai’i’s Fishes - A Guide for Snorkelers and Divers, Second Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2003-2007. This was my main reference.

Hoover, John P. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2008. A more comprehensive reference on fishes.

Hoover, John P. Hawaii’s Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawaii’s Marine Invertebrates, Revised Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2006. For the invertebrates in this book.

Above: Ke’e Beach, Kauai

Snorkeling N

orth-shore Kauai

Snorkeling North-shore Kauai What I Did On My Vacation

About this book

This is my first iPhoto book: a compilation of the various fish and other underwater life I encountered snorkeling in Kauai, during two weeks in April 2011.

All of the underwater photos were taken with an inexpensive camera, at three beaches on the north side of Kauai: a small beach down the bluff from our rented condominium at Pali Ke Kua in Princeville (above), and at Tunnels and Ke’e beaches.

Larry Kenyon

Front and Back Covers: Saddle Wrasse at Ke’e, a very curious native Hawaiian fish

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Bibliography

Hoover, John P. Hawai’i’s Fishes - A Guide for Snorkelers and Divers, Second Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2003-2007. This was my main reference.

Hoover, John P. The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2008. A more comprehensive reference on fishes.

Hoover, John P. Hawaii’s Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawaii’s Marine Invertebrates, Revised Edition. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. 2006. For the invertebrates in this book.

Above: Ke’e Beach, Kauai

Snorkeling N

orth-shore Kauai

Snorkeling North-shore Kauai What I Did On My Vacation

About this book

This is my first iPhoto book: a compilation of the various fish and other underwater life I encountered snorkeling in Kauai, during two weeks in April 2011.

All of the underwater photos were taken with an inexpensive camera, at three beaches on the north side of Kauai: a small beach down the bluff from our rented condominium at Pali Ke Kua in Princeville (above), and at Tunnels and Ke’e beaches.

Larry Kenyon

Front and Back Covers: Saddle Wrasse at Ke’e, a very curious native Hawaiian fish