Snake Venom
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Transcript of Snake Venom
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SNAKE VENOM
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Introduction
There are over 3,000 species of snakes, but only 15% are considered to be dangerous
Snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica
Each year there are 45,000 incidents of snake bites in the U.S. 7,000 - 8,000 are from venomous snakes On average 8 people die each year
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Dangerous?Environmental Hazard Frequency Fatalities per year
Drowning N/A 6,500
Burns / Smoke Inhalation 2.2 million 5,000
Heat Exhaustion / Heat Stroke
N/A 175-200
Lightning N/A 75-300
Bee, Wasp Stings 1 million 30-120
Dog Bites / Attacks 1-3 million 10-20
Snake Envenomation 7,000 5.5
Spider Envenomation N/A 4
Scorpion Envenomation 14,000 0.33
Lifetime odds of dying from snake bite 1 in 479,992
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Venom
There are 4 types of venom Hemotoxin, Mytotoxin, Neurotoxin, or Cytotoxin
Excreted through a modified parotid salivary gland Located on each side of the skull Behind the eye
Made up of a combination of proteins and enzymes
Various compounds have synergistic effects
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Anatomy of a Snake Bite
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Enzymes in Venom
Proteolytic Enzymes
Arginine ester hyrdolases
Collagenase Phospholipases A
and B Phosphodiesterase
s Acetylcholinestera
se
DNase and RNase NAD Nucleotidase L-Amino acid
oxidase Procoagulants Anticoagulants Hyaluronidases:
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Immediate Symtoms of Cytoxin/Mytotoxin
Intense local pain Gradual swelling Nausea and vomiting Distinct metallic taste Loss of conciousness may occur Shock.
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Types of cytotoxic/mytotoxic snakes Rattlesnakes (Crotalus).
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Types of cytotoxic/mytotoxic snakes Lance-headed vipers (Bothrops).
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Types of cytotoxic/mytotoxic snakes Puff adder (Bitis arietans)
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Hemotoxic Symptoms
Severe headache and thirst Tissue swelling around the site of the
bite caused by hemorrhaging Extreme pain Destruction of red blood cells
causing a lack of oxygen in the body Internal bleeding from major organs Severe headache and thirst Death
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Hemotoxic Snakes Trimeresurus wagleri- Temple Viper Bothrops Atrox Cerastes Vipera –Sand Viper Dispholidus Typus- Boomslang
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Local Favorite Northern Copperhead
Hemotoxic but not particularly deadly
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Neurotoxic Venom
Neurotoxic venom is fast acting and is rapidly absorbed, attacking the central nervous system.
Paralysis Respiratory Failure Death
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Neurotoxic snakes Bitis Gabonica- Gabon Viper Denisonia Superba- Australian
Copperhead Ophiophagus hannah- King Cobra Dendroaspis polylepis- Black Mamba Micrurus tener tener - Texas Coral
Snake
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Reaction of Phospholipase A
Enzyme splits cell membrane Helps to subdue and digest prey Highly Neurotoxic
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Snakes with Phospholipase A
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Why don’t snakes poison themselves? In the case of hemotoxic, mytotoxic
and cytotoxic venoms Serum in their blood which inhibits the
venom Humans use these serums as anti-
venoms
Neurotoxic snakes lack the appropriate neuro-receptors
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Treatment of Snake Bites
Hospitals use anti-venoms Helps to know species of snake DO NOT attempt to suck out poison
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References
http://www.popsci.com/scitech/gallery/2008-03/how-snake-venom-works
http://zoltantakacs.com/zt/sc/naja.shtml#1 http://www.medicinenet.com/snake_bites/article.htm#tocc
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-snake-venom.html
http://firstaid.webmd.com/tc/snake-and-lizard-bites-topic-overview
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/snakes/venomous-snake.htm
http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/snakes/snakes.htm
http://www.herpsofarkansas.com/Herp/SnakeBite
http://web.virginia.edu/Heidi/chapter34/Images/8883n34_11.jpg
http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/american-copperhead.cfm
http://www.nsc.org/news_resources/injury_and_death_statistics/Documents/Odds%20of%20Dying.pdf
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/snake-venom.gif