SMU CSE 8394

BTS – Communication Technologies

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Objectives

• To establish and maintain a unifying exchange and sharing framework for different types of data

• Information exchange essential – To pre-emergency planning– Critical first response actions, relief efforts, and

community recovery– Greatly enhance daily operations and cooperation

among agencies in meeting homeland defense responsibilities

• Where the world is going– Web-based spatial decision support system where

multiple agencies can rapidly share and exchange their GIS databases and remotely sensed imagery

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Technology Components

• Command, Control and Communications– Dispatch– Force management– Radio and data communications– Geographical Information Systems (GIS)– Global positioning system (GPS)

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Benefits of GIS

• Deploy response capabilities.• Locate resources• Improve planning capabilities• Develop training scenarios• Improve accuracy• Provide timely decision support• Develop contingency plans.

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GIS for HS

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GIS for Emergency Response

• Identifying the location of schools, medical centers, staging areas, and evacuation routes

• Analysis can identify transportation choke points near bridges or overpasses

• Route response vehicles • Quickly identify critical infrastructures such as

water storage/treatment facilities, communication networks, electric generation facilities, refineries, and more

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations– Position identified based on triangulation

from 3 satellites– Uses 2 carrier frequencies (L1 and L2)– Two types PRCodes (C/A and P)– P could be encrypted Y code

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GPS Applications

• Location - determining a basic position • Navigation- getting from one location to

another • Tracking - monitoring the movement of

people and things • Mapping - creating maps of the world • Timing - bringing precise timing to the

world

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Communication Infrastructure

• Requirements– Reliability– Security– Inter-operability

• New initiatives

• Usual suspects– Satellite communication– Microwave links– Infrared channels– Fiber-optic links– Wireless

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Starting from the Bottom

Sensor Networks

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What Where & When

• What?– Low cost, low power, multi-functional sensor

nodes– Communicates within short distances– Enabled by MEMS, wireless, and digital

electronics

• Where:– Military, health, environmental

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Ad hoc Networks vs. SNs

• Number of nodes several orders larger• Densely deployed• More prone to failures• Dynamic topology (frequent changes)• SNs use broadcasts instead of PP• Power, CPU, and memory limitations• No global IDS

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Applications

• Military/BTS– c4ISRT, NBC detection etc.

• Environmental– Forest fire, bio-complexity analysis, flood

detection

• Health– Tele-monitoring, tracking, drug admin.

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Applications (cont’d)

• Commercial– Environmental control of office buildings

• $55 b savings/year, reduction of 35 mmt of carbon emission

– Detection of vehicle thefts– Inventory control

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Design Factors

• Fault tolerance• Scalability• Cost ~= $1/node

– Cheap BT is 10 times more costly

• Hardware constraints• Transmission constraints• Power constraints

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Security in Sensor Networks

• To provide– Confidentiality– Authenticity, integrity– Timeliness – freshness

• With minimum power consumption– Minimize communication – key exchanges– Private key encryption

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Trust Model

• Sensor Nodes are not trusted• Sink node part of the trusted network• Sink node and the sensor nodes share

secret• Node trusts its own resources

– Clock, memory etc.

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SPIN – Two Protocols

• Secure Network Encryption Protocol (SNEP)– Provides confidentiality, authentication,

freshness between endpoints

• µTESLA - Micro Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication– Provides broadcast authentication

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Encryption Details

• SNEP Private key encryption– DES-CBC– Derive subsequent keys from the original

shared key using RC5– Use counter mechanism for freshness

• µTESLA– Authenticated broadcast– Use of public key too expensive, use

modified shared key (delayed disclosure)