敳眠潨栠癡潦浲污攠畤慣楴湯 ⁷漠散湡楬灭潣 潌DIRECTION:SELECTTHEBESTANSWER.WRITEINCAPITALLETTER/SONLY.STRICTLYNOERASURES.IFALLTHECHOICESARECORRECT,WRITERPB.IFALLTHECHOICESAREINCORRECT,WRITEAMA.

ADVERSEDRUGEFFECTS1. Whichofthefollowingstatement/sis/aretrueaboutsideeffectsandadverseeffects?

a. Theyarethoseresultingfromnormalpharmacologicaleffectsofadrug.b. Theyarethoserelatedtoproducingtoxiceffects.c. Theyarethosethatdescribethesafetyofthedrug.d. Alloftheabove

2. Toxiceffectsarethoserelatedtothedosageadministered.Alldrugsarecapableofproducingtoxiceffects.However,itisimportanttoknowthetherapeuticindexofadrugwhich:a. Describesthesafetyofthedrugb. Describesthetoxicityofthedrugc. Describesthenormalpharmacologicaleffectsofthedrugd. Describesthepositiveeffectofthedrug

3.Thenursemustbearinmindthat:a.Thegreaterthetherapeuticindex,thesaferisthedrug.b.Thegreaterthetherapeuticindex,themoredangerousisthedrugc.Thelowerthetherapeuticindex,thesaferisthedrugd.Thelowerthetherapeuticindex,thesaferisthedrug

4. Whichofthefollowingisnotrueaboutallergicreactions?

a. Thesearearesultofpharmacologicaleffectsofthedrug.b. Thesearearesponseoftheclient’simmunologicalsystemtothepresenceofthedrug.c. Priorsensitizationtothedrugisgenerallyrequiredforallergicreactionstooccur.d. Noneoftheabove

5. Idiosynchraticreactionsaretheresultofabnormalreactivitytohavepooreducationalbackgroundarelessabletounderstandortoreactandcomprehendcorrectlytohealtheducationthanbettereducatedpeople.Withtheforegoingitrejectsthehypothesisformulated.

a. RelationshipbetweenMother’sExtentofKnowledgeandExtentofComplianceonImmunization

b. Thistablepresentsanddiscussesthecoefficientsofcorrelationbetweenmothers’extentofknowledgeandcomplianceonimmunization.

a. Thetabledisclosesthatmothers’extentofknowledgeontheimportanceandbenefitsofimmunizationingeneralissignificantlyrelatedtotheirextentofcomplianceonimmunizationasevidencedbytheobtainedcoefficientsofcorrelationof0.158

Table12.Relationshipbetweentheextentofknowledgeandcomplianceofmothersonimmunizationofchildren.6. Extentofknowledge

Compliance(r)

a. 1.Knowledgeonimportanceandbenefitsofimmunization in general. 0.158**

2. Knowledge on importance and benefits of MMR vaccine.0.011

b. 3. Knowledge on importance and benefits of Pneumonions rather than single effect. Therefore, no drugs is free from side effect.

c. Drug interaction results from physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule in the body.

d. All of the above

Pharmacokinetic Factors in Drug Therapy

9. Absorption is the process by which a drug passes from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Which of the following are factors that affect drug absorption. Check all that apply.

( ) Blood Flow ( ) Pain ( ) Stress ( ) Food

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( ) Exercise ( ) Nature of the absorbing surface ( ) pH ( ) Drug concentration ( ) Dosage form ( ) Blood brain barrier ( ) Placental barrier ( ) Obesity

10. Blood supply enhances absorption. Which of the following parenteral injection promotes faster absorption:a. subcutaneous injectionb. intramuscular injectionc. intradermal injectiond. all of the above

11.Pain is also a factor that affect drug absorption. Which of the following best explain it?a. Pain slows gastric emptying rate, so the drug remains longer in the stomach.b. Pain enhances absorption faster that it will be more effectivec. Pain helps the stomach empties faster.d. All of the above

12.Stress can also affect drug absorption because it can:a. Cause vasoconstriction, so the drug taken orally will be absorbed slowlyb. Cause vasodilation, so the drug taken orally will be absorbed slowlyc. Cause vasoconstriction, so the drug taken orally will be absorbed fasterd. Cause vasodilation, so the drug taken orally will be absorbed faster

13. Nature of the absorbing surface can also affect drug absoportion. Which of thye following statement/s is/are not true about it?

a. Transport of drug molecules is faster through a single layer of cells.b. Drugs applied to the mucous membrane will be absorbed faster than those applied on the skin.c. Drugs applied to the mucous membrane will be absorbed slower than those applied in the skind. None of the above

14. Distribution is the transport of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action. Which of the following factors affect drug distribution. Check all that apply:( ) plasma-protein binding( ) volume distribution

( ) barriers to drug distribution ( ) obesity ( ) receptor obesity

15. Which of the following is true about plasma protein binding as a factor that affects drug distribution?

a. The medication must connect with plasma proteins (albumin) in vascular system.b. The strong attachments to plasma protein have a longer period of drug action.c. Clients with reduced plasma proteins could received a heightened drug effect.d. All of the above

16. Volume Distribution is also a factor for drug distribution. Which one best explain it?1. Client with edema needs an increased dose.2. Smaller dose may be needed for client with dehydration.3. Client with edema needs a decreased dose4. Higher dose may be needed for client with dehydration

a. 1 and 2 b. 3 and 4 c. 1 and 4 d. all of the above

17. Barriers to drug distribution prevent some medication from entering body organs. To pass through blood brain barrier, drug must be:a. be lipid soluble and loosely attached to plasma proteinsb. be protein and loosely attached to plasma proteinc. be carbohydrates and loosely attached to plasma proteind. all of the above

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17. A receptor combination also affects drug distribution. A receptor is an area on a cell where drug attaches and a response takes place. Which of the following can be a receptor? Check all that apply:

( ) protein ( ) nucleic acid ( ) enzymes( ) lipids ( ) carbohydrate

18. Drugs can have agonist or antogonist effect. Agonist is one that:a. will connect itself to the receptor site and cause pharmacological response.b. Will connect itself to the receptor site and cause adverse effectc. Will connect itself to the receptor site and cause side effectd. will attempt to attach but because attachment is uneven, there is no drug response.

19. Metabolism or Biotransmission is a sequence of chemical events that change a drug to a less active form after it enters the body. It is also called as:

a. detoxificationb. drug tolerancec. toxicologyd. antagonist

20. The principal site of drug metabolism is the:a. stomachb. liverc. kidneyd. small intestines

21. Oral medications goes directly to the a. liver via the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulationb. kidney via the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulationc. stomach via the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulationd. small intestines via the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation

22. Which of the following clients do have reduced ability to metabolize some drugs ?1. Infants 3. adolescent2. Elderly 4. Young adult

a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. all of the above

23. Liver enzymes involved in metabolism rely on adequate amounts of which of the following:a. amino acidsb. lipidsc. vitamins d. carbohydrates

24. Excretion is the process by which drugs are eliminated from the body. The most important route of excretion for most drugs is the :

a. Kidneysb. small intestinesc. skind. lungs

25. Which of the following statements regarding the factors that affect drug excretion is true?1. Renal excretion is carried out by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion, which increase

quantity of drug excreted.2. Drugs can affect elimination of other drugs3. When peak level of the drug is reached, excretion levels become greater than absorption and

blood levels of drugs, begin to drop.4. Half life is the time required for the total amount of drug to decrease by 50%

a. 1,2,3 b. 2,3,4 c. 134 d.1,2,3,4

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26. Which of the following physiologic changes associated with aging influence medication administration and effectiveness? Check the one that does not apply:

( ) Altered memory( ) Less acute vision( ) Decrease in renal function ( ) Less complete and slower absorption from gastrointestinal tract.( ) Increased proportion of fat to lean body mass ( ) Decreased liver function

( ) Decreased organ sensitivity

27. The following are general principles in parenteral administration of medications. Check the one that does not apply:

( ) Check the doctor’s order.( ) Identify the client properly. This ensures that the medication is administered to

the right client.( ) Practice ASEPSIS. To prevent infection.( ) Use appropriate needle size. To minimize tissue injury.( ) Plot the site of injection properly. To prevent hitting nerves, blood vessels,

bones.( ) Use separate needles for aspiration and injection of medications. To prevent irritation of tissues.( ) Introduce air into the vial before aspiration. To create positive pressure within

the vial and to allow easy withdrawal of the medication.( ) Allow a small air bubble (0.2 ml.) in the syringe to push the medication that may remain in the hub and lumen of the needle.( ) Introduce the needle in a quick thrust. To lessen discomfort.( ) Either spread or pinch muscle when introducing the medication. Depending on the size of the client.( ) Minimize discomfort by applying cold compress over the injection site before introduction of medication to numb nerve endings, apply warm compress to improved circulation in the area. ( ) Aspirate before introduction of medication. To check if blood vessel had been hit.( ) Support the tissues with cotton swabs before withdrawal of needle. To prevent discomfort of pulling tissues as needle is withdrawn.( ) Massage the site of injection to hasten absorption.( ) Apply pressure at the site for few minutes. To prevent bleeding.( ) Evaluate effectiveness of the procedure and make relevant documentation.

28 . Which of the3 following is true about intravenous injection? Check the one that applies:( ) Direct IV, IV push, IV Infusion.( ) Most rapid route of absorption of medications.( ) Predictable, therapeutic blood vessels of medication can be obtained.

( ) The route can be used for clients with compromised gastrointestinal function or peripheral circulation.

( ) Larger doses of medications can be administered by this route.

Types of IV Fluids

A. ISOTONICB. HYPOTONICC. HYPERTONIC

29. D5W 30. NaCI 0.9% plain Ringer’s lactate31. Plain Normosal M32. NaCI 0.3%33. D10W34. D50W35. D5LR36. D5NM

37. The following are the nursing interventions in IV Infusion. Check the one that applies:( ) Verify the doctor’s order.( ) Know the type, amount, and indication of IV therapy.( ) Practice strict asepsis.( ) Inform client and explain purpose of IV therapy.( ) PRIME IV tubing to expel air. This will prevent air embolism.

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( ) Clean the insertion site of IV needle from center to the periphery with alcoholized cotton swab.( ) Shave area of needle insertion if hairy.( ) Change IV tubing every 72 hours. To prevent contamination.( ) Change/alter IV needle insertion site every 72 hours. To prevent thrombophlebitis.( ) Regulate IV every 15-20 minutes. To ensure administration of proper volume of IV fluid as ordered.( ) Observe for potential complications.

38. Which of the following are complications of IV infusionComplications of IV Infusion? Check the one that applies:

( ) Infiltration( ) Circulatory Overload( ) Drug Overload( ) Air embolism( ) Nerve Damage( ) Speed Shock( ) Superficial Thrombophlebitis

39. Infiltration is a complication in which the needle is out of vein, and fluids accumulate in the subcutaneous tissues. Which of the following would be the manifestations? Check the one that does not apply

( ) Pain.( ) Swelling.

( ) Skin is cold at needle site.( ) Pallor of the site.( ) Flow of IV rate decreases or stops.( ) Absence of backflow of blood into the tubing as the IV fluid is put down, or the

IV tubing is kinked.

40. Which of the following will not be your nursing intervention if there is infiltration of IV? a. Change the site of needle.

b. Apply cold compress.c. Apply warm compress. d. All of the above

41. Circulatory overload results from administration of excessive volume IV fluids. Which of the following will be the manifestations? Check the one that applies:

( ) Headache( ) Flushed Skin( ) Rapid Pulse( ) Increased BP( ) Weight gain( ) Syncope or faintness( ) Pulmonary edema( ) Increased venous pressure( ) Coughing( ) SOB ( shortness of breath)( ) Tachypnea( ) Shock( ) Decreased BP( ) Bradypnea( ) Bradycardia

42. Which of the following will not be your nursing interventions if there is circulatory overload? a. Slow infusion to KVO (keep vein open – 10 gtts./min)

b. Place patient in high fowler’s position. To ease breathing.c. Administer diuretic as orderedd. Administer bronchodilator as ordered.

43.Drug overload can occur if the patient receives an excessive amount of fluid containing drugs. Which of the following is not a manifestation?a. Dizzinessb. Shockc. Faintingd. Syncope

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44. Superficial thrombophlebitis may also occur due to overuse of a vein, irritating solutions or drugs, clot formation or large bore catheters. Which of the following are its manifestation/s?

a. Pain along the course of vein.b. Vein may feel hard and cordlike.c. Edema and redness at needle insertion site.d. Arm feels warmer than the other arm.

45. The nursing interventions for superficial thrombophlebitis include all of the following ( check the one that does not apply )

( ) Change IV site every 3 days ( ) Use large veins for irritating fluids.

( ) Stabilize venipuncture at area of flexion. ( ) Apply warm compress immediately to relieve pain and inflammation; later follow with cold compress to stimulate circulation and promote absorption.

( ) Irrigate IV

46. When air manages to get into the circulatory system, this lead to air embolism. Which of the following will be the manifestations? (Check the one that does not apply)( ) Chest, shoulder, or backpain( ) Hypotension( ) Dyspnea( ) Cyanosis( ) Tachycardia( ) Increased venous pressure( ) Loss of consciousness

47. Which of the following is not the nursing interventions to prevent air embolism? a. Do not Allow IV bottle to “run dry”

b. “Prime” IV tubing before starting infusion.c. Do not 5 ml or air or more to enter into the veind. None of the above

48. What is the best position of the patient with air embolism?a. Turn patient to left side in the Trendelenburg position. b. Turn patient to right side in the Trendelenburg positionc. Place the patient on semi-fowler’s positiond. Place the patient on high fowler’s position

49. What is the rationale of your answer in no. 48?a. It prevents pulmonary embolism.b. it prevents air embolismc. It prevents pneumothoraxd. it prevents shock

50. Nerve damage may result from tying the arm too tightly to the splint in which there will be numbness of fingers and hands. The following will be the nursing interventions except:a.Massage area and move shoulder through its ROM.b.Instruct the patient to open and close hand several times each hour.c. Refer to a physical therapist for managementd. Apply splint with fingers free to move.

51.Speed shock may result from administration of IV push medications rapidly.To avoid speed shock, and possible cardiac arrest, give most IV push medications over :

a. 3 - 5 minutesb. 1 - 3 minutesc. 1- 2 minutesd. 5 – 10 minutes

52. Which of the following are the purposes of blood transfusion therapy?a. To administer required blood component by the patient.b. To restore the blood volume.c. To improve oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.d. All of the above

53. The following are the nursing interventions for blood transfusion therapy. Check those that apply:( ) Verify doctor’s order. Inform client and explain the purpose of the procedure.( ) Check for cross-matching and blood typing. To ensure compatibility.( ) Obtain and record baseline VS.( ) Practice strict ASEPSIS.

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( ) At least 2 nurses check the label of the blood transfusion.( ) Warm blood at room temperature before transfusion. To prevent chills.( ) Identify client properly. Two nurses check the client’s identification.( ) Use needle gauge 21. This allows easy flow of blood.( ) Use BT (blood transfusion) set with filter. To prevent administration of blood

clots and other particulates.( ) Start infusion slowly at 20 gtts/min. Remain at bedside for 15 to 30 minutes.

Adverse reaction usually occurs during the first 15 to 20 minutes.( ) Monitor VS. Altered VS indicates adverse reaction.( ) Mix medications with blood transfusion.

( ) Incorporate medication into the blood transfusion.( ) Use the blood transfusion line for IV push of medications.( ) Administer 0.9% NaCI before, during or after BT.

( ) Administer IV fluids with dextrose. ( ) Observe for potential complications. Notify physician.

ADMINISTERING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONA. 4 HOURSB. 20 MINUTES

54. whole blood55. packed rbc56. plasma57. platelets 58. cryoprecipitate

59. Which of the following must be checked before blood transfusion? Check all that apply:( ) Serial number

( ) Blood component( ) Blood type( ) Rh factor( ) Expiration data( ) Screening tests for VDRL ( ) screening test for HBsAg ( ) Screening test for malarial smear

60. Allergic Reaction. It is caused by sensitivity to plasma protein or donor antibody, which reacts with recipient antigen. Which should you assessed? Check all that do not apply:

( ) Flushing( ) Rash, hives( ) Pruritus( ) Laryngeal edema( ) Dyspnea

61. Febrile, non-hemolytic is caused by hypersensitivity to donor white cells, platelets or plasma proteins which is the most symptomatic complication of blood transfusion. Which of the following is not a manifestation?

a. Sudden chills and feverb. Flushingc. Headached. Anxiety

62. Septic reaction is caused by the transfusion of blood or component contaminated by bacteria. Which of the following will not be a manifestation?

a. Rapid onset of chillsb. Vomitingc. Marked hypertensiond. High fever

63. Circulatory overload is caused by administration of blood volume at a rate greater than the circulatory system accommodate. Which of the following are the manifestations? Check those that apply:

( ) Rise in venous pressure( ) Dyspnea( ) Crackles or rales( ) Distended neck vein( ) Cough( ) Elevated BP( ) Decreased BP

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64. Hemolytic reaction is caused by infusion of incompatible blood products. Which of the following will be the first sign ?

a. Low back pain b. Chills and flushing , bleeding and vascular collapsec. Feeling of fullness and hypotension d. Tachycardia and tachypneae. Acute renal failure

65. The following are nursing interventions when complications occurs in blood tranfusion. Check all that apply:

( ) Start an IV line (0.9% NaCi).( ) Collect Urine specimen. To detect presence of bacteria, which may be causing

the adverse reaction to blood transfusion.( ) Monitor VS.( ) Send unused and BT set to the blood bank. For laboratory examination.( ) Administer antihistamine as ordered ( ) Administer diuretics as ordered( ) Administer bronchodilators as ordered.( ) Make relevant documentation.

66. Whenperforminganassessment todeterminewhichmedicationscanbeused,whichof thefollowingelementsismostimportant?

a. Physicalexaminationb. Allergiesc. Presenceofillnessesd. Weight

67. Whichofthefollowingwilldeterminenursinginterventionsforaclientonmedication?a. Assessmentb. Diagnosesc. Implementationsd. Evaluation

68. Theclient’sabilitytotakeoralmedicationswillbehinderedby:a. Dentalcariesb. Dysphagiac. Aged. Lifestyle

69. Whendecidingonwhattimeofdaytogivemedications,thenursepaysclosestattentiontotheclient’shabitsregarding:

a. Sleepingb. Eatingc. Eliminationd. Activity

70. WhichofthefollowingmusclesisapossiblesiteforIMinjections?a. Outeraspectofhipb. Shoulderc. Vastuslateralisd. Vastusgluteus

71. ThevolumeofSCmedicationsmustbenomorethan:a. 0.5mLb. 1.0mLc. 1.5mLd. 3.0mL

72. Whenperforminganassessmentabovemedication,thedrughistoryshouldinclude:a. Completevitalsignsb. Client’sgoaloftherapyc. Reasonformedicationd. AdministrationofOTCmedications

73. Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefiverights?a. Rightdoseb. Rightroutec. Rightdrugd. Rightroom

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74. Safetyofadrugisdeterminedbythedegreebetween:a. Therapeuticandtoxicdosesb. Potencyandefficacyc. Subtherapeuticandtoxiclevelsd. Sideandadverseeffects

75. Thenameselectedbytheoriginalmanufacturerbasedonthechemicalstructureofthedrugisthe:a. Chemicalnameb. Genericnamec. Tradenamed. Drugname

76. Whenadrugbindstoareceptortoproduceapharmacologiceffect,thedrugmaybecalleda(n):a. Agonistb. Antagonistc. Blockerd. Accelerator

77. Theinteractionofonedrugincreasedbythepresenceofaseconddruginknownas:a. Synergismb. Additiveeffectsc. Antogonismd. Potentiation

78. Theextenttowhichadrugisabsorbedandtransportedtotargettissueisknownas:a. Steady-stateaccumulationb. Therapeuticdruglevelsc. Biovailabilityd. Distributiohn

79. Whentwodrugsgiventogetherhaveaneffectequaltothesumoftheirrespectiveeffects,theinteractionisknowas:

a. Potentiatedb. Antogonizedc. Agonistd. Additive

80. Distributionisaffectedby:a. Biotransformationb. Excretionc. Proteinbindingd. Lipidbinding

81. Absorption,distribution,andexcretionmaybeincreasedbywhichofthefollowingdisease?a. Hyperthyroidismb. Renalinsuffiencyc. Liverdiseased. Hypothyroidism

82. Anunexpectedeffectfromadrugisknownasa(n):a. Sideeffectb. Adverseeffectc. Toxicreactiond. Allergicreaction

83. Whenadrugis50%proteinbound,itmeansthat:a. 50%ofthedrugdestroysproteinb. 50%ofthedoseisatworkc. 50%ofthedrugisexcretedinthekidneysd. Proteinmustberestrictedinthediet

84. Thenurseispreparingtoadministeranintramuscularinjectiontoaninfantwhois8monthsold.Whichmusclewouldbethemostappropriateinjectionsite?

a. Bicepsb. Dorsoglutealc. Vastuslateralisd. Ventrogluteal

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85. Thedoctorhasindicatedthatampicillinandgentamicinaretobegivenpiggybackinthesame-hour,every6hours(12-6-12-60.Howwouldbethenurseadministerthesedrugs?

a. BothdrugstogetherIVpush.b. Eachdrugseparately,flushingbetweendrugs.c. Retrogradebothdrugsintothetubing.d. Onedrugevery4hoursandoneevery6hours.

86. ThephysicianordersanIVpiggybackofCefotan1gmin100mlD5Wtorunover30minutes.Thedropfactorforthetubingis10gttl/ml.AtwhatrateindropsperminutewouldyouruntheIV?

a. 33gtt/min.b. 25gtt/min.c. 12gtt/min.d. 50gtt/min.

87. Whatshouldthenursetakeintoconsiderationwhengivingmedicationtoanelderlyclient?a. Multiplesimultaneousdrugscanbedangerous.b. Theelderlyclientmetabolizesandexcretesthedrugsdifferentlyfromyoungerclients.c. Medicationaffectstheelderlyclientduringtheearlyhoursofthemorning.d. Medicationhasaneffectontherespiratorysystemoftheelderlyclient.

88. Whatisthefirststepthenurseshouldtaketoensurethattherightmedicationisbeinggiventoaclient?a. Checktheclient’sIDBand.b. Readtheinformationinsertfordirectionsastocorrectadministration.c. Checktheorderwiththemedicationadministrationsheet.d. Checktheexpirationdateonthemedication.

89. Thenursepoursadoseofmedication,thenfindsthattheclientnolongerneedsthedose.Whatisthemostappropriatenursingaction?

a. Recordthedoseastakentokeepthecountcorrect.b. Chargeforthedosebecausethedosemustbepaidfor.c. Recordthemedicationas“nottake”andwastethepoureddose.d. Pourthemedicationbackintothecontainer.

90. Whichpreparationofadrugisabsorbedmorerapidly?a. Ointmentappliedtotheskin.b. Liquidmedicinegivenorally.c. Oralgelatincapsules.d. Enteric-coatedtablets.

91. Medicationstakenorallymustundergoachangeaftercontactwithbodyfluidsinordertobeusedbythebody.Whatistheprocess?

a. Concentrationb. Eliminationc. Transferenced. Absorption

92. Thennurseisverifyingwhethertogiveamedicationtoaclient.Whatshouldshecheckfirst?a. Client’snameb. Expirationdateofthedrugc. Routeofdeliveryd. Charttoseewhetherthedrugwasordered

93. AclientistoreceiveDemerol75mgIMforpain.Whiledrawingupthemedication,thenursedrawsupanextra0.3mlofairinthesyringe.Whatistherationaleforthisaction?

a. Sealtheinjectionsitewithanairbubble.b. Givethesiteenoughspaceincasetheclientbleeds.c. Clearthedrugformtheneedleandsealthesite.d. Decreasethepossibilityofinfectionatthesite.

Equivalents

Common Household Measurements

4. 1 quart = _____cups105. 1 pint = _____cups

1. 6ࠊ cup = _____ounces107. 1 teacup = _____ounces

1. 8ࠋ tablespoon (tbsp) = _____tsp109. 1 teaspoon (tsp) = _____ gtts.(Note: 1 ounce = 30 mls)

Apothecary Measurements

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60. 110࠽ minims = _______ fluidram8. 111ࢤ fluidrams or 480 minims= _______ fluidounce16. 112ࢥ fluidounces = _______ pint (pt. or O)2 .�113 pints = _______ quart (qt.)

� 114. 4 quarts = _______ gallon (C)

Unit࣓11࣓11 ਸ 11 ਹ 11࣓11ਾ�11ஶ 11࣓11࣓11ೋ���11ೋ�11ണ 11ീ�11࣓11൵ 11൶ 115. 1 mcg. (microgram) = ________ G න 116. 1 mg. (milligram) = ________ G ࣓117. 1 cg. (centigram) = ________ G ࣓118. 1 dg. (decigram) = ________ G ࣓࣓9. 1 kg. (kilogram) = ________ G

Other Important Unit Equivalents࣓࣓0. 1 G (gram) = ________ g.폚 1웨. 1 gr. (grain) = ________mg꺹颣 2. 1 mg. (milligram) = ________mcg.纋熋 3. 1 ml. (milliliter) = ________cc.熋層 4. 1 L (liter) = ________qt.䕐 115. 1 gal. (gallon) = ________L11ᔔ6. 1 oz. (ounce) = ________ mls.蹨笋 7. 1 kg. (kilogram) = _________lbs.ᘀᑨ8. 1 lb. (pound) = _________oz.

䌀ꀮ ၊愀၊11ᔗ蹨 3Abbreviations Commonly Found In Drug Orders

Abbreviation EnglishMeaning Abbreviation EnglishMeaningaa. o.d.笋 dlib o.u.,O.U.a.c. P

b.i.d.,B.I.D. p.c.C p.o.

caps. p.r.n.,PRNcc

dl,dL Qelix q.d.ext. q.h.G Q2hGr Q4hGtt Q6hH Q8h

H.S.,h.s. Q12hID q.s.IM q.i.d.,Q.I.D.inj. q.o.d.I.U. S

IVorI.V. S.C.,s.c.orsubqIVPB S.L.Kg SolKvo SsL Stat

Mcq susp.mEq tab.Mg t.i.d.,T.I.D.

ml,mL TPNNGT tr.O.D. tsp.

11

O.S. U

COMMONROUTESOFDRUGADMINISTRATION:

Primarilyforlocaleffects:174.topicalapplication-___________________________________________175.intra-articular–______________________________________________176.intracardiac–_________________________________________________177.intrademalorintracutaneous–___________________________________178.intrathecal–_________________________________________________179.inhalation–___________________________________________________

Primarilyforsystemiceffects:By the gastrointestinal tract:180.buccalortransmucosal–________________181.oral–_______________________________182.sublingual–__________________________183.rectal–______________________________

By injection:184.intramuscular–________________________185.intraosseous–________________________186.intratacheal–__________________________187.intravenous–__________________________188.subcutaneous–_________________________

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