Smstr 3 Cell Injury Adaptation

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06/16/22 cell-injury-pafkugm-tums 1 PATHOLOGY Pathology is literally the study (logos) of suffering (pathos) Traditionally divided into general & special / systemic pathology Four aspects: etiology pathogenesis morphologic changes functional derangement and clinical significance

description

injury adaptation

Transcript of Smstr 3 Cell Injury Adaptation

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PATHOLOGY

Pathology is literally the study (logos) of suffering (pathos)

Traditionally divided into general & special / systemic pathology

Four aspects: etiology pathogenesis morphologic changes functional

derangement and clinical significance

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Cellular responses to injury

• Acute cell injury Reversible cell injury Irreversible cell injury (cell death)

Necrosis Apoptosis

• Subcellular alterations in sublethal and chronic injury

• Cellular adaptations• Intracellular accumulation• Cell aging

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Pengertian dasar dalam jejas sel• Jawaban sel terhadap stimuli/jejas tergantung pada jenis jejas,

lamanya, dan beratnya• Akibat jejas tergantung pada jenis sel, keadaan/status sel

(nutrisional, hormonal, dll), serta daya adaptasi (otot lurik tahan 2-3 jam, otot jantung hanya tahan 20-30 menit)

• Ada 4 sistem intraselular yang rentan:1. Keutuhan membran sel homeostasis ionik dan osmotik2. Respirasi aerobik penting dalam produksi energi ATP3. Sintesis protein4. Keutuhan aparatus genetik

• Elemen struktural dan biokimiawi sangat erat• Perubahan morfologik terjadi sesudah perubahan kimiawi

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The relationships between normal,

adapted, reversible injured, and dead cells

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ETIOLOGY OF CELL INJURY

• Oxygen deprivation• Physical agents• Chemical agents• Infectious agents

• Immunologic reactions• Genetic derangements• Nutrition imbalances

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Mekanisme Jejas Sel

Fakta• Banyak penyebab jejas sel, tetapi tidak

semuanya fatal• Banyak makromolekul, enzim, dan organela

dalam sel yang saling tergantung sulit menentukan target pertama jejas

• “Point of no return” pada dasarnya masih sulit ditentukan letaknya (”cut-off point” yang tepat?)

• Tidak ada satu jalur final ke kematian sel yang umum.

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Sequence of events in ischemic injury

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Schematic representation of a normal, reversible,

and irreversible injury

(ultrastructural changes)

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The consequences of increased cytosolic calcium

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Mechanism of membrane damage in ischemia and reperfusion

REPERFUSION

Loss of intracellular amino acids

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CCl4 toxicity: cellular events fatty change

and necrosis

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Jejas KimiawiAda 2 bentuk mekanisme umum:• Bahan yang aktif biologik

Menyatu dengan komponen molekular kritikal dari organela: merkuri + kelompok sulfhidril membran sel / protein lain Inhibisi transport tergantung ATP & peningkatan permeabilitas membran.

Contoh lain: obat sitotoksik & antibiotik

• Bahan yang tidak aktif biologik tetapi harus berkonversi menjadi metabolit toksik reaktif Contoh: CCl4 CCl3

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RADIKAL BEBAS

Definisi: senyawa kimia yang mempunyai elektron tunggal di orbit terluar.

Sifat:• sangat reaktif dan tidak stabil siap bereaksi dengan apa

saja baik anorganik maupun organik (protein, lemak, karbohidrat)

• inisiasi reaksi otokatalitik• Dapat diinisiasi di dalam sel dengan:

- Energi radiasi- Endogen: reaksi reduksi-oksidasi pada metabolisme normal- Eksogen: metabolisma enzimatik obat/racun: CCl4 CCl3

Radikal bebas yang biologik penting:• Oksigen :superoksida (O2

o), hidrogen peroksida (H2O2), ion hidroksil (OHo)

• Karbon: CCl3o

• Nitrogen : nitrik oksida (NOo)

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The Role of O2 in Cell Injury

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Free radical induced cell injury

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Bentuk jejas oleh radikal bebas

1. Peroksidasi lipid pada membran sel ikatan ganda pada lemak polyunsturated membran sel reaksi berantai otokatalitik

2. Lesi pada DNA: radikal bebas bereaksi dengan DNA nuklear dan mitokondrial pecahan DNA single-strand nekrosis sel atau keganasan

3. Cross-linking protein (dimediasi oleh sulfhydril) degradasi atau hilangnya aktivitas enzimatik.

4. Fragmentasi polipeptida

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Jejas ReversibelDengan mikroskop tampak sebagai• Cellular swelling

Perubahan awal jejas sel akibat dari kegagalan pemeli-haraan homeostatsis ionik dan cairan vakuolisasi halus karena patahnya RE sel bengkak, pucat, turgor meningkat hydropic change (vacuolar degeneration)

• Fatty changeAkibat dari jejas hipoksik dan berbagai bentuk jejas toksik dan metabolik vakuola lemak & infiltrasi lemak

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Hydropic Change

Swollen cell with clear cytoplasm (hydropic degeneration)

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Perubahan sub-selular jejas sel

1. Hipertrofi retikulum endoplasma halus (SER)Akibat dari pemakaian barbiturat jangka panjang

2. Perubahan mitokondrialDapat berupa pembengkakan, peningkatan/penurunan jumlah

3. Abnormalitas sitoskeleton (mikrotubuli: Ø 20-25nm, filamen aktin tipis: Ø 6-8nm, filamen miosin tebal: Ø 10nm)- fungsi sel menurun: lokomosi & gerakan organela- akumulasi material fibrilar

4. Lisosom- otofagi & heterofagi- otolisis & heterolisis

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Autophagy vs

Heterophagy

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Nekrosis• Perubahan morfologik akibat jejas letal, berupa degradasi

progresif karena kerja enzim-enzim• Morfologi:

- Inti: piknosis, kariolisis, karioreksis- eosinofilia meningkat: karena meningkatnya daya ikat cat osin, dan hilangnya bagian basofil- Tampak lebih jernih: karena hilangnya partikel glikogen - Vakuolisasi sitoplasma: digesti enzimatik pada organela lapuk- Kalsifikasi: terutama berasal dari Ca++ ekstraselular

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Jenis Nekrosis• Nekrosis koagulatif gangren kering

- akibat keasaman intraselular denaturasi protein struktural dan enzim

• Nekrosis liquefaktif gangren basah- akibat digesti sel oleh enzim otolisis & heterolisis

• Bentuk kusus:- Nekrosis fibrinoid (timbunan fibrin, imunoglobulin, dan protein plasma yang lain)- Nekrosis lemak (enzymatic & traumatic fat necrosis)- Nekrosis kaseosa

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Coagulation necrosis

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Coagulative & lequefactive necrosis

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Caseous necrosis

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Fatty Necrosis saponification

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Perubahan ultrastruktur

1. Perubahan membran plama: bleb (melepuh), rusaknya mikrovili, dan perlekatan interselular longgar

2. Perubahan mitokondria: membengkak dan penebalan amorf kaya lemak

3. Dilatasi retikulum endoplasmik ribosom lepas dan distorsi polisom

4. Perubahan inti, dengan disagregasi elemen granular dan fibrilar

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Electron micrograph of normal, reversible,

and irreversible

injury of epithelial

cells

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Necrosis vs Apoptosis

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APOPTOSIS

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Heat-shock protein

• Jenis protein yang normal ada dalam sel dapat menahan jejas yang dapat menimbulkan cedera

• Ada 2 keluarga: Hsp70 & Hsp60

• Jejas yang meningkatkan ekspresi Hsp:

- jejas iskemik : kardial & neuronal- jejas reperfusi : jantung kelinci- jejas toksik : adriamisin

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Aging Process

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Cellular senescent is multifactorial involves the cummutative effects of both:

• Intrinsic molecular clock of cellular aging• Extrinsic stressors of the cellular environment

(wear & tear theory)

Aging Process

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Intrinsic Cellular Aging

Human fibrobtasts in culture have finite life span:

• Adult human fibroblast in culture stop dividing and become senescent after about 50 doublings Hayflick phenomenon

• Fibroblast from neonates go throgh about 65 doublings before they cease dividing

• Progeria patient: only 35 doublings

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Aktivitas Telomerase

Short, multiply repeated sequenc of

nontranscribed DNA (TTAGGG)

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Proses Penuaan

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ADAPTASI SEL

HIPERPLASIHIPERTROFI

ATROFIMETAPLASI

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HIPERPLASIA

• Pertambahan jumlah sel dalam organ atau jaringan• Hiperplasia dapat fisiologik atau patologik• Fisiologik:

– Hiperplasia hormonal menarche kehamilan menyusui– Hiperplasia kompensatorik (reseksi hati)

• Sebagian besar hiperplasia patologik disebabkan karena stimulasi oleh hormon yang berlebihan atau GF. Bisa juga karena infeksi virus

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Kapasitas proliferatif sel

(hipotesis telomer-

telomerase)

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Hiperplasi Kompensatorik

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Hipeplasia of liver cells post partial hepatectomy

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Hipertrofi

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Phenotypic change in hypertrophy

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ATROFI

Brain in 82 year old male 36 year old male

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METAPLASIA• Perubahan reversibel dari sel dewasa

tertentu menjadi sel dewasa bentuk lain• Sel kolumnar squamous complex• Squamous complex kolumnar• Sel jaringan ikat jaringan tulang

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Barret’s metaplasia

METAPLASIA

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Lintas diferensiasi stem cell

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Intracellular accumulation

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Fatty Change (liver)

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Fatty Liver

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Fatty Change (cholesterolosis)

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Proteinopathy / protein aggregation diseases

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Lipofuchsin pigment in cardiac myocyte

Perinuclear and intra-lysosomal

location

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Hemosiderin granules in liver cells

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Model Kalsifikasi

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Kalsifikasi:-kalsifikasi distrofik-kalsifikasi metastatik