Smoky Quartz brownish-yellow glassy crystal point hardenss = 7 Moonstone white, grey, orange...
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Transcript of Smoky Quartz brownish-yellow glassy crystal point hardenss = 7 Moonstone white, grey, orange...
Smoky Quartzbrownish-yellow
glassycrystal pointhardenss = 7
Moonstonewhite, grey, orange
dull/pearlybox-like faceshardness = 5
Apache Tearblack obsidiandull to glassy
no faceshardness = 7
Sapphiregrey, black
dullhexagonal faces
hardness = 9
Rubypinkish red
dullhexagonal faces
hardness = 9
1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel. Choose 7 you want to identify
2. Color - that's easy!
3. Luster = glassy, dull, or metallic?
4. Diaphaneity = is it transparent, translucent or opaque? Hold it up to the light!
5. Streak = use the white streak plate. If you don't see a streak, than the streak color is white
6. Hardness = - if your fingernail can't scratch it...then it is harder than 2.5- if the stone can scratch a penny...then it is harder than 3.5- if it can scratch the glass plate...then it is harder than 5.5- Last, borrow a ruby or sapphire. If it can scratch that, then you
have a ruby or sapphire. If not, you probably have a stone with a hardness of 7.
7. Density = mass / volume
For mass, use the TBB. For volume, use water displacement.
Name of Stone Hardness Density
Hardness
Density
Hardness vs. Density
Peridot or Olivine
Color: Green
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Garnet
Color: red, purple, brown
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Amethyst
Color: purple and white
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:
Rock Crystal Quartz
Color: clear
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:
Smoky Quartz
Color: brown, gray
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:
Agate
Color: banded colors
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:
Moonstone
Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach)
Luster: Glassy to dull
Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque
Streak:
Hardness: 5
Density:
Apache Tear
Color: black
Luster: Glassy to dull
Diaphaneity: translucent
Streak:
Hardness: 7
Density:
Galena
Color: silver metallic
Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Pyrite (Fools Gold)
Color: gold metallic
Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: black
Hardness:
Density:
Pyrite (Fools Gold)
Color: rainbow metallic
Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Turquoise
Color: aqua blue
Luster: glassy
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Chrysocolla
Color: blue-green
Luster: dull
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:
Ruby (Corundum)
Color: plum, pinkish
Luster: dull
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: none
Hardness: 9
Density:
Sapphire (Corundum)
Color: grayish
Luster: dull
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: none
Hardness: 9
Density:
Star Sapphire
FRONT OF ROOMX X
X X
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X XX
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X X
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No one sits hereat this table
The Gem Dig 1. Every geologist must have a couple of paper towels in front of you during the dig2. You must leave your gems out in front of you at all times. 2. At the end, each geologist will be given a plastic bag. Your name and period must be on this bagGeology Jail GuidelinesIf you go to jail, your bail is gems...and I get to pick.·If you whine about wanting bigger or better stones...JAIL!·If you whine about wanting me to go faster...JAIL!·If you steal anyone's stones...JAIL...big time JAIL!·If you attempt to trade during the dig...JAIL!·If you splash the river water...JAIL!·If you leave your river station and chase me around...JAIL!·If you whine about JAIL...More JAIL!
Geodes
GEM DIG Research and Background Information
1. What are minerals?
An inorganic solid, made of one or more elements, with a crystalline structure (3,000 known!)
2. How are rocks different from minerals?
A rock is mixture of 2 or more minerals.
3. What are crystals and gems?
Form when minerals cool and have time and space to crystallize.
4. How do we identify gemstones?
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COLOR
Hardness
A stone can scratch anythingbelow it on the chart
Questions:
1. True/False...Talc can scratch gypsum
2. True/False...Quartz can scratch Fluorite.
3. True/False...Fluorite can scratch Quartz
4. True/False...you can scratch quartzwith a kitchen knife.
5. True/False...Calcite can put a scratch in glass.
6. True/False...your fingernail can scratchGypsum.
7. True/False...nothing can scratch a diamond.
Friedrich Mohs
Diaphaneity
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
Streak
Luster
Metallic
Glassy
Dull
Density = mass (g) / volume (cm3)
Volume
Mass
WHAT ARE ROCKS? Solid Earth materials that are made from a
mixture of minerals. Abiotic (non-living)
Igneous
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0603/es0603page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation
Formed directly from cooled magma!
Sedimentary
when sediments get cemented together!
CLASTIC: When little pieces of rocks are cemented togetherCHEMICAL: When water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behindORGANIC: Accumulation of shells and bones
http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html
Let's get to know some rocks
Station # Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
1 / / /
2 / / /
3 / / /
4 / / /
5 / / /
6 / / /
METAMORPHIC...changed due to heat and pressure below
the Earth
The Rock Cycle
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/rock_cycle/index.html
http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change4.html
New Snake Fossil found·as long as a school bus·big as a Volkswagon, 2500 pounds·60 mya·How could Earth support such a big cold-blooded animal?
A mouse-human hybrid petered out after just one [cell] division. The cow and rabbit human hybrids went further, but stopped at the point when maternal DNA is supposed to kick in and turn the ball of cells into a proper embryo,
Amphibious primitive whale...came onto land to give birth
Cloning an extinct mountain goat!
Age of the Mammals
Age of the dinosaurs
- life advances in the oceans
- life moves to the land
soft-bodiedaquatic life develops
·Often correlating with meteorimpacts·Depends on our revolution through the galaxy, whenwe go through a heavy bandof meteors
PLATE TECTONICS!!!
BBC Model:
http://tanasi.gg.utk.edu/courses/101/public/BBC/default.html
1912...Alfred Wegener proposedtheory of continental drift!
Today we call it the Theory of PLATE TECTONICS!!!
http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/PlateTectonics/18_Pangaea.html
http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html
Big Question: What is our evidence of plate tectonics?
1. Continental Shape Puzzle
2. Fossil similarities
3. Rock similarities
4. Andean mountains
Above: The possible appearance of the Earth 50 million years from now.
·Africa has collided with Europe, closing off the Mediterranean Sea. ·Atlantic has widened·Australia has migrated north. ·Image courtesy of Dr. Christopher Scotese.
So...if the plates keep on moving, then things are going to change, right???
Pangea Ultima...250 million years into the future!
·Africa is going to smash into Europe·Australia migrates north to merge with Asia·Atlantic Ocean will probably widen for a spell before it reverses course and later disappears.
Pass that plate, will ya? Its all about the
plates!(cheesy title!)
SUPERCONTINENTS
Plate Tectonics
PLATE DETAILS
USE 3 SHEETS OF PAPER TO MAKE A FOLDABLE
CONVECTION CURRENTS
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER
DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
TITLE PAGE
1912 - Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift...the continents are on the move!
his picture here!
picture of pangaea
245 mya
205 mya
SUPERCONTINENTS
PLATE DETAILS
PICTURE OF LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE
Lithosphere = rocky crust, rigid upper mantle
- Oceanic Crust (below oceans)...more dense
- Continental Crust (land!)...less dense
Asthenosphere = part of mantle, slowly moving
·7 major plates·7 minor plates·always in motion, 2-3cm per year
Volcano Map
Earthquake Map
CONVECTION
In asthenosphere:
Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks
CONVECTION CURRENTS!
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0805/es0805page01.cfm
http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/convection.htm
Convection
Boundarieshttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/35_VolcanicAct.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/hellscrust/main.html
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER
Oceanic/Continental Continental/Continental
Oceanic/Oceanic
What is subduction?
When one plate gets pushed beneath another
DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
Transform Boundaries:When plates slide! Earthquakes result!
Divergent Boundaries: When plates move apart
Oceanic: Continental:
Cyanobacteria...First life!
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
DNADNA(no membrane)
Attachments