Smoke inhalation...Smoke Inhalation Station night club fire Rhode Island February 20, 2003 100...
Transcript of Smoke inhalation...Smoke Inhalation Station night club fire Rhode Island February 20, 2003 100...
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Smoke inhalation
Craig Smollin MDAssociate Medical Director,
California Poison Control Center, SFAssistant Professor of Emergency Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
Disclosures
• No financial relationship to any commercial products discussed in this talk
• Fires account for approx 3,250 U.S. deaths/yr
• Majority due to smoke inhalation
• Associated with high morbidity and mortality
Smoke Inhalation
Station night club fireRhode IslandFebruary 20, 2003
100 killed230 injured
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Kiss nightclub fireJan, 2013
233 killedMany from smoke inhalation
Case Study
• 40-year old male pulled from an enclosed fire.
He is confused and agitated. He arrives in your
emergency department disoriented and in
moderate distress, coughing up soot and
complaining of difficulty breathing.
• VS: BP 90/60, HR 120, RR 30, O2 sat 95%
From http://lifeinthefastlane.com/
What type of injuries do you expect?
• Thermal burns to the upper airway
• Chemical injury to the upper airway
• Chemical injury to the lower airway
• Systemic affects of absorbed poisons
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Objectives for this talk
• We will focus on the systemic toxicity of inhaled toxic gases
• Carbon Monoxide
• Cyanide
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Colorless, odorless, non-irritant gas
• Produced anytime a carbon-containing substance is burned
• House fires, leaking furnaces, portable generators
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Common serious poisoning
• 15,000 - 40,000 cases/year in U.S
• Over 2,000 deaths
• High incidence of permanent neurologic sequelae
CO Pathophysiology
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Hemoglobin
Oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
CO-Hgb
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1. Functional Anemia 2. Shift in Oxygen HgbDissociation Curve
40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveoli
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40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveolitissues
40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveolitissues
40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveolitissues
40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveolitissues
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40 80 1200
50
100
Oxygen Partial Pressure (mmHg)
Per
cent
Sat
urat
ion
Hgb
alveolitissues
CO Pathophysiology
• Binds to hemoglobin
• 250:1 compared wtih O2
• Functional anemia
• Changes hemoglobin such that it wont give up oxygen
CO Pathophysiology• Binds to hemoglobin
• 250:1 compared wtih O2
• Functional anemia
• Shifts O2-Hemoglobin dissociation curve to left
• Other toxic effects
• Intracellular myoglobin?
• Intracellular cytochrome?
• Post anoxic inflammatory injury
Symptoms and Signs
• Nonspecific
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Malaise
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion
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Pitfall
• The diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning is easily overlooked!
Clues to the diagnosis
Cherry-red color
Multiple victims
Pulse oximetry?
ABGs?
Pulse oximetry
Pitfall - Pulse oximetry reading will be normal in CO poisoning
Arterial blood gas
Pitfall - pO2 by arterial blood gas will be normal in CO poisoning
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Traditionally CO only measurable through CO-oximetry
Pearl
CO-oximetry can be performed on either venous or arterial blood samples
Clues to the diagnosis
Cherry-red color
Multiple victims
Pulse oximetry?
ABGs?
Pearl
You must have a high index of suspicion and send a CO-Hgb level by CO-oximetry
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Carboxyhemoglobin levels
COHgb %< 5%
10-20%
30-40%
40-50%50-60%
Symptoms*None, or mild headacheHeadache, dyspnea on
exertionSevere headache, fatigue,
irritability, dizziness Confusion, collapseComa, convulsions
*Note: correlation between COHgb levels and symptoms is poor
Outcome after CO Poisoning
• Survivors of severe poisoning may have permanent “hard” sequelae.
• Vegetative state
• Parkinsonism
• Survivors of severe poisoning may have permanent “hard” sequelae.
• Vegetative state
• Parkinsonism
• Subtle cognitive deficits
• Memory impairment
• Irritability
• Moodiness
• Difficulty concentrating
Outcome after CO Poisoning Case Continued...
• Laboratory Data:
• VBG: pH 6.8, pO2 = 75,
• Lactate = 16 mmol/L
• COHgb = 20%
• CXR negative
• Head CT negative
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Pitfall
•Tendency to focus on CO as the diagnosis
San Francisco 1906 - Great Earthquake and Fire
Question: are there any other systemic toxins found in smoke?
Consider this…
• Hydrogen cyanide gas produced in combustion of :
Consider this…
• Hydrogen cyanide gas produced in combustion of :
• Probability of HCN production/exposure is high
Paper Silk Wool Plastic Cotton
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Pitfall
Dont forget about Cyanide !!Patients exposed to carbon monoxide are
likely to be exposed to cyanideCyanide: Pathophysiology
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport Chain
NADH
e-
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Electron Transport Chain
NADH
e- H+ H+ H+
Electron Transport Chain
NADH
H+ H+ H+
e-
Electron Transport Chain
NADH
H+H+H+ADP ATP
Electron Transport Chain
NADH
ADP ATP
cytochrome aa3
CN
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Electron Transport Chain
NADH
ADP ATP
cytochrome aa3
CN
Symptoms and Signs
• Dizziness
• Headache, nausea, vomiting
• Dyspnea
• Tachycardia, hypotension
• Coma, seizures, death
Pitfall
• Cyanide levels are not readily available!
Clinical clues to the diagnosis
Lactic Acidosis
Elevated mixed venous pO2
Cardiovascular collapse
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Pearl
Consider CN toxicity in the smoke inhalation patient with lactate > 10
Case Continued...
Our patient likely exposed to both CO and CN!
Laboratory Data:
VBG: pH 6.8, pO2 = 75,
Lactate = 16 mmol/L
COHgb = 20%
CXR negative
HCT negative
Treatment Which of the following treatments should be rendered to our patient?
• (A) Nitrites
• (B) Sodium thiosulfate
• (C) Hydroxocobalamin
• (D) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
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Treatment of CN Poisoning
• Removal from source
• 100% oxygen by tight-fitting mask/ET tube
• Cyanide antidote kit?
• Hydroxocobalamin?
Cyanide Antidote Kit
Cyanide Antidote Kit Nitrites
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Nitrites Nitrites
Nitrites
Problem:
(1) Hypotension
(2) Methemoglobinemia
Pitfall
• Administration of nitrites to thepatient with concurrent CO and CNpoisoning
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Cyanide Antidote Kit Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate Hydroxocobolamin
• Combines with CN to form Vitamin B12.
• Appears to be effective and safe
• Preferred drug for CN due to smoke inhalation (safer than nitrites)
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Hydroxocobolamin
• Side effects:
– Red Skin, secretions 2-7 days
– Nausea, vomiting
– Occasional HTN and muscle twitching
from Clin Toxicol 2006; 14.17
Treatment of CO Poisoning
• Removal from source
• 100% oxygen by tight-fitting mask/ET tube
• Hyperbaric oxygen?
Oxygen Treatment Approx T1/2 of COHgb
¥ Room air 5-6 hrs¥ 100% Oxygen 45-90 min¥ Hyperbaric oxygen 20-30 min
Hyperbaric oxygen• Speedier removal of CO
• Provides oxygen independent of Hgb
• Benefit to the injured brain?
• About 1500 patients treated/year in U.S.
• Million dollar question:
• Does HBO therapy reduce the incidence of subtle cognitive deficits?
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Multiplace chamber - Jacobi Hospital NYMultiplace chamber - Jacobi Hospital NY
Monoplace chamberMonoplace chamber
Weighing the Evidence: HBO vs NBO
YES NO
Thom et. al.
Weaver et al.
Raphael et. al
Scheinkestel et. al.
YES NO
Thom et. al.
Weaver et al.
Raphael et. al
Scheinkestel et. al.
?
Naturally, experts disagree on interpretation!
Weighing the Evidence: HBO vs NBO
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Consider HBO if:
• Loss of consciousness (1,2)
• COHbg > 25% (1,2)
• Age > 36 yrs (1)
• Metabolic acidosis
• Cerebellar findings on Exam (2)(1) Weaver et al: Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2008; 178:314(2) Weaver et al: NEJM 2002; 347:1057
• Also, pregnancy (fetus more at risk)
Which of the following treatments should be rendered to our patient?
• (A) Nitrites
• (B) Sodium thiosulfate
• (C) Hydroxocobalamin
• (D) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Which of the following treatments should be rendered to our patient?
• (A) Nitrites (no)
• (B) Sodium thiosulfate (maybe)
• (C) Hydroxocobalamin (probably better)
• (D) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (consider)
Case Conclusion...
Patient intubated and placed on 100% oxygen.
Received hydroxocobalamin for presumed CN
exposure (lactate >10 mmol/L). HBO was
considered but decided against because
nearest chamber was at great distance and
patient unstable.
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Take home points
• Carbon monoxide
• Nonspecific symptoms
• pO2 and conventional pulse ox normal
• Treat with oxygen
• Consider HBO
Take home points• Cyanide
• Often accompanies CO in smoke inhalation
• Elevated lactate and mixed venous pO2
• Avoid nitrites in smoke inhalation victims
• New antidote: hydroxocobalamin
Questions?