Smoke Control Design and Activation - CFAA OTTAWA/ats2015/WK CFAA 2015 - smok… · Smoke Control...
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Transcript of Smoke Control Design and Activation - CFAA OTTAWA/ats2015/WK CFAA 2015 - smok… · Smoke Control...
CFAA NCA Technical Seminar 2015
Smoke Control
Design and
Activation
Smoke Control Design and Activation 2
Overview
Principles of smoke control
Codes
CACF controls
Programming
Commissioning
Testing
Goals
To provide an introduction to smoke control
To share best practices
Format
Open format. Questions and comments are welcome during the
presentation.
Smoke Control Design and Activation 3
Principles of smoke control
Maintain tenability for occupant evacuation and firefighting activities
- Occupant Evacuation
... shall be designed so that, during a period of 2 h after the start
of a fire … will not contain more than 1% by volume of
contaminated air from the fire floor, assuming an outdoor
temperature equal to the January design temperature on a
2.5% basis ...
Contaminated air is taken to mean air with products of
combustion
The difference in temperature between the outside and inside of
a building affects the pressure difference between contaminated
air and clear air.
» affects the maximum height that a system can
maintain both a minimum and maximum pressure
difference across doorway boundaries.
Smoke Control Design and Activation 4
Why is Smoke Control required in buildings?
Smoke spreads quickly in a fire
- Station Nightclub (2003)
Recreation with sprinklers
Recreation without sprinklers
Smoke affects occupants remote from a fire
- MGM Grand (1980)
68 of 85 deaths at levels 13 - 23 stories above the fire
How are we doing with implementation?
Not well understood
Not well implemented
Poorly maintained
Smoke Control Design and Activation 5
How is smoke control implemented?
Compartmentation
Dilution
Pressurization
Buoyancy
Airflow
Compartmentation
Design rooms and floor areas with a limited amount of leakage and the
strength to withstand pressures developed in a fire.
Dilution
Exhaust contaminated air and introduce fresh air into a space
- Used for interconnected floor spaces
- Used for venting by firefighters after extinguishment
Smoke Control Design and Activation 6
How is smoke control implemented (cont.)?
Dilution Example
- How long would it take to reduce the concentration of contaminated
air to 1% of its post fire concentration using a flow rate of 6 air
changes per hour?
𝑡 = 1
𝛼ln
𝐶0𝐶𝑡
Where
a = air changes per minute
t = time in minutes
Ct = concentration at time t
C0 = initial concentration
𝑡 = 1
660 ln
1
0.01= 46 minutes
Smoke Control Design and Activation 7
How is smoke control implemented (cont.)?
Pressurization
Use fans to keep protected spaces and higher pressures than fire
areas.
Buoyancy
Smoke shafts open to the exterior that depend on the buoyancy of
smoke.
Airflow
Maintain minimum air flow speeds to overcome the buoyant forces
developed by a fire and keep smoke from spreading.
Used in tunnels
Smoke Control Design and Activation 8
Codes
High Buildings [subsection 3.2.6]
- Stair pressurization
- Elevator/Shaft protection
- Zoned smoke management
- Smoke venting
Interconnected Floor Areas [subsection 3.2.8]
Both prescriptive and performance options are available to designers
Smoke Control Design and Activation 9
Code prescriptive requirements
High Buildings [subsection 3.2.6]
OBC Supplementary Standard SB-4, NBCC Appendix B
- Below grade stair pressurization [SB-4 & 3.2.6.2.(2)]
At the bottom with 0.47 m3/s for each storey served by stair
Vent at the top with 0.1 m2 of vent area for each storey served
by stair
Vent area reduced by the number of doors open to stair.
- Above grade stair venting [3.2.6.2.(3)]
At the bottom to be opened manually and remain open
0.05 m2 per door opening into the stair but not less than 1.8 m2
in area
Smoke Control Design and Activation 10
More code prescriptive requirements
High Buildings [subsection 3.2.6]
OBC Supplementary Standard SB-4, NBCC Appendix B
- Connected buildings [3.2.6.3.(1)]
Vented to outdoors or pressurized to maintain min DP≥12 Pa
- Venting to aid firefighting [3.2.6.6]
Windows, panels, dedicated smoke shafts or the building HVAC
system can be used
Where HVAC system used, 6 air changes per hour from any
floor to be maintained during venting operations (example
previous slide)
Where smoke shaft is used, smoke detector in shaft to operate
opening to exterior at the top of the shaft. Smoke damper into
shaft on fire floor controlled at CACF.
Smoke Control Design and Activation 11
Even more code prescriptive requirements
Interconnected Floor Spaces [subsection 3.2.8]
- Smoke exhaust at 4 to 6 air changes per hour
- Makeup air speed ≤ 1 m/s (4000 cfm/door)
- Stair venting for lower buildings (18m+)
- Stair vestibules vented or pressurized for higher buildings (75 m+)
- Group B sleeping room vestibules pressurized
- Zoned smoke exhaust at 6 air changes per hour option
Permits reduction in volume of smoke exhaust in atrium
Parking garage vestibule ventilation [3.3.5.7.(4)]
- Naturally with vent to the outdoors, with min area of 0.4m2, or
- Mechanically with 14m3/h flow for each m2 of vestibule floor area
Smoke protected seating areas [3.3.2.4.(14)]
Vertically separated buildings [3.2.6.2.(6) SB-4 Measure K]
- For unsprinklered buildings
- Vestibules for firefighters elevators
- Areas of refuge
Smoke Control Design and Activation 12
Code performance options
Zoned smoke control
- Pressurize non-fire floors (either all or just those adjacent)
- Exhaust fire floor causing
negative pressure and therefore,
relative positive pressure on non-fire floors
Stair pressurization instead of venting
- Pressure modulation using
barometric dampers, or
variable flow fans
Smoke layer height management
- For large volume spaces like arenas
- Maintain smoke layer height above the highest level of occupants
not protected from smoke.
Smoke Control Design and Activation 13
Equipment for smoke control
- Fire alarm controls
Smoke Control Design and Activation 14
Equipment for smoke control
- ULC listed for smoke control [category UUKLC].
- Testing criteria are ULC-S527, “Control Units for Fire Alarm
Systems”, and ULC/ORD-C100-13, “Smoke Control System
Equipment”.
Supervision of inputs and outputs
Confirmation of operation
Smoke Control Design and Activation 15
Equipment for smoke control
Is one better than the other?
- Fire alarm for simple on/off controls
- Automation equipment for everything else
- Example HVAC used for
venting to aid firefighting
Smoke Control Design and Activation 16
Programming for smoke control
Specifications
Control Matrix (don’t forget the manual controls)
Don’t wait until installation to test the matrix
ADDRESS ELEV RECALL
ALARM &SMOKE CONTROL OPERATION
M3
-32
PR
IMA
RY
C1
0W
1 G
10
ELEV
ATO
R R
ECA
LL R
ELA
Y
M6
-3
PR
IMA
RY
C1
0W
B J
8
ELEV
MA
CH
. RM
- R
ECA
LL
M3
-92
REL
AY
C1
0W
1
ELEV
ATO
R M
AC
H. R
OO
M
M6
-6
REL
AY
C1
0W
B J
9 E
LEV
MA
CH
. RO
OM
M1
-97
REL
AY
C1
0E1
B1
9
CO
NTR
OL
GN
D E
AST
NO
RTH
SM
K
EXH
M7
-54
REL
AY
C1
0E1
C1
6 G
ND
EAST
NO
RTH
SM
K E
XH
#1
5
M1
-96
REL
AY
C1
0E1
E2
3 G
ND
EAST
SO
UTH
SM
K E
XH
#1
9 O
N
M1
-98
REL
AY
C1
0E1
D1
9
CO
NTR
OL
GN
D E
AST
SO
UTH
SM
K
EXH
M5
-10
1
R
ELA
Y
C
10
WP
J4
SMO
KE
EXH
AU
ST E
F-2
0 S
TAR
T-U
P
M8
-55
REL
AY
C1
0W
1 G
5
LIEB
ERT
SHU
TDO
WN
M3
-45
REL
AY
C1
0W
1 K
5 A
C
UN
ITS
SOU
TH S
IDE
FAN
S/D
OW
N
M3
-46
REL
AY
C1
0W
1 M
5
EXH
AU
ST S
OU
TH S
IDE
STA
RT-
UP
M3
-80
REL
AY
C1
0W
1 H
5 R
M
10
79
NO
RTH
HI T
EMP
DC
S/D
OW
N
M3
-81
REL
AY
C1
0W
1 H
5 R
M
10
79
SO
UTH
HI T
EMP
DC
S/D
OW
N
M2
-79
REL
AY
C1
0EP
D1
6 A
03
-
AH
U0
1,A
03
-RA
F01
SH
UTD
OW
N
M2
-91
REL
AY
C1
0EP
D2
0 A
03
-
RA
F01
,A0
3-A
HU
02
SH
UTD
OW
N
M5
-77
REL
AY
C1
0W
P K
5 A
01
-
RA
F01
,A0
1-A
HU
01
SH
UT
DO
WN
M5
-81
REL
AY
C1
0W
P K
8 A
01
-
RA
F02
,A0
1-A
HU
02
SH
UTD
OW
N
SYSTEM RESET OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
L18 GENERAL FIRE ALARM L18 ACTIVE ACTIVE
M3-31 C10W1 G10 ELEV.MACHINE RM SMOKE M3-31 ACTIVE
M6-2 C10WB J8 ELEV MACH. RM SMOKE M6-2 ACTIVE
LAB 10 EAST NORTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH
SWITH12-83 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF `
LAB 10 PULL STATION EAST NORTHM1-80 ,M7-20
,M7-36ON ON
ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST144 L144 ON ON
LAB 10 EAST SOUTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH
SWITH12-84 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF
LAB 10 PULL STATION EAST SOUTH M1-70,M1-26 ON ON
ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST145 L145 ON ON
LAB 10 WEST NORTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH
SWITH12-81 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF
LAB 10 PULL STATION WEST NORTHM3-65 ,M8-56,
M8-57 ,M8-63ON ON
ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST146 WEST NORTH L146 ON ON ACTIVE
LAB 10 WEST SOUTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH
SWITH12-82 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF
LAB 10 PULL STATION WEST SOUTH M3-49 M3-67 ON ON
ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST147 WEST SOUTH L147 ON ON ACTIVE
M2-81 C10EP C16 DUCT SMOKE A03-RAF01 M2-81 ACTIVE
M2-89 C10EP C20 DUCT SMOKE A03-RAF01 M2-89 ACTIVE
M5-76 C10WP J4 A01-AHU01 DUCT SMOKE M5-76 ACTIVE
M5-80 C10WP J8 A01-AHU02 DUCT SMOKE M5-80 ACTIVE
AHU SHUTDOWNDC SHUTSMOKE EXHAUST
Smoke Control Design and Activation 17
Commissioning for smoke control
Integration with other systems to be commissioned together [3.2.4.6]
CAN/ULC S1001-11, “Standard for Integrated Systems Testing of Fire
Protection and Life Safety Systems”
Location Fan # Point #
Occupied Operation
Operation During Alarm
Supply Return Supply Rtrn. Supply Return
West – 1st Floor 22 22 M1-1 On On Shut down West -
Mezzanine 23 n/a M1-36 On On Shut down
West - 2nd Floor 24 24 M1-57 On On Off Shut
Down West – 3rd Floor 25 25 M1-91 On On Shut
Down On
West – 11th Floor 33 33-1 M4-61 Off On West – 12th Floor
Smoke Evac. * 33 33-2 On Shut Down of both fans,
supply should have
remained operational West – 12th Floor 34 34 M5-1 On Shut Down both fans
West - Penthouse 52 M5-61 Off Started West - Penthouse 50, 51 M5-62 Off Started x 2
Smoke Control Design and Activation 18
Commissioning for smoke control
Integration with other systems to be commissioned together [3.2.4.6]
CAN/ULC S1001-11, “Standard for Integrated Systems Testing of Fire
Protection and Life Safety Systems”
Smoke Control Design and Activation 19
Testing for smoke control
NBC and OBC [3.2.6.9], NFC and OFC [Part 7]
Establish requirements for prescriptive solutions
Where alternate measures are implemented
- NFC leaves it to the fire safety plan
- OFC requires professional engineer or architect who designed the
system to seal the testing procedure
Caution: don’t let the design professional get away without developing
a test protocol to be sealed and included in the fire safety plan
Smoke Control Design and Activation 20
Further reading
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (fifth edition to be
published soon).
Principles of Smoke Management, J.H. Klote + J.A. Milke
Questions?
William Kuffner, M.A.Sc., P.Eng, PMP
Director, Fire Protection Engineering
(613)829-2800 ext 19247