1 AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK Exp. No:Date : AIM To Iind the ultimate compressive strength oI Brick EQUIPMENT Universal testing machine, vernier calipers, scale. THEORY ThecompressivestrengthoImasonryUnits(bricks)isusedasanindexalongwith thetypeoImotortoIindthebasiccompressivestrengthoIbrickmasonry.Thebricksare tested on their Ilat Iaces, aIter Iilling the indentation on the surIace known as Frog` by rich 1:1 cements mortar. The bricks are kept under water and tested under wet condition. PROCEDURE (a) Preparation 1. Using the 1:1 Cement Mortar, Iill in the Irog and level the Ilat surIace oI the brick. 2. When setting is complete keep the brick under water. (b) Test 1. Take the sample out oI water. Wipe the water Irom its surIace. 2. Measure the dimension oI the brick. 3. Determine the weight oI the brick samples. 4. PlacethesampleunderplatensoItheUniversalTestingMachine,inbetweentwo plywood sheets and apply compressive load at prescribed rate. 5. Note the ultimate load. 2 ORMULA (i) Ultimate compressive strength oI brick unitUltimate Comp. Load ( N)

Area oI Ilat surIace (mm2) OBSERVATION Bricks Edges:(Whether skewed / truly rectangular / Sharp) Visible deIects:(iI any) TABULATION Sl.NoDimension of Brick Average area of bed faceMax load at failureCompressive StrengthUnitLengthBreathDepth mmmmmmmm2kNN/mm2 1 2 3 Average CALCULATION Ultimate compressive strength oI brick unit Ultimate Comp. Load Area oI Ilat surIace 3 i)Fcb1 ii) Fcb2 iii) Fcb3

RESULT The average ultimate compressive strength oI Brick samples ....... 4 AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON CUBE AND CYLINDRICAL MOULD Exp. No: Date: AIM To determine the compressive strength oI concrete by testing cube and cylinder specimen. EQUIPMENT Universaltestingmachine,verniercalipers,scale,cubemouldsandcylindrical moulds, tamping rod, trowels, Non-absorbent platIorm,hand scoop and compression testing machine THEORY The compressive strength oI concrete is determined by testing 150 mm size concrete cubes under compression, 28 days aIter curing. The rate oI loading is kept at 14/mm2/min. the Iailure oI the specimen is called as hour glass` type oI Iailure. This happens because oI lateral restraint provided by the plates to the cubes. PROCEDURE A) Preliminary 1. Asperthegivenproportion,thequantitiesoIcement,aggregateandwatershallbe determined by weight, to an accuracy oI 0.1 oI the total weight oI the batch. 2. The quantity oI concrete to be prepared shall be about 10 excess oI the volume oI the desired number oI test specimens to account Ior losses. 3. The interior surIaces oI the properly assembled mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil to prevent adhesion oI concrete. 4. The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or preIerably, in a laboratory mixer machine, which are described below. 5 B) Mixing 1.Machine mixingThesequenceoImaterialstobeIedintothehand-loadedconcretemixingmachineis:it shallbechargedwithaboutone-halIoIthecoarseaggregate,thenwiththeIineaggregate, then with the cement, and Iinally with the remaining quantity oI coarse aggregate on the top. ThewatershallbeaddedimmediatelybeIorestartrotatingthedrum.TheperiodoImixing shall not be less than two minutes and shall continue till the resulting concrete is uniIorm is appearance. 2.Hand mixing i) The cement and Iine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is uniIorm in colour. ii) The coarse aggregate shall thenbe added andmixed with the cement andIine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniIormly distributed throughout. iii)Thewatershallthenbeaddedandmixeduntiltheconcreteappearstobehomogenous and has desired consistency. C) Specimen preparation 1. Test specimensshallbemade as soon as practicable aItermixing. The concrete shallbe Iilled in to the moulds in layers approximately 50 mm deep using hand scoop. 2. In placing each scoopIul oI concrete, the scoop shall be moved around the top edge oI the mould as the concrete slides Irom it, in order to ensure a symmetrical distribution oI the concrete within the mould. 3. Each layer oI concrete can be compacted either by hand compaction or by vibration. 4. AIterthelastlayerhasbeencompactedwithoverIlowingconcrete,thesurIacemaybe Iinishedwithtrowel.Bykeeppressingthetrowel,itmaybemovedIorwardand backward to give additional compaction to the toplayer concrete and the surIaceis also Iinished simultaneously. Cylinder specimens shall be capped with a thin layer oI stiII and neat cement paste aIter two to Iour hours oI moulding. 5. AIterIinishingthespecimens,theyshallbekept inmoistairenvironmentIor24hours. AIterthisperiod,thespecimensshallbedemoulded,markedandsubmergedinclean water. Specimens shall be kept in water till testing at the appropriate ages. . At the appropriate age the specimens are removed Irom water and surIace water is wiped oII. The dimensions are measured and their weight shall be noted. 7. Immediately aIter Iinding the weight the specimens have to be tested beIore they become dry. specimens shall not be tested in dry condition. 8. In the case oI cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the Compression testing machine such that the load is applied through the sides oI the cubes as cast and not through the top and bottom.9. The maximum (crushing) load applied to the specimen shall be recorded and any unusual Ieatures noticed in the type oI Iailure shall be reported. ORMULA Compressive strength Crushing load Cross sectional area OBSERVATION 1) Cube Length BreadthDepth 2) Cylinder LengthDiameter TABULATION (a) Cube strength

Sl.NoDate of casting Date of testing Age of testWeightDensityCrushing Load Compressive strength UnitDayskgkg/m3kNN/mm2 Average 7 (b) Cylinder strength

Sl.NoDate of casting Date of testing Age of testWeightDensityCrushing Load Compressive strength UnitDayskgkg/m3kNN/mm2 Average CALCULATION (a) Cube compressive strength (i) Fcu1 (ii)Fcu2 (iii)Fcu3 8 (b) Cylinder compressive strength (i) Fcy1 (ii) Fcy2 (iii) Fcy3 GRAPH Plot the stress - strain curve with strain on X- axis and strain on Y- axis RESULT Compressive strength(i) Cube

(ii) Cylinder

9 AXIAL TENSION TEST TO OBTAIN STRESS - STRAINCURVE AND THE STRENGTH Exp.No: Date: AIM To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the Iollowing: 1. Limit oI proportionality 2. Elastic limit 3. Tensile yield strength 4. Ultimate tensile strength 5. Young`s modulus oI elasticity . Percentage oI elongation 7. Percentage oI reduction in area EQUIPMENT Universal testing machine, extensometer, meter scale, vernier, caliper and Iiles. THEORY Withinproportionallimitthestressbearsaconstantratiowithstrain.Atyieldpoint theloadindicatingpointerstopsIoramoment,whichsigniIiesincreaseinstrainunder constantstress.OnIurtherloadingtheultimateloadisreachedwhichisindicatedbythe pointer reading back. A necking is Iound to develop in the specimen at this load level. PROCEDURE 1. The diameter oI the rod is measured using vernier calipers at least at places and the average is taken. 2. The gauge length is calculated and marked on the specimen3. The specimen is gripped between the top and middle crosshead oI the machine tightly and the length oI the rod between the grips is measured 10 4. Extensometer is clamped on the specimen. 5. Initial reading oI the extensometer is noted. . Adiust the machine Ior a suitable range. 7. Load is gradually increased at convenient multiples and corresponding extensometer readings are noted. When the elastic limit is reached the extensometer is removed. 8. The yield load, ultimate load and breaking loads are noted down. 9. As soon as the rod Iails, release the load. 10.Fit the broken places together and measure the distance between the gauge length11. Measure the average diameter oI the rod at broken end OBSERVATION 1.Material2.Original dimensions Length Diameter Area ad2

4 3.Final dimensions Length Diameter Area ad2

4 TABULATION Diameter of specimen L.C. Sl.NoM.S.RV.S.CV.S.R V.S.C X L.CCorrected reading M.S.R + V.S.R Unitmmdivmmmm 11 Stress Vs Strain Reading Sl NoLoad (P)Deformation ()Stress (o)Strain (e)Young`s modulus (E) UnitkNmmkN/mm2No unitN/mm2 CALCULATION Load at limit oI proportionality (i) Limit oI proportionality Original area oI cross section Load at elastic limit (ii) Elastic limitOriginal area oI cross section 12 Yield load (iii) Yield strength Original area oI cross section Maximum tensile load (iv) Ultimate strength Original area oI cross section

Stress below the proportionality limit (v) Young`s modulus E Corresponding strain Final length (at Iracture) - Original length (vi) Percentage oI elongation Original length 13

Original area - Area at Iracture (vii) Percentage reduction in area Original Area GRAPH Plot the stress - strain curve with strain on X- axis and strain on Y- axis RESULT (i) Limit oI proportionality (ii) Elastic limit(iii)Yield strength (iv)Ultimate strength (v) Young`s modulus (vi) Percentage oI elongation (vii) Percentage reduction in area 14 TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD Exp.No: Date: AIM ToconducttorsiontestonmildsteelspecimenstoIindoutmodulusoIrigidityandstiIIness EQUIPMENT Torsion testing machine, Vernier caliper, mild steel specimen THEORY AtorsiontestisquiteinstrumentalindeterminingthevalueoImodulusoIrigidity (ratiooIshearstresstoshearstrain)oIametallicspecimen.ThespecimenisoIcylindrical steel with grooves on either side. An angel oI twist oI 1H is applied to the specimen and Irom the torque applied the modulus oI rigidity can be calculated. PROCEDURE 1. SelectthedrivingdogstosuitthesizeoIthespecimenandclampitinthemachineby adiusting the length oI the specimen by means oI a sliding spindle. 2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average value. 3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity. Change lever. 4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero. 5. Set the protector to zero Ior convenience and clamp it by means oI knurled screw. . Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction. 7. Load the machine in suitable increments, observing and recording strain readings. 8. Then load out to Iailure as to cause equal increments oI strain reading. 9. Plot a torque-twist (T - 0) graph. 10.ReadoIIco-ordinatesoIaconvenientpointIromthestraightlineportionoIthetorque- twist (T - 0) graph and calculate the value oI G by using the relation. 15 ORMULA Torsion equation T/J Fs / R G0 / L G TL J0 Where T Torque applied J Polar moment oI inertia G Modulus oI rigidity 0 Angle oI twist L Gauge length OBSERVATION Gauge length oI the specimen L ...mm Diameter oI the specimen, d .....mm Polar moment oI inertia,J a d4

32 TABULATION Sl No Torque Angle of twist01Angle of twist 02Angle of twist 01 `` 02 Rigidity Modulus UnitNmDegreeradianDegreeradianradianN/mm2 Average 1 CALCULATIONRigidity modulusG TL J0 (i) (ii) (iii) GRAPH Plot a torque-twist (T - 0) graph with torque on X-axis and twist on Y-axis.

RESULT Modulus oI rigidity oI the material oI the specimen ----------- 17 BENDING TEST Exp.No: Date: AIM Plot the load deIlection curve to obtain Young`s modulus oI the material using beam simply supported at the ends carrying central concentrated load. EQUIPMENT TwokniIeedgesupports,Dialgaugewithmagneticstand,DeIlectmeter, Load hanger, Weight, Steel beam, Vernier caliper THEORY ThecrosssectionoIbeammuststrongenoughtoresistthebendingandshearstress whichareproducedbyvariousloads.ThemaxdeIlectionmustnotexceedagivenlimitin thebeam.ThenthestiIInessoIbeamisinverselyproportionaltothesecondvariationoI beamismeasuredataresistanceoIIeredbythebeamdeIlectionstressitsoriginalposition. PROCEDURE 1. Adiust cast iron block along the bed. So that they are symmetrical with length oI bed 2. Place the beam on the kniIe edges on the blocks. So as to proiect equally beyond each kniIe. See that the load is applied at central position between the two supports oI the beam. 3.Note the initial reading oI dial gauge by placing it in the central position between the two supports oI the beam. 4. Add a weight and again note the reading oI dial gauge5. Go on taking reading by adding weights in increments each time till maximum six readings. . Find the deIlection in each case. 18 7. Draw a graph between load and deIlection .Choose any convenient points and between thus points Iind the corresponding values oI weight and deIlection 8. Calculate the value oI E by using the given Iormula. 9. Calculate stress Ior diIIerence loads as given in the table ORMULA Moment oI inertia I bd3 12 Where I Moment oI inertia (mm4) b Breadth oI beam(mm) d Depth oI beam (mm) Young`s modulus E WL3 48 I WhereWload on beam(kg) L length oI the beam (mm) DeIlection(mm) I Moment oI inertia ( mm4 ) OBSERVATION Specimen Breadth oI cross section (B) .....mm Depth oI cross section (D) ......mm Length oI specimen (L) .....mm19 TABULATIONSl No Type of material Load (W) Deflection ( ) Mean deflection () Young`s modulus (E) UnitKgNmmmmmmN/mm2

Average CALCULATION Young`s modulus E WL3 48 I (i)E1

(ii) E2

20 (iii) E3 (iv)E4 (v) E5 GRAPH

Draw a graphbetweenload (W) and deIlection (). On the graph choose any twoconvenient points and between these points Iind the corresponding values oI (W) and (). Putting these values in the relation, E WL the calculate value oI E 48 I

RESULT For simply supported central loaded beam Modulus oI elasticity (E) ....... 21 VERIICATION O MAXWELL`S RECIPROCAL THEOREM Exp.No: Date: AIM To veriIy the Maxwell Reciprocal theorem and to Iind the value oI young`s modulus oI the material with simply supported at the ends carrying a concentrated load EQUIPMENT TwokniIeedgesupport,Dialgaugewithmagneticstand,DeIlectometer,Load hanger, weighs, Steel beam and Vernier caliper THEORY The cross section oI beam must strong enough to resist the bending and shear stress whichareproducedbyvariousloads.ThemaxdeIlectionmustnotexceedagivenlimitin thebeam.ThenthestiIInessoIbeamisinverselyProportionaltothesecondvariationoI beam is measured at a resistance oIIered by the beam deIlection stress its original position. PROCEDURE 1. Adiust cast iron block along the bed. So that they are symmetrical with length oI bed 2. Place the beam on the kniIe edges on the blocks. So as to proiect equally beyond each kniIe. See that the load is applied at 1/3 position Irom the leIt support oI the beam 3.NotetheinitialreadingoIdialgaugebyplacingitinthe2/3positionIromtheleIt support oI the beam4. Add a weight and again note the reading oI dial gauge5.Goontakingreadingbyaddingweightsinincrementseachtimetillmaximumsix readings. . Find the deIlection in each case. 22 7. Draw a graph between load and deIlection .Choose any convenient points and between thus points Iind the corresponding values oI weight and deIlection 8. Calculate the value oI E by using the given Iormula. 9. Calculate stress Ior diIIerence loads as given in the table 10. Repeat the experiment by changing the position oI loading to the 2/3 position Irom the leIt support oI the beam and measure deIlection at 1/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support 11.VeriIythevaluesobtainIorMaxwellreciprocatingtheorem(ie)thedeIlectionmust be same Ior the same loading applied at diIIerent points ORMULA Placing the load at 1/3 position oI length and the dial gauge at 2/3 position oI the length E Wba(L2 - b2 - a2 ) IL Where a Length oI the 1/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support (mm) (Position oI load)b Length oI the 2/3 position oI the beam Irom leIt support (mm) (Position oI the dial gauge) I Moment oI inertia (mm4) W load on beam (kg) L length oI the beam (mm) DeIlection (mm) TABULATION Case (i)1/3 rd load and 2/3 rddeIlection Sl No Type of material Load (W)Deflection()Mean deflection () Young`s modulus (E)LoadingUnloading UnitKgNmm mmmm105N/mm2 23

Average

Case (ii)1/3 rd deIlection and 2/3 rd load Sl No Type of material LoadDeflectionMeandeflection () Young`smodulus (E) LoadingUnloading UnitKgNmmmmmmN/mm2

Average

CALCULATION Young`s modulus EWba ( L2 - b2 - a2 ) IL

Case (i) 1/3 rd load and 2/3 rddeIlection (i) E1

24 (ii)E2

(iii) E3

(iv) E4

(v) E5

Case (ii) 1/3 rd deIlection and 2/3 rd load (i) E1

25

(ii) E2 (iii) E3

(iv) E4 (v) E5

2 GRAPH Drawagraphbetweenload(W)anddeIlection().Onthegraphchooseanytwo convenient points and between these points Iind the corresponding values oI (W) and () Ior both case (i) and case (ii). Puttingthesevaluesin the relation E Wba (L2 - b2 - a2 )calculate the value oI E I L

From graph (i) StiIInessK1 (ii) StiIIness K2 RESULT

Thus Maxwells Reciprocal theorem was veriIied. K1 K2

COMPRESSION TEST ON OPEN COIL HELICAL SPRINGS Exp.No: Date: AIM To determine the stiIIness oI the spring, rigidity modulus oI spring wire, spring index oI the given spring by applying the compressive Iorce. EQUIPMENT Spring testing machine, Vernier caliper, Screw gauge, Open coil spring THEORY ThehydraulicoilisIilledintheoiltank,duetoelectricalpowertheoilpump generatortheoilwhichgoestothebottomoIthecylinder.IIthespecimenisplacedin between the bottom and stationary cross heads Iorces will be compressive. II the specimen is Iixed in b/w the stationary and top cross heads, the Iorce will be compressive the movement oIthepistoniscontrolledbythecontrolvalve.Thehighpressureoilentersintobourdon 27 pressuregaugecausestheUtubeanddialreadsthereadinginthepressuregauge.The deIlection oI the spring can be taken Irom a scale Ior the corresponding loads. PROCEDURE 1. Measure the spring coil diameter and spring wire diameter using vernier caliper and screw gaugerespectively 2. Count the no oI coil is given spring 3.Place the open coil helical spring in between bottom cross heads and stationary cross head 4.Switch on the electric motor and apply the Iorce gradually on the spring by adiusting the control valve 5.For each 25 Kg load, deIlection was noted . Calculate the spring stiIIness, rigidity modulus and spring index by using Iormula 7. Draw the graph Ior load vs deIlection compare the value with the theoretical value. ORMULA 1.Spring stiIIness K w/( N/mm) 2. DeIlection 4 WR3 n sec u|cos2 u 2 sin 2 u | (mm) d4 G E

3. Shear stress T 1 WR (N/mm2)ad3 4. Strain energy stored U W

5. Spring index C D d Where Wload applied (N) DeIlection, (mm) 28 D Coil diameter oI the spring (mm) d Wire diameter oI spring (mm) Dm Mean coil diameter (D m ) (D - d) mm N No oI turns oI coil in the spring (Nos) OBSERVATION Diameter oI coil(D) ....mm Diameter oI spring (d)......mm No oI turns(N) ....mm Applied load (W) .....kg Length(L) .....mm TABULATION CALCULATION Sl.NoCumulative deflection () Actual deflection () Load Mean load (P) LoadingUnloading UnitmmmmNNN Average 29 From graph (i)StiIInessW / (ii)DeIlection 4 WR3 n sec u|cos2 u 2 sin 2 u| d4 G E

(iii) Shear stress T 1 WRad3 30 (iv)Strain energy U W (v) Spring Index C D d GRAPH Plot the graph between load and deIlection, with load onX-axis and deIlection on Y-axis RESULT 1. Mean stiIIness oI spring ( R) 2. Rigidity modulus oI spring3. Shear stress 4. Strain energy stored 5. Spring Index

TENSION TEST ON CLOSED COIL HELICAL SPRINGS Exp .No. Date: AIM To determine the stiIIness oI the spring rigiditymodulus oI spring wire springindex oI the given spring by applying the tensile Iorce 31 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 1. Spring testing machine 2. Vernier caliper 3. Screw gauge THEORY The hydraulic oil is Iilled in the oil tank, due to electrical power the oil pump generator the oil which goes to the bottom oI the cylinder .This high pressure oil insidethecylindercausesthepistontomoveup.Whenthepistonmovesupthe bottomandthetopcrossheadsarealsomoveupIIthespecimenisplacedin betweenthebottomandstationarycrossheads.ThedeIlectionoIthespringcan be taken Irom a scale Ior the corresponding levels PROCEDURE 1.Measurethespringcoildiameterandspringwirediameterusingverniercaliper and screw gauge respectively 2.Count the no oI coil is given spring 3.Placetheopencoilhelicalspringinbetweenbottomcrossheadsand stationary cross head 4.SwitchontheelectricmotorandapplytheIorcegraduallyonthespringby adiusting the control valve 5.For each 25 Kg load, deIlection was noted .CalculatethespringstiIIness,rigiditymodulusandspringindexbyusing Iormula 7. Draw the graph Ior load vs. deIlection compare the value with the theoretical value. ORMULA 1.Spring stiIIness K w N/mm

2.Modulus oI rigidity 4 WR3 n N/mm2

32 cd4 3.Shear stress 1 WRN/mm2 n d3 4 Strain energy stored U W

5.Spring index C D md WhereWload applied (N) DeIlection, (mm) DCoil diameter oI the spring, mm d- Wire diameter oI spring, mm nNo oI turns oI coil in the spring OBSERVATION

Diameter oI coil (D) Diameter oI spring (d)No oI turns (N ) Applied load (W) Length(L) TABULATION Sl No Deflection Cumulative() Load(N) Mean load Rigidity modulus Stiffness (K) Shear stress Strain energy Spring index (cm) (mm) Loading un loading (N) N/mm2 N/mm N/mm2 N/mm 33

MEAN Result1. Mean stiIIness oI spring (R) 2. Rigidity modulus oI spring3. Shear stress 4. Strain energy stored 5. Spring Index

34 Exp. No Date:ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST AIM To determine the Rockwell hardness number Ior hard and very hard materials. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT

Rockwell hardness testing machine, Specimen THEORY This test is used Ior Iinding the hardness oI hard and very hard materials. For hardmaterialslikemildsteel,BrassandAluminiumtheindenterusedishardsteel ballindenter. The diameter oI the ballinballindenteris 1/1. TheloadappliedIor thesematerialsis 100kg and the time oI applicationis 5 toseconds. For veryhard materials like hardened steel and tool steel, diamond cone indenter is used. The apex angle in cone indenter is 120. The cone is made oI industrial diamond. The load to be applied is 150 kg and the time oI application isto 8 seconds. PROCEDURE 1. To be tested with 0.0. Emery paper 2. Place the Specimen on the anvil oI Polish the specimen the machine 3. Depending on the material oI the specimen, select the indent and the corresponding load 4. Rotate the avail and raise the worktable till the specimen is brought to contact and mark the set position 5.Apply the load Ior the speciIied time aIter the pointer . Release the load, in the dial comes to rest and the Rockwell hardness number can be directly read Irom the dial 7. Repeat the procedure to obtain two more sets oI readings Ior each specimen8.Take the average oI three readings which gives the Rockwell hardness number 35 OBSERVATION (i)Thin steel - load 0 kgI , Diamond indenter (ii) Deep case hardened steel - load 150 kgI , Diamond indenter (iii) Malleable iron- load 150 kgI , 1 / 1 inch ball indenter TABULATION

Sl No Material Load applied Type of indent Scale Rockwell Hardness Number Average RHN Unit (Kg) RESULT Rockwell Hardness number (i) Steel(ii) Brass (iii) Aluminium 3 BRINELL HARDNESS TEST Exp. No. Date: AIM To Iind the surIace hardness oI the given specimen using Brinell hardness tester EQUIPMENT Brinell hardness testing machine, ball indenter, Brinell- Microscope THEORY

The thickness oI the test specimen shallnot beless then a times the depth oI the indentationh`DepthoIindentationhP/DxHB.WherePisappliedinkgD diameteroIballinmm.Edgedistance2.3timesdiameteroIindentation.Distance betweenthecentersoItwoadiacentindentations4-timesdiameteroIindentation Test Load 30 D2 - 15 D2

PROCEDURE 1. Polish the specimen with 0.0 emery paper 2. Place the Specimen on the anvil oI the machine 3. Depending on the specimen material and the diameter oI the ball indenter, select theproperload;SelectaloadoI3000kgIandasteelballindenteroI10mm diameterIorhardmateriallikesteel.Selectaload1500kgIandasteelball indenter oI 10mm diameter Ior soIt material (Aluminium & brass). Duration oI loading is 10 seconds Ior hard material and 30 seconds Ior oIt materials 4. Insert the ball indenter in the holder 5. Rotate the anvil and bring the specimen in contact with the indenter . Apply the load Ior the speciIied time 7. Release the load and remove the specimen Iorm the anvil 8. MeasurethediameteroItheimpressionmadebytheindenterusingBrinell microscope 9. Repeat the same procedure and take two more readings Ior each specimen 37 ORMULA BHN P H D/2 \ (D- (D2-d2)

Applied load (in kg) SurIace area oI indentation (inmm2) SurIace area oI indentation aD/2 \ (D- (D2-d2) Where D Diameter oI ball used in mm d diameter oI indentation in mm P load in kg TABULATION Material of thespecimen Diameter of the indentation (d) Average diameter (d) Applied Load (P) Mean hardness mmmmkg Aluminium 1 2 3 Brass 1 2 3 Steel 1 2 3 RESULT Brinell`s Hardness number38 1.Steel 2.Brass 3. Aluminium

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine the Vickers`s hardness number Ior the given specimen EQUIPMENT Vickers hardness testing machine, Diamond paint penetration THEORY Thehardness-testingmachinehasacshapedbody.Thelowerpartcarriesa hand wheel, which is held in a thrust bearing. A spindle is screwed in the centre hole oI thehandwheel.Thespindleisadiustable.TheturrettowhichoIthethrustpieceand theverticalilluminantoItheproiectionasIastenedisarrangedabovethetable.The thrust piece holds the penetration and the obiective, is held in the vertical illuminant the obiective is exchangeable. TheeyepieceandtheprisonoItheproiectionarescrewedinthetopoIthe plunger. ThehangersareIastened to thelever, with aIork. They consist oI a rod with the plate and the weights. PROCEDURE 1. Polish the surIace oI the specimen. 2. Place the specimen on the supporting table. 3. Inset the penetration and Vickers diamond pyramid applicable to the test and the derived loadstage in the thrust piece. 4. Adiust the required load stage by actuating the corresponding push button. 39 5. The lamp Ior the proiecting device lights up. .Insert the standard hardness test specimen. Turn the hand wheel clockwise until the surIace oIthe specimen is sharply displayed on the Iocusing screen oI the measuring equipment. 7.Actuate the push button and do not release until the hand lower most upward. Then releases the push button waits the hand lever stops loading time in 30 sec. 8. When the period oI Iorce action is over, push the hand lever until the stop device engages. 9.Now the impression can be measure using the measuring device. 10.Turn the measuring equipment so that the diagonal oI the Vickers impression is parallel with the continues cross line oI the scale oI the measuring equipment. 11. As the magniIication is 140 Iold, the mean diagonal in mm will be, measure diagonal in mm divided by 2. 12.The Vickers hardness number can be Iound out using the table. RESULT The Vickers hardness oI the given specimen is ------------------ 40 DOUBLE SHEAR TEST Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine the shear strength oI the given mild steel rod. EQUIPMENT Universal testing machine and double shear specimen. PROCEDURE 1.The given specimen is cleaned well with 0-0 emery papers 2.The diameter oI the rod is measured using vernier caliper at three places. 3.Theshearbox consists oIaslidingblock whichis used to shear the specimen. The suitable die is chosen depending on the diameter oI the specimen and is tested in the shear box. 4.The specimen is held inside the dies in position. 5.The whole set-up is placed in the Universal testing machine and a compressive load is applied. .When the compressive load is applied on the sliding block oI the shear attachment, it will shear the specimen along two parallel planes. 7. Note shear strength oI specimen is given by Shear Strength Failure load

2 x Area oI cross section ORMULA Pu 1.Ultimate shear stress 2A P u Ultimate load(N) A Cross sectional area (m2) 41 2. Breaking shear stress P b 2 A P b breaking load in N A Cross sectional area (m2) OBSERVATION Average diameter oI the rod ......... mm Area oI cross section oI the rod ........ mm2 Failure load ........ kgI TABULATION Sl.NoM.S.RV.S.CV.S.R V.S.C X L.CCorrected reading M.S.R + V.S.R Unitmmdivmmmm SI.No Dia of Specimen (d) Area ofspecimen (A) Ultimate load (Pu) Breaking load (Pb) Ultimate shear strength (u) Breaking shear strength (b) Unitmmmm2kNkNkN/mm2kN/mm2 42 CALCULATION 1) Ultimate shear stress Fu Pu 2A i) Fu ii) Fu 2)Breaking shear stress Pb

2A

i) Fb ii) Fb RESULT: 1. The ultimate shear stress oI the Mild steel specimen ... N/mm2 2.The breaking shear stress oI the Mild steel specimen..... N/mm2 43

IMPACT TEST A) CHARPY IMPACT TEST

Exp. No. Date : AIM To determine the impact strength ( Charpy Specimen) oI a given specimen. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Impact testing machine, standard impact strength specimen THEORY Themodes oIIailure observed underconditions oIloads canbe classiIied as (I)Brittle(II)Ductile(III) Intermediate.Most oIthematerialsexhibitschangeIrom ductiletobrittlebehaviour,whichoccursatatransitiontemperature.This embrittlement oI the material can be accessed by this impact test. PROCEDURE 1. Set the pointer to the maximum reading oI the dial. 2. Release the lock and allow the pendulum to swing. 3. Record the energy absorbed due to Iriction, which is indicated by the pointer on the dial. Call it A. 4. Lock the pendulum in its original position. 5. Keep the specimen truly horizontal in the vice such that the notch in the specimen is kept on the opposite side oI the blow. . Release the lock and allow the striking edge oI the pendulum to strike the specimen. 44 7. The reading shown (Call it B) in the dial is the energy absorbed by the specimen, which includes the energy absorbed due to Iriction. 8. ThereIore, actual strain energy absorbed by the specimen equals BA Strain energy absorbed 9. Charpy impact strength oI the given specimen Resisting area oI the notch OBSERVATIONS Strain energy absorbed due to Iriction (A) .....Joules Strain energy absorbed by the specimen Friction (B) ...... Actual strain energy absorbed BA ...... Resisting area at the keyhole notch ...... In mm2. Impact strengthActual strain energy absorbed B - A Area oI resisting sectionArea TABULATION

Sl.No Material Energy absorbed friction Cross sectional area below the notch a (mm2) Impact StrengthIk

(1/ mm2) A(1) B(1) 45 CALCULATION IkB-Aa PRECAUTIONS 1. Pendulum must swing Ireely over the horizontal axis oI rotation. 2. Friction EIIorts must be accounted. 3. Operator should not stand inside the swinging zone oI the pendulum. 4. Only standard pendulum must be used. RESULT 1. Impact strength oI the given specimen ........ J/mm2. 2. Report on the nature oI the Iracture surIace. 4 IMPACT TEST B)IZOD IMPACT TEST Exp. No.Date AIM To determine the impact test oI a given specimen. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Impact testing machine, Izod Specimen THEORY ThemodesoIIailureobservedunderconditionsoIloadscanbe classiIiedas(I)Brittle(II)Ductile(III)Intermediate.Most oIthematerialsexhibits change Irom ductile to brittle behavior, which occurs at a transition temperature. This embrittlement oI the material can be accessed by this impact test. PROCEDURE 1. Set the pointer to the maximum reading oI the dial. 2. Release the lock and allow the pendulum to swing. 3. Record the energy absorbed due to Iriction, which is indicated by the pointer on the dial. Call it A. 4. Lock the pendulum in its original position. 5. Keep the specimen truly horizontal in the vice such that the notch in the specimen is kept on the opposite side oI the blow. . Release the lock and allow the striking edge oI the pendulum to strike the specimen. 7.The reading shown (Call it B) in the dial is the energy absorbed by the specimen, which includes the energy absorbed due to Iriction. 8.ThereIore, actual strain energy absorbed by the specimen equals BA

Strain energy absorbed 47 9. Izod impact strength oI the given specimen Resisting area oI the notch OBSERVATIONS Strain energy absorbed due to Iriction (A) .....Joules Strain energy absorbed by the specimen Friction (B) ...... Actual strain energy absorbed BA ...... Resisting area at the keyhole notch ...... In mm2. Impact strengthActual strain energy absorbed B-A Area oI resisting sectionArea TABULATION

Sl No Material Energy absorbed friction Cross sectional area below the notch (a) Impact Strength Ik

A(1) B(1) Unit1olusmm2(1/ mm2) CALCULATION IkB-A a RESULT 1. Impact strength oI the given specimen .. .....J/mm2. 2. Report on the nature oI the Iracture surIace. 48 SPECIIC GRAVITY O CEMENT Exp. No. Date: AIM To determine speciIic gravity oI cement sample EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED SpeciIic gravity bottle, Kerosene Iix Irom water, Weighing balance THEORY Inconcretetechnology,speciIicgravityoIcementismadeuseoIindesign calculations oI concrete mixes, and it is also used to calculate its speciIic surIace. The speciIicgravityisdeIinedastheratiobetweentheweightoIagivenvolumeoI cementandweightoIanequalvolumeoIwater.ThemostpopularmethodoI determining,S.G.oIcementisbytheuseoIkerosenewhichdoesn`treactwith cement PROCEDURE 1. Weigh the speciIic gravity bottle dry (W1) 2. Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle(W2) 3. Dry the speciIic gravity bottle and Iill it with kerosene and weigh(W3) 4. PoursomeoIthekeroseneoutandintroduceaweighedquantityoIcement(say about 0 gms) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in the inclined position until no IurtherairbubblerisetothesurIace.Fillthebottletothetopwithkeroseneand weight it(W4) OBSERVATION 1. Weight oIempty dry bottle (W1) gms 2. Weight oI bottle water (W2) gms 3. Weight oI bottle kerosene (W3) gms 4.Weight bottle cement kerosene(W4) gms 49 5. Weight oI cement (W5) gms CALCULATION SpeciIic gravity oI keroseneg W3 -W1 W2 - W1 SpeciIic gravity oI cementG W5 (W3 - W2)

( W5W3-W4 ) (W2 - W1 ) G W5 xg (W5W3-W4) RESULT SpeciIic gravity oI cement

50 SETTING TIME O CEMENT Exp No.Date : AIM

To Iind out the initial setting time cement. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED 1. Vicat apparatus with all its accessories THEORYInactualconstructiondealingwithcementpaste,mortar,concrete,certain timeisrequiredIormixing,transportingandplacing.Duringthistimethecement mixtureshouldbeinplasticcondition.ThetimeintervalIorwhichthecement productsremaininplasticconditionisknownassettingtime.Normallyaminimum oI 30 minutes called initial setting time and maximum oI 10 hours called Iinal setting time Ior OPC PROCEDURE 1. BeIore doing I.S.T , F.S.T , normal consistency , (p) oI cement paste is required NORMAL CONSISTENCY 1. Take 400gms cement and prepare a paste with a weighed quantity oI water (say 24 ) 2. Fill the paste in the mould with in 3 to 5 minutes 3. Shake the mould to expel air 4. A standard plunger 10mm dia , and 50 mm long is attached and brought down to touch the surIace oI the paste in the test block and quickly release it to sink in to the paste by its own weight 5. Note down the depth oIpenetration oI the plunger . Conduct the second trail (25 oI water ) and Iind out the depth oI penetration. 7. Conduct number oI trails till the plunger penetrates Ior s depth oI 3335mm Irom top 51 8. The particular percentage oI water which allows the plunger to penetrate to a depth oI 3335mm is known as the oI water required to procedure a cement paste oI standard consistency INITIAL SETTING TIME 1. Prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to give a standard consistency 2. Note down the time at which the water is added 3. Fill the vicat mould with the cement paste with in 3- 5 minutes 4. Smooth the surIace oI the paste , making it level with the top oI the mould 5. Lower the needle gently into the surIace oI the paste and quickly released allowing it to sink into the paste by its own weight . Repeat the procedure until the needle Iails to pierce the block Ior above 5mm7mm measure Irom the bottom and note down the time in stop watch 7. The diIIerence between the two timings will give the initial setting time. OBSERVATION NORMAL CONSISTENCY Needle used plunger size 10mm x 5mm Sl. No Weight of cementPercentage of water Amount of water Reading of the pointer from bottom 52 INITIAL SETTING TIME Needle used Needle with 1 sq. mm Amount oI water 0.85 P. Sl. No Time in minutesReading of the pointer INAL SETTING TIME Needle used Needle with a circular attachment RESULT Initial setting time oI cement 53 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CEMENT Exp No.Date : AIM To determine the compressive strength oI the given cement EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Mould oI size 7.0 cm x 7.0cm , Wide base plate , C.T.M THEORY StrengthoIthehardenedcementismostimportantIorstructuraluse.This strengthdependsuponthecohesionoIthecementpasteonitsadhesiontothe aggregateparticles.SeveralIormsoIthistestaredirecttension,compressionand Ilexure.ThisstrengthdependsuponthetemperatureandhumidityconditionsoIthe room,curingchamberetc.Itincreaseswithage,strengthretrogressionmightbea sign oI unsoundness or other Iaults in cement PROCEDURE 1. Find out the consistency oI the given cement by using Vicat apparatus 2. take 555g oI standard sand ( Ennore sand ) and 185 gms cement (ie) ( C : m) in ratio 1:3 3. Mix them in a nonporous enamel tray Ior one minute 4. Then add water oI quantity P 3 oI combined weight oI sand and4 Cement . ( where p-percentage water required Ior standard consistency) 5. Mix well to get a uniIorm colour. . Time oI mixing should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 4 minutes 7. Then Iill the mould oI size 7.0cm 8. Compact the mortar by hand compaction in a standard manner 9. Keep the compacted cube in the mould at a temperature 27 2 CIor 24 hours54 10.AIter 24 hours the cubes are removed Irom the mould and immersed in clean Iresh water. 11.Then these cubes are tested Ior compressive strength at the periods mentioned below (OPC)Ordinary Portland cement 3 & 7 days (RHC) Rapid Hardening cement 1 & 3 days (LHC) Low heat cement3, 7 & 28 days This average compressive strength shall not be less than the values given in the table Sl No Duration of time OPC RHC LHC Unitkg/cm2kg/cm2kg/cm2 1.1 day 24 hours-10- 2.3days (72 hrs)10275100 3.7days (178hrs)220-10 4.28days(72hrs)--350 OBSERVATION Size oI the mould Weight oI cement Weight oI sand Percentage oI water Ior standard consistency Amount oI water added P 3 4 55 Sl. No Cast onTested onailure loadCompressive strength CALCULATION Area oI the mould Compressive strengthLoad at IailureArea 5 RESULT Compressive strength oI cement SOUNDNESS TEST Exp No. Date. AIM To detect unsoundness in cement EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Le-chatlier mould with all its accessories THEORY UnsoundnessincementisduetothepresenceoIexcessoIlime, magnesia or sulphates . Because oI this it undergoes an appreciable change in volumeaItersetting.ThetestingoIsoundnessoIcementtoensurethatthe cement does not show any appreciable subsequent expansion PROCEDURE 1.Mixcementthoroughlywith0.78p(wherepisthepercentageoIwater required Ior standard consistency) 2.Fill the Le-chatlier mould kept on a glass plate. 3.Cover the mould on the top with another glass plate 4.Immerse the whole assembly in water at 2732 C Ior 24 hours 5.Measure the distance between the indicator points .Submerge the mould again in water 7.Heatthewaterandbringtoboilingpointin25-30minutesandkeepit boiling Ior 3 hours 8.Remove the mould Irom the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points. 9.This must not exceed 10 mm. 57 OBSERVATION Weight oI cement Water required Ior standard consistency Amount oI water added Distance between the indicator pointsBeIore boiling AIter boiling RESULTUnsoundness in cement 58 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OR UNHARDENED OR HARDENED SPECIMEN Exp. No. Date : AIM To Iind hardness number and impact strength Ior unhardened, hardened specimen or Quenched and tempered specimen and compare mechanical properties. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Unhardened specimen, Hardened or Quenched and tempered specimen, muIIle Iurnace,Rockwell testing machine, impact testing machine. PROCEDURE Case (i) - Unhardened specimen Choose the indenter and load Ior given material. Hold the indenter in indenter holder rigidly Place the specimen on the anvil and raise the elevating screw by rotating the hand wheel upto the initial load oI 10 kgI (i.e. short hand and long hand showed read 3 Apply the maior load gradually by pushing the lever and then release it as beIore. Note down the readings in the dial Ior corresponding scale. Take min 5 readings Ior each material. Case (ii) - or unhardened specimen Keep the specimen in muIIle Iurnace at temperature oI 700 to 850 Ior 2 hours The specimen is taken Irom muIIle Iurnace and quenched in water or oil 59 Then above procedure is Iollowed to test hardness Case (iii) - or Tempered specimen Keep the specimen in muIIle Iurnace at temperature oI 50 Ior 2 hours Allow the specimen Ior air cooling aIter taking Irom muIIle IurnaceThen same procedure is Iollowed Ioe the specimen OBSERVATION Cases for hardness Cross sectional area SI.No Material Selected Temperature (C) Selected Load (N) Indenter detail Scale RHN Trial 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Mean 1 Deep case Hardened steel 2. Deep case Hardened steel 3. Mild steel 4. Mild steel 0 CHARPY TEST SI.No Material and Condition Energy absorbed Cross-sectional area below the notch Impact strength Unit1oulsmm2 1/ mm2 1. Mild steel-unhardened 2. Quenched RESULT 1. Hardness in (i) Deep case hardened steel(a) Unhardened(b) Quenched (ii) Mild steel (a) Unhardened(b) Quenched 2.Impact strength in(i) Deep case hardened steel1 (a) Unhardened (b) Quenched

BEHAVIOR O BEAM UNDER BENDING Exp. No. Date : AIM To veriIy strain in an externally loaded beam with the help oI a strain gauge indicator and to veriIy theoretically. APPARATUS Strain gauge indicator, weights , hanger , scale , verniar caliper ORMULA I My I THEORY When a beam is loaded with some external loading, moment & shear Iorce are setat each strain. The bending moment at a station tends to deIlect the beam & internal stressestend to resist its bending. This internal resistance is known as bending stresses . Following are the assumptions in theory oI simple bending. 2 1. The material oI beam is perIectly homogeneous and isotropic (i.e have same elastic properties in all directions) 2. The beam material is stressed to its elastic limits and thus Iollows Hook`s law 3. The transverse section which are plane beIore bending remains plane aIter bending also 4. The value oI young`s modulus oI elasticity E` is same in tension and compression The bending stress at any section can be obtained by beam equation I (M/ I) y Where , M moment at considered section I Extreme Iiber stresses at considered section I Moment oI inertia at that section y Extreme Iiber distance Irom neutral axis I max maximum stress at the Iarthest Iiber i.e. at ymax Irom neutral axis Digital strain indicator is used to measure the strain in static condition . It incorporates basic bridge balancing network , internal dummy arms , an ampliIier and a digital display to indicator strain value In resistance type strain gauge when wire is stretched elastically its length and diameter gets altered. This results in an overall change oI resistance due to change in both the dimensions. The method is to measure change in resistance , which occurs as a result oI change in the applied load Strain can be calculated analytically at the section by using Hook`s law. Distrain indicator is used to measure the extreme Iiver at particular section. It basically incorporates basic bridge balancing net work, internal dummy arms , ampliIier & digital display to indicate strain value 3 Two - Arm bridge requires two strain gauge and will display the strain value two times oI actual . Four - Arm bridge requires Iour strain gauge and will display the strain value Iour times oI actual PROCUDURE 1. Mount the beam with hanger , at the desired position and strain gauges , over it supports properly and connect the strain gauges to the digital indicator as per the circuit diagram. 2. Connect the digital indicator to 230(/- 10 ) colts 50 Hz single phase A.C power supply and switch ON` the apparatus 3. Select the two / Iour arm bridge as required and balance the bridge to display a 000` reading 4. Push theGS READ` switch and adiust the gauge Iactor to that oI the strain gauge used (generally 2.00) 5. Apply load on the hanger increasingly and note the corresponding strain value OBSERVATION TABLE Sl.NoLoad applied on the hanger P Moment at the mid span section f max (M/I)Ymax Theoretical strain fmax E Observed strain on the display Unitkg(kg cm) PL/4 SAMPLE CALCULATION

For reading NoLoad applied on the hanger P (kg) Moment at the mid span section (kg cm ) PL/4 4 I max (M/I) Y max Theoretical strain O Imax E Observed strain on the display RESULT From observation table , it is seen that , the theoretical and observed value oI strain is same.