Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse

8/14/2019 Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse

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ReportontheSmithMundtSymposiumofJanuary13,2009

About the Symposium

OnJanuary13,2009,nearlytwo

theReserveOfficersAssociation

hundredpeopleattendedtheSmithMundtSymposiumheldat

onCapitolHill.Thefrankandopendiscussionincludeda

diversegroupofstakeholders,practitioners,andobserversfromCongress,theDepartmentsof

State,Defense,

and

Homeland

Security,

and

outside

of

government,

many

of

whom

never

had

a

reasontobeinthesameroomwithoneanotherbefore,todiscusspublicdiplomacy,strategic

communication,orwhatevertheirparticulartribecallsinformationandperceptionwarfare.

ThesubtitleoftheeventADiscoursetoShapeAmericasDiscoursehintedatthe

Symposiumsrealpurpose.TakingplaceaweekbeforetheObamaAdministrationcameinand

justshortofthesixtyfirstanniversaryoftheAct,thisonedayeventwasintendedtofuelan

emergingdiscourseinsideandoutsideofGovernmentonthepurposeandstructureofpublic

diplomacy.

March 12, 2009 Page 1

Onits

face,

the

discussion

was

organized

around

the

Smith

Mundt

Act

of

1948,

the

law

intendedtopromotethebetterunderstandingoftheUnitedStatesamongthepeoplesofthe

worldandtostrengthencooperativeinternationalrelations.

ButtherealpurposeoftheSymposiumwastofacilitatean

interagency,publicprivate,andintertribaldiscussionabout

thepurpose,structure,anddirectionofAmericasglobal

engagement.

Aquestionforthefirstpanel

TheSmithMundtActof1948isoneofthemostinfluential,

andleastunderstood,lawaffectingAmericannationalsecurity.

ItwastheauthorizinglegislationestablishingtheUSGovernmentsinformation,education,and

culturalprogramsfromthebeginningoftheColdWarthroughthepresentdayasitcontinues

toshapehowAmericaengagestheworld.

Thereweretwokeynotesandfourpanels.GivingthekeynoteswerethenUnderSecretaryof

StateforPublicDiplomacyandPublicAffairsJamesK.Glassmanand(former)DeputyAssistant

SecretaryofDefenseforSupporttoPublicDiplomacyMichaelDoran.

Themembershipofthefourpanelsonlysomewhatreflectedthediversityoftheaudience.

Organizations

represented

on

the

panels

included

the

United

States

Information

Agency,

the

US

AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,theVoiceofAmerica,USCentralCommand,theState

Department,TheWashingtonPost,SyracuseandGeorgeWashingtonUniversities,and

Congress.

Thepaneldiscussionswerestructuredchronologicallywiththefirstthreefocusedonthepast,

present,andfutureofAmericaspublicdiplomacy.Thefourthpanelwasauniquely


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Congressionalpanelthatincludedtheessential,ifoverlookedorignored,partnerin

restructuringandfundingAmericasengagement.Thedayendedwithahostedreceptioninthe

lobbyofthesymposiumvenue,theReserveOfficersAssociation.

Theformatofthepanelswasdialogue.TherewerenoPowerPointpresentationsorwhite

papers.There

was

not

even

aprojector

or

ascreen

was

even

in

the

room.

The

audience

was

askedtopreparefortheeventbyexploringanelectroniclibrarymadeavailablepriortothe

event.Inotherwords,thisSymposiumassignedhomework.

Theentireeventwasontherecord.Transcriptsandaudiooftheproceedings,aswellas

biographiesofthemoderatorsandpanelists,thedaysagenda,andthisreportareavailableat

http://MountainRunner.us/Symposium.

TheSymposiumwassponsoredbyArmstrongStrategicInsightsGroup,LLC,

(www.ArmstrongSIG.com)andpresentedinassociationwiththeCenteronCommunication

w.CommunicationLeadership.orgLeadership(ww ).

Overview

Publicdiplomacyisnot,andhasneverbeen,amonolithicenterprisestrictlyownedbytheState

DepartmentorthenowabolishedUSIA.Theglobalinformationenvironmentchangedfromthe

worldinwhichtheSmithMundtActwascrafted.Itis

alsoquiteunliketheworldofjusttwentyoreventen

yearsago.Especiallytruetoday,theStateDepartment

is

just

one

actor

in

Americas

global

engagement.

CongressmanAdamSmith(DWash.)saidTheres

goingtobealotofdifferentpieceswhoareengagedin

messaging,particularlywhenyouthinkaboutitas

broadlyasIthinkwehavetothinkaboutit.

Iwasalwaystroubledwith

USIAsmotto

TellingAmericas

story

to

the

world,asifitsoneofficial

story.

JustastherehasneverbeenasinglespokespersonforAmerica,therehasneverbeenasingle

storyofAmerica.Ms.NancySnow,professoratSyracuseUniversity,raisedanimportant,if

ignored,pointaboutthemottooftheUSIA.IwasalwaysalittletroubledwithUSIAsmotto

whenIwalkedintowork,sherecalled.TellingAmericas

storyto

the

world,

as

if

its

one

official

story.


ThoseattendingandinterestedintheSmithMundtSymposium

camefromCongress,theDepartmentsofState,Defense,

HomelandSecurity,theBroadcastingBoardofGovernors,Voice

ofAmerica,universitiesfromaroundthecountry,non

governmentalorganizations,foreignmissions,andthemedia,includingTheWashingtonPost,

NancySnow
http://mountainrunner.us/Symposiumhttp://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.communicationleadership.org/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://mountainrunner.us/Symposium


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theAssociatedPress,InsideDefense,andothers.Professionsrangedfromculturaland

educationaldiplomatstopsychologicaloperationstopublicaffairstogovernmentbroadcasters

tograduatestudentstoambassadorsandbeyond.Thediversityofthepublicdiplomacyand

strategiccommunicationstakeholderswassignificantandformany,thiseventwasthefirst

timetheysatnexttoeachother.

Thisreportisanoverviewofthedaysdiscussions.Thepurposeofthesymposiumwastoraise

awarenessandtoelicitadiscoursethatwillhopefullyshapefuturediscoursesonthepurpose

andstructureofAmericasglobalengagement,whetheritiscalledpublicdiplomacyor

somethingelse.Fromthefeedbackduringandaftertheevent,itseemedthatgoalwas

achieved.

Thisreportisinseveralsections.AfterthisOverview,thereisabriefhistoryoftheActonwhich

theSymposiumwasbased.AftertheHistorysectionistheheartofthereport:severalsections

ondiscussionsattheSymposiumthatwererarelyifeverraisedinotherforumsorreports.

Theseare:

DifferentViewsoftheAct LinkingTransparencytoEffectiveness LimitingAwareness InhibitingSynergy ChangingtheSmithMundtAct

Thosearefollowedbyasinglesectionaggregatingthemescommonlyraisedinreportsand

recommendationson

public

diplomacy.

These

include:

Americamustbemoreeffectiveatpublicdiplomacy; Publicdiplomacyiscriticaltonationalsecurity; Publicdiplomacymustinformforeignpolicy;and Publicdiplomacyisunderratedandunderrespected.

Thisreportconcludeswithkeyfindingsfollowedbyanappendixlistingthecontentsofthe

librarythatwasavailabletoparticipantspriortotheevent.


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A Brief History of the Act

In1946,AmericasAmbassadortoRussiadescribedtheglobalsituationtothe79th

Congressas

awarofideology...awaruntodeath.ThisconditionwasechoedbyGeorgeKennaninhis

LongTelegramandrelatedwritingthatsuggestedideologicalcontainmentofCommunism.The

Housepassed

the

Bloom

Bill

in

response

to

the

need

to

transform

Americas

whisper

in

July

1946onlytohaveitblockedbySenatorRobertTaft,whonevergaveareason.Reintroducedin

the80th

Congress,itbecametheSmithMundtBillandwaseventuallysignedbyPresidentHarry

S.TrumanonJanuary27,1948.ItwasofficiallyknownasPL80402:theUnitedStates

InformationandEducationalExchangeActof1948.TheSenatedeclaredittobeanecessary

responsetothedangerposedbytheweaponsoffalsepropagandaandmisinformationand

theinabilityonthepartoftheUnitedStatestodealadequatelywiththoseweapons.

Deliberatedandmodifiedovertwoyears,thefinalpushforitspassagecameaftera

CongressionaldelegationtoEuropewitnessed

firsthandthat

knowledge

of

the

United

States

[was]

beingsystematicallyblottedoutbyCommunist

propagandathatwascomparedtoaconstantlyplaying

tremendoussymphonyorchestra.TheCommunists

wererespondingtothemereannouncementsofthe

largestdenialofsanctuaryandreconstructionand

stabilizationprogramstheUnitedStateseverput

forward:theMarshallPlan.

Anecessaryresponsetothe

dangerposedbythe

weaponsoffalsepropaganda

andmisinformationandthe

inabilityonthepartofthe

UnitedStatestodeal

adequatelywiththose

weapons

TheActiscommonlyreferredtoastheSmithMundt

Act.ItcombinedSenatorJ.WilliamFulbrights(DAR)

exchangeprogramswithinternationalbroadcasting

anditexpandedandinstitutionalizedboth.

WhattodayisconsideredtheessenceoftheActwasinfactarelativelyminorelementthat

receivedrelativelylittleattentionuntilthelate1960sandearly1970s.Thesocalledfirewall

oftheActwasinfactaprohibitionontheStateDepartmentfromdisseminatingmaterialwithin

theUSthatwasproducedforoverseasaudiences.Thiswasdoneforthreereasonsandinfact

encompassedthreeclausesintheAct,twoofwhichareusuallyignoredinmoderndebates

aboutthe

Act.

First

and

foremost

were

Congressional

suspicions

that

the

loyalty

many

personnelwithintheStateDepartmentwassuspect.In1946,therankingminoritymemberof

theHouseAppropriationsCommittee,forexample,calledforahousecleaninginthe

DepartmentthatwouldkeeponlythosepeoplewhosefirstloyaltyistotheUnitedStates.A

subcommitteeoftheHouseMilitaryAffairsCommitteeaskedtheSecretaryofStatein1946to

removefromtheStateDepartmentIntelligenceServicemenofstrongSovietleanings.



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ThesecondreasonwasconcernthatprivatemediacouldnotcompetewiththeGovernment

withintheUS.Theresolutionwasnotthedisseminationprohibitionbutanotherprovisionthat

mandatedthemaximumuseofprivateresources.(Hearingswereheldonanamendmentto

completelyprivatizeAmericasinformationactivitiesinJune1947butboththeColumbiaand

NationalBroadcastingSystemssaidprivatebusinesscouldnotaffordtheinternational

broadcastpart

of

the

program.)

Thethirdareaofconcernswasthatapeacetimeinformationalcapabilitywouldcreatean

executivebranchpropagandamachinetargetingAmericans.AthirdclauseoftheActaddressed

thisconcernbypreventingthegovernmentfromhavingamonopolyondomestic

communication.

ContemporarydebatesandtheCongressionalrecordshowclearlythattheintentwasneverto

shieldAmericansfromwhattheStateDepartmentwasdoingoverseas.Infact,oversightwas

intendedastheGovernmentwastopartnerwith

privatemediaasoftenaspossible.Therestrictionwas

ondisseminationnotavailability.Congresswasnot

concernedthattheDepartmentwouldpropagandize

theAmericanpublicasmuchasitfearedthe

DepartmentwouldunderminetheGovernment

throughitsCommunistandsocialistsympathies.The

media,Congress,andacademicsweretoprovidethe

oversightandmakethematerialsintendedfor

overseasaudiencesavailabletothepublic.TheThe

NewYorkTimes,Newsweek,Time,theWashington

Star,andtheChicagoTimes,allactivelysupportedthe

bill.DavidSarnoff,presidentofRCA,andPhilipD.Reed,

chairmanofGE,wrotefavorableeditorialssupportingtheSmithMundtBill.Testifyingonbehalf

ofthebillinJuly1947,ReedsaidthesimpletruthabouttheUnitedStateswidelytold

throughouttheworld,willdomoretoreducetheriskofwar,andthustoreducetheneedfora

multibilliondollarmilitaryforce,thananyothersinglefactor.

Thesimpletruthaboutthe

UnitedStateswidelytold

throughouttheworld,willdo

moretoreducetheriskof

war,andthustoreducethe

needforamultibilliondollar

militaryforce,thananyother

singlefactor

Congressionaloversight,todaymostlydonethroughmedia,wasinfactlegislatedbytheActto

comefrom

two

Advisory

Commissions,

the

precursors

to

todays

US

Advisory

Commission

on

PublicDiplomacy.Oneofthesecommissions,theAdvisoryCommissiononInformation,was

requiredtoissuepublic,twiceyearlyreportsonthestatusofthegovernmentsinformation

activities.EarlycommissionsincludedthevicepresidentofCBS,auniversitypresident,the

presidentofTime,Inc.,advertisingexecutives,andnewspapereditorsandpublishers.



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DemonstratingthedistrustoftheStateDepartmentwhilealsoacknowledgingthestrategic

importanceofwhatwouldbecomeknownaspublicdiplomacy,theSmithMundtActrequireda

loyaltycheck(equivalenttotodayssecurityclearance)forallStateDepartmentpersonnel

workingoninformationprogramsaswellasculturalandeducationalexchanges.Billsponsor,

CongressmanKarlMundt(RSD)saidthatallemployees,neworold,wouldhavetoundergoan

FBIloyalty

check

even

more

stringent

than

the

one

given

to

people

working

on

the

atomic

bombduringthewar.TheFBIwasalsoconcernedovertheabilityofStatetomonitorand

controlparticipantsintheexchangeprograms. OneCongressmanevenproposedallVoiceof

AmericascriptsbeeditedbyacommitteeoftheDaughtersoftheAmericanRevolution.

TwodecadesafterPresidentDwightD.EisenhowerestablishedtheUnitedStatesInformation

Agency,asbipolarpoliticsanchoredinmissiles,planes,andtanksreplacedthepsychological

struggleformindsandwills,SenatorFulbrightsensedachancetogetridoftheinternational

broadcastingauthorizedbytheSmithMundtAct.In1972theSenatordeclaredthattheRadios

[Voiceof

America,

Radio

Free

Europe,

and

Radio

Liberty]

should

be

given

an

opportunity

to

taketheirrightfulplaceinthegraveyardofColdWar

relics.Aspartofhisbattleagainsttheinformation

programs,hecomplainedtotheUSAttorneyGeneral

aboutanotherSenatorscreeningaUSIAfilm.Attorney

GeneralRichardG.Kleindienstwouldnotintervene,

writingthattheapparentpurpose[oftheclause

prohibitingdomesticdissemination]wastomakeUSIA

materialsavailabletotheAmericanpublic,throughthe

pressand

members

of

Congress.

Senator

Fulbright

wouldgotowarwiththeNixonAdministrationand

expendallofhispoliticalcapital,andthensome,togettheprohibitionondomestic

disseminationchangedtopreventdomesticaccesstocontentproducedforoverseasaudiences

bytheUSIA.In1985,whenthefederalcourtswereexemptingUSIAmaterialsfromthe

FreedomofInformationAct,SenatorEdwardZorinskysuccessfullyclosedaloopholeinwhat

wasnowafirewallblockingvirtuallyanyaccess.

Allemployees,neworold,

wouldhavetoundergoanFBI

loyaltycheckevenmore

stringentthantheonegiven

topeopleworkingonthe

atomicbombduringthewar

ForadeeperhistoricalanalysisoftheSmithMundtAct,includingcontemporarypublicdebates,

p://ArmstrongSIG.com/events/SmithMundtseeRethinkingSmithMundtathtt .

Different Views of the Act


ThereisnocommonlyheldviewoftheSmithMundtActwhichmeanstheActisapplied

inconsistentlyandoftendetrimentally.Duringthediscussions,threegeneralviewsoftheAct

emerged.ThefirstwasthattheSmithMundtActprotectspublicdiplomacybudgetsand

methodsbypreventingencroachmentbyUSorientedpublicaffairs.Thisideawasputforward
http://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundthttp://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundthttp://armstrongsig.com/events/Smith-Mundt


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byUnderSecretaryGlassmanandsupportedbyothers.Amemberoftheaudienceinthe

afternoonsaid:

IthinktherearecertainaspectsofSmithMundtthatareusefulandworthwhile

toconsider,namely,ifweareworkinginthefieldorhereinWashingtonor

whereverand

our

focus

is

on

foreign

audiences,

ifwe

have

to

turn

our

attention

aswelltotalkingtodomesticaudiencesintheUnitedStatescontinuously,thats

adrainonresources,andresourceswedonthave.

ThesecondviewwasthattheActappliestosomebodyelse.Thiswasmostlyheardfromthe

veteranForeignServiceOfficersonthefirstpanelwhoagreedtheActhadnosubstantialeffect

inthefield.LenBaldyga,formerDirectoroftheOfficeofEuropeanAffairsattheUSInformation

Agency,saidtheActwasaWashingtonphenomenon.BarryZorthian,aformerForeignService

Officer,echoedthisbysayingthatneverfeltrestrictedbySmithMundt.Mr.Michael

Schneider,DirectoroftheSyracuseMaxwellInternationalProgram,saidthefieldofficesdidnt

evenknowaboutit.Thisgroupalsonotedthatobstructionstodomesticdisseminationof

materialwereeitherignoredoreasilymitigatedbyashortphonecalltotherightCongressman.

TheyalsonotedthatwhenapotentialviolationoftheActdid

comeup,theyweretransferredfromtheUSIApayrolltothe

StateDepartmentpayroll.


BarryZorthianandMikeSchneider

MichaelSchneidernotedtheevolutionofattribution.Inthe

1950s,theUSwasaggressiveintermsofourpersuasive

communication.TheKennedyAdministrationintheearly

1960sbrought

areconfiguration

where

everything

we

producedhastobeattributable.That,Mr.Schneidercontinued,evolvedinthelate60s,early

70stoeverythingweproducedhadtobeattributed.

TheKennedyAdministration

intheearly1960sbroughta

reconfigurationwhere

everythingweproducedhas

tobe

attributable.

[This]

evolvedinthelate60s,early

70stoeverythingwe

producedhadtobe

attributed.

ThethirdperspectivewasthattheActcouldand

shouldbeignored.Thisdidnotsitwellwiththemilitary

whoviewlawsasgrantingpermissionforwhatthey

cando.Thisisinstarkcontrasttothegeneralpublic

whoviewlawsasguidanceonwhatnottodo.

RichardArndt,

author

of

The

First

Resort

of

Kings:

AmericanCulturalDiplomacyintheTwentiethCentury,

felttheSmithMundtActcouldbeignoredforthe

purposesofculturalandeducationexchanges.

AccordingtoMr.Arndt,theSmithMundtActwas

supersededbytheFulbrightHayesActof1961and
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thustheSmithMundtActisirrelevantforthepurpose

Linking Transparency to Effectiveness

ofculturalandeducationalexchanges.

Formany,SmithMundtisacodefortheuniquelyAmericanfirewallbetweenforeignand

domesticinformation

dissemination.

This

firewall

was

based

not

on

protecting

sensitive

AmericaneyesandearsbutaperceptionthattheGovernmentneededprotectionfromthe

StateDepartment.Oversixtyyearsago,CongresswasconvincedtheStateDepartmentwas

infestedwithCommunists.Today,itnotlikeyesterdayandthereislittleconcernthattheState

Department,orbyextensiontheDefenseDepartment,issympathetictoalQaeda.As

AmbassadorGlassmanquipped,IfyoubelievethattheStateDepartmentcantbetrusted,you

certainlydontwanttheStateDepartmentproselytizingwithintheboundariesoftheUnited

States. ItisbadenoughthattheStateDepartmentisoperatingabroad.

TheresultwasdecreasingawarenessofwhatAmericawasdoingoverseas,aswellaswhywe

weredoingit.Thisopacitycamefrombothactiveand

passiveapplicationsoftheSmithMundtAct.Jeff

Greico,AssistantAdministratorforLegislativeand

PublicAffairsoftheUSAgencyforInternational

Development,describedtheimpactofthepassive

expansionofthefirewallattributedtoSmithMundt.

ThelackofaconsensuswithinUSAIDordefinitive

guidancefromoutsideofUSAIDastowhetherthe

agencyis

covered

by

Smith

Mundt

meant

the

agency

operatesintheshadowoftheAct.InMr.Greicos

words,theyhomageandrespecttotheacteventhoughwerenotcertainthattheactreally

appliestothethingsthatweneedtododomestically.Theonlyofficialprogrammingmoney

giventotheagencyforcommunicationisthroughdevelopmenteducationgrantsknownas

BidenPellgrants.AsMr.Greicoputit,theagencyof8,000peopleanda$24billionUSOfficial

DevelopmentAssistancebudget,hehadonly$25,000ayeartotalktothepublicaboutwhat

itiswedo.

Anagencyof8,000people

anda$24billionU.S.Official

DevelopmentAssistance

budgethasonly$25,000a

yeartotelltheAmerican

publicwhatitdoes

Mr.GreiconotedhisagencyschallengeincommunicatingtoAmericansandbeyond.There

weredescribed,asMr.Greicosaid,inarecentreportonUSAIDsabilitytocommunicateits

activities.1ThelackofeffectivecommunicationsbyUSAIDduetolimitedresourcesfor

communicationscombinedwiththeabsenceofapublicorprivateentityintheUnitedStates

chargedwithcommunicatingwhatUSforeignassistanceweretwoargumentsofthereport


1FromtheAmericanPeople:WhytheStorythatU.S.ForeignAssistanceIsWorkingMustBeTold.See

http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.html.
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/usaid_in_the_struggle.html


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Mr.Greicorelated. Witha$24billionbudget,atthehighestlevelsthatitsbeenforalong

time,thereisalotbeingdoneoverseaswithoutmuchknowledge(orconstituency)being

createdwithintheUS.Mr.Greiconotedthereportscallforastrategic[and]coherent

multiyearsetofcommunicationsinoutreachrequirementstoidentifyresources,audiences,

architectureandthetoolsbywhichweneedtogetthosedone,includingoutsidepartnerships.

Mr.Greico

said

that

since

9/11,

USAID

has

put

more

resources

into

outreach,

including

placing

communicationsofficersineveryoneofourmissions.developmentoutreachand

Limiting Awareness

OstensiblyusedtopreventpropagandizingAmericans,the

firewallpreventsthedevelopmentofconstituenciesbehind

publicdiplomacyandunderstandingofwhyandwhatAmerica

isdoingoverseas.Thefirewall,bypreventingandinhibiting

privateaccess

to

government

content,

Congress,

and

academia,placesagreaterburdenonprivatemediatocover

foreignaffairsontheirown.UnderSecretaryJamesK.Glassman

AmbassadorBillRugh,speakingfromtheaudience,saidthatpermittinggovernmenttoinform

Americanswhatissaidanddoneintheirnameoverseaswouldtranslateintoabetter

understandingofpublicdiplomacybytheAmericanpublic.

UnderSecretaryGlassmancommentedthattheoversightpotentiallyprovidedbypublicaccess

theActpreventstoday.AmbassadorGlassmansuggestedmakingVOAsPersianNewsNetwork

available(in

Farsi)

to

Americans

would

mean

it

could

be

monitored

as

CNN

and

BBC

are

monitored:bypublicscrutiny.

Thedenialofaccessis,accordingtoDavidJackson,formerDirectoroftheVoiceofAmerica,a

farce.WhileVOA,hesaid,doesnotwanttodistributedomestically,therestrictionscreate

ridiculoussituationswherepeopleaskforashoworastoryorareprintandwehavetogo

throughthissortofawkwarddanceofsaying,well,we

reallycanttellyouwhereyoucanfindthatorhowyou

candownloadit.Butonlineaccesstobroadcasts,

eithercontemporary

or

archive,

means

ifpeople

can

findthecontenttheycandownloadandshareiton

theirown.Itwouldbeniceifsomeone[asked],Mr.

Jacksoncontinued,canweplacethatprogramming[in

LosAngeles],andIwouldhavebeenabletosayyes.

Foreigncriticsfrequently

will

say

that

VOA,

or

the

other

broadcasts,arepropaganda

becausetheU.S.government

wontevenletAmerican

citizensbeexposedtoit.



11/23

Reportonthe January13,2009SmithMundtSymposiumof

ThefirewalldoesmorethanlimitsAmericanaccessto

informationgeneratedbytheirtaxdollars,ittaintsoverseas

broadcasting.AsMr.Jacksonnoted,Foreigncritics

frequentlywillsaythatVOA,ortheotherbroadcasts,are

propagandabecausetheU.S.governmentwontevenlet

Americancitizens

be

exposed

to

it.

Removing

the

firewall,

whichtheInternethasmademoot,wouldremovea

damagingtalkingpointagainstthecredibilityofthose

broadcasts.

RearAdmiralGregSmith

andJeffGreico

RearAdmiralGregSmith,DirectorofCommunicationforUSCentralCommand,saidtherewas

toomuchfocusonfirewallsinthecomplexgameofinformationwheretherearelotsof

actorsbroughttothetable.Hearguedthebestregulatoryapproachisthemediatoprotect

againstcertaintechniques.WhilethetargetisalwaysnonUS,theprohibitionshouldbeonthe

[intentional]purpose

to

mislead,

to

misinform,

to

somehow

have

an

agenda

thats

at

counter

purposeswiththetruth,andsoforth.

ThelimitedaccessmeanstheAmericanpublic,Congress,andthemediahavelimitedinsight

intowhattheGovernmentisdoing.Forexample,ColleenGraffy,DeputyAssistantSecretaryof

StateforPublicDiplomacyforEuropeanandEurasianAffairs,askedWouldntitbeagoodidea

forpeopleinAmericatoknowthatwereactuallydoingalotaroundtheworldaboutthe

environment,aboutclimatechange,aboutgreendiplomacy,aswecallit?

KarenDeYoung,SeniorDiplomaticCorrespondentforTheWashingtonPost,agreedthat

transparencyis

required

to

let

Americans

know

what

is

being

said

in

their

name.

Butwhatifthemediaisunabletoinvestigate?Mr.Greicopredictedthattheforeignservice

corpsofTheWashingtonPostandTheNewYorkTimeswouldbegoneinafewyears.Sixty

yearsago,thepublicrecordandtheletterofthelawwasclearthatprivatemediawastobe

ricasinternationalengagement.intimatelyinvolvedinAme

Inhibiting Synergy

Mr.KiehlsuggestedviolatingtheSmithMundtActwasalaughingmatter.TherearenoSmith

Mundtpolice,

he

said,

so

willingly

and

intentionally

violating

it

is

just

fine.

The

modern

age

has

amendedit.


TheissueoftheSmithMundtPolice,imaginaryornot,isveryrealdespiteMr.Kiehls

suggestion.DennisMurphyoftheUSArmyWarCollegepointedoutthemilitarylivesbyrules,

regulations,doctrine,andourculturesays,byGod,ifitsoutsidethoserules,regulationsor

doctrine,dontdoit.MattArmstrong,theSymposiumschair,emphasizedthis,pointingout


12/23


thatwhiledemocracyisbasedonlawstellingthepublicwhattheycannotdo,themilitaryis

controlledbylawstellingitwhatitcando.Withoutspecificpermissiontodosomething,asMr.

Murphysaid,themilitarywillnotdoit,andtheyregoingtopushbackreal,realhard.

Inthefieldtoday,RearAdmiralSmithsaidthefirewallstilldoesnotinterferewiththe

interagencyprocess.

The

roles

of

different

agencies

are

not

built

along

firewall

discussions

as

muchastheyarealongthecollaborativeandreallythenecessitytoworktogethertoachieve

whatwewanttoachieveinplaceslikeIraq.

WhileRearAdmiralSmitharguedtheprocessisnotdisrupted,otherssaidtheeffectivenessis.

Severalpeople,bothintheaudienceandonpanels,gaveanecdotalevidenceofthenegative

andconstraininginfluenceofSmithMundtacrosstheGovernment.Mr.Murphy,forexample,

saidtheresultwasthatwehavewevelostalotofsynergyandenergyandthecapabilityto

bringalotofpeopletobearontheproblembecauseofthereticence.

AmbassadorRugh

characterized

the

prohibition

as

somethingonlytheStateDepartmentdoes.Other

agenciesofgovernment,particularlythePentagon,but

theStateDepartmenttooareunhinderedinspeaking

abouttheiractivitiestotheAmericanpublic.

AmbassadorRughcontinued,ButsomehowUSIAand

itssuccessorrepresentativesintheStateDepartment

feelhinderedbyit,anditsridiculousand

anachronistic.

Wevelostalotofsynergy

andenergyandthecapability

tobringalotofpeopleto

bearontheproblembecause

ofthereticencecreatedby

thefirewall

However,AmbassadorRughsargumentcomingledboththemethodandcontentofdomestic

communicationsandbeyondtheborderscommunications.WhattheStateDepartmentsays

outsideoftheUnitedStates,ifdonewithinthepublicdiplomacycontext,isnotreadilyavailable

withintheUnitedStates.Ms.Graffytalkedabouttheneedtoscrubpublicdiplomacymaterial

throughpublicaffairsinordertoshareinformationvideo,pictures,ortextwithAmerican

audiences.(SoIfeellikeImmoneylaundering,right?)

Ms.Graffydemandedwestoptheselfcensorship.ThefirewallpreventsMs.Graffyfrom

puttingAmerica.govonherbusinesscards.Italsopreventedherfrompubliclydistributinga

weeklyhighlights

newsletter

on

public

diplomacy

because

it

would

contain

information

that

shouldnotbereadbyAmericans.


Ms.Graffysuggestedtheinterpretationwastoostrictandshouldbebasedonintentto

propagandizeandnotinform.Opacityisaproblem,Ms.Graffyargued.Theresultis,asMs.

Graffystated,aproblemofselfcensorship.Wedontnecessarilyhavetoamendit,wedo

needtohaveaninterpretationthatsbroadcastverywidelywithinthegovernmenttosay,yes,


13/23


14/23


whichincludesthatmutualunderstanding,toinclude

morepublicdiplomacylikeattributes.

Mr.Doransuggestedlookingatpublicdiplomacyasan

influenceenterprise.Theproblemis,Mr.Doran

continued,from

asystemic

point

of

view

our

efforts

arenotwellcoordinatedandnotnecessarilydirected

towardasetofstrategicpriorities.Theresolutionis

notfoundinchanginglegislationorcreatinganew

bureaucracy,butcoordinatingtheinteragencyprocess.Thekey,accordingtoMr.Doran,to

rebuildingAmericasarsenalofinfluenceiscoordinatingthefunctionsofgovernmentthat

alreadyexist. Thiscanbestbeachievedbycreatingapowerfulleadershipoffice,perhapsinan

completelynewstructure.

fromasystemicpointof

viewoureffortsarenot

wellcoordinatedandnot

necessarilydirected

toward

a

setofstrategicpriorities

ODNIlikestructureratherthanbycreatinga

Changing the SmithMundt Act

KristinLordopenedthethirdpanel,RebuildingtheArsenalofPersuasion,withthecritical

question:IfweweretodevelopaSmithMundtActforthe21stcentury,notforthebeginning

oftheColdWar,whatwouldthatactlooklike?ConversationsbeforetheSymposiumorduring

itsbreaksfrequentlyincludedtherecommendationtosimplydoawaywiththeAct.Butthese

suggestionsaregenerallyaimedatthefirewallprovisionanddissipatewhenthelargerpurpose

andeffectoftheActisdiscussed.

AnyattemptstochangetheActshouldbeweighedcarefullyandtherepercussionsexplored

fully.Under

Secretary

Glassman

said

opening

any

legislation

can

lead

to

unexpected

consequences.Mr.DoranagreedandaddedthatreopeningtheActmighttakethingsaway

fromusthatwecurrentlytakeforgranted.

TherewereseveralsuggestionstoaddressproblemsofmoderninterpretationoftheAct.One

examplewasfromMajorMatthewMorgan,USMC,whoaskedCongressdefinepropaganda

becausethecurrentDefenseDepartmentdefinitionisnotusefulasitessentiallydefines

[propaganda]asanycommunicationdesignedtoinfluencebehaviororopinions,eitherdirectly

orindirectly.

Anotherwas

to

suggest

the

firewall

be

loosened

to

allow

some

content

based

on

intent.

Under

SecretaryGlassmansuggestedthatthereasonablewaytojudgewhethertheState

Departmentshouldbeprohibitedfromdisseminatingafilmoratelevisionprogramoraspeech

oramagazineistheintentionoftheDepartment.



15/23


ButMarcLynch,AssociateProfessorofPoliticalScienceandInternationalAffairsatGeorge

WashingtonUniversity,respondedthathardlimitswerenecessaryasintentisverydifficult

whoknowswhatevillurksinthemindsofmen? TheShadowknowsbutStateDepartment

lawyersdont.

Theissue

is

not

the

application

of

the

law,

but

understanding

the

requirements

we

face

today.

Mr.Doransaid:

IdonotthinkthatSmithMundtisourkeyproblem. Weneedtoredefinethe

publicdiplomacymissionforthecurrentstrategicenvironment,keepingthose

ColdWarcapabilitiesthatfitthecurrentcontextandaugmentingthemwithnew

onesthatmeetthechallengesoftheage.Andweneedtobuildourarsenalof

influencebycoordinatingthefunctionsofgovernmentthatalreadyexist.

Mr.Lynchwascautious.WhatevertheoriginalintentofSmithMundt,theideaoftryingto

preservesome

sense

of

afirewall

between

influence

operations

overseas

and

at

home

is

an

importantone,andincreasinglyimportant.Ratherthantheimpossibilityofthepreventionof

domesticdisseminationleadingustoabandonany

attempttodoso,wemightwanttothinkintheother

directionofattemptingtostrengthenthatfirewallina

morecreativeandinnovativewaytotrytoadaptitto

theglobalizederaratherthanabandoningeffortstodo

so.

Whoknowswhatevillurksin

themindsofmen,youknow?

TheShadowknowsbutState

Departmentlawyersdont.

Rep.SmithsaidCongressneedstoacttoupdate

SmithMundt,tobasicallygiveourstamp,ourvision,andcertainly,thatwillnotbetheendof

thestory.TheissuewasbroaderthantheAct.Heacknowledgedtheexecutivebranchwilland

shouldhavealottosayaboutit,andthatitwouldbeamistakeforthelegislativebranchto

simplystandbackandsay,well,letsjustlettheObamaadministrationgoandfixthatthrough

theStateDepartment.

Rep.Hodeswantstomakesurethatwestrengthenprohibitionsagainstdomesticcovert

propagandacampaignsaimedessentiallyatbreakingdowntheconstitutionalbarriersbetween

whocontrolspolicyandwhomakeswarandhowthatneedsto

work.

TedTzavellas,aconsultantonthethirdpanel,statedthatthe

SmithMundtActmustacknowledgethedeathofdistanceand

thecollapseoftimeisapplicabletoboththerelationship

betweenthegovernmentandthemediaaswellasthe


LynneWeil,Rep.PaulHodes,Rep,

AdamSmith,DougWilson(lr)


16/23



relationshipbetweenthegovernmentandglobalaudiences.

SueGough,aretiredmilitaryofficerandnowacontractorinthePentagon,gavetwoexamples

wheretheActwasinvokedtopreventcommunicationnotbasedoncontentbutonmeans.Her

pointscouldhavesparkedadeeperconversationonthegeneraldifferencesbetweenthe

reactivecommunication

methods

of

public

affairs

and

the

proactive

communication

methods

ofpublicdiplomacyandinformationoperations.Ms.Goughrelatedtwostoriesabouttheuse

ofmilitarycapabilitiestoassistindomesticdisastersthatwerepreventedbasedonconcerns

overthemeansratherthantheintent.

HurricaneAndrewbackinthe90sdevastatedcentralFlorida,andallthe

communicationsmeanswereout,televisionswereout,radioswereout,people

werecutoff. Themilitarywasbroughtintohelpthecivilauthorities. Oneofthe

thingsthatwewantedtodowasbringinourmilitaryinformationoperations

capabilitiesbecausewehavemeansofgivingleafletsout,gettingnewspapers

out,bringingloudspeakersin,bringinginmobiletelevisionandradiostationsto

dothat.

AndweweretoldwecantdothatbecauseoftheSmithMundtAct. Youcantdo

that. YoudbepropagandizingtheAmericanpeople,eventhoughallwewanted

todoisputoutwhereyoucangetfood,water,shelterandotherinformation.

WehadtogouptotheWhiteHouse,tothepresident,togetapproval. Gotthe

approval;everythinginHurricaneAndrewwentfine.

TheSmithMundtActmustbecarefullyreconsidered.Mr.Schneidersaidthathecant

underestimatethevalueofSmithMundt.Ms.Weilsaidthatweneedtoseizethismoment

throughcongressionalaction,throughthenextadministration,andthroughcitizendiplomacy

toreallymakeapointofshowingAmericasbestfacetotheworld.Weneedtomakesure

orldunderstandwhowereallyare.thatpeoplearoundthew

Common Themes

BelowareseveralofthethemesthatwerenotuniquetotheSymposium.

Americamust

be

more

effective

at

public

diplomacy.

No

one

suggested

at

the

SymposiumthattheUnitedStatesshouldnotengagetheworldthroughinformationand

culturalandeducationalexchanges.Therewasaconsensus,ifimplicitbythelackofargument

against,thattheUSisnotdoingenoughordoingenoughrightinthemodernglobal

environmentofinstant,saturating,andpersistentinformation.Echoingtheargumentsmade

oversixtyyearsago,Rep.SmithsaidAmericahasgottobeengagedintryingtogetourcase


17/23


outthere,oursideofthestory,becausebelieveme,alQaedaandallthosefolks,24/7,thats

whattheyredoingontheInternet,everyplaceelse.

Mr.DoransaidItismyferventhopethatfutureadministrationswillseethejob[ofUnder

SecretaryofStateforPublicDiplomacyandPublicAffairs]asanationalsecurityposition.

Publicdiplomacyiscriticaltonationalsecurity.ImprovingAmericasglobalengagement

ismorethananicethingtodo;itisacriticalelementofAmericasnationalsecurity.Under

SecretaryJamesGlassmanmadeitclear:Thegoalofpublicdiplomacy,thegoalofstrategic

communication,isasaferandfreerworld.

Ms.Weilstatedthatpublicdiplomacywill,ofnecessity,beanationalsecurityprioritypeople

haverecognizedthatsince9/11,butweneedtostartdoingmorethangivinglipservicetolip

service.

Public

diplomacy

must

inform

foreign

policy.

A

few

echoed

Edward

R.

Murrows

admonitionthatpublicdiplomacymustbeonthe

takeoffsorcreationofforeignpolicyandnotjust

doingdamagecontrolafterthecrashlandingwas

emphasized.Mr.TzavellassaidAmericafailedtopay

attentiontotheaestheticsofourpolicies,bothin

termsofourUSdomesticaudienceaswellasforeign

audiences.Americamust,hecontinued,integrate

thatcommunicationsstrategyfromtheverybeginning

ofthatpolicydevelopment.

Itismyferventhopethat

futureadministrations

willseethejob[ofUnder

SecretaryofStateforPublic

DiplomacyandPublicAffairs]

asanationalsecurityposition

Publicdiplomacyisunder-ratedandunder-

respected.Aheatedsubjectwasthelackofopportunitiesforthoseinthepublicdiplomacy

cone,orcareertrack,attheStateDepartment.Mr.Kiehlsaiditishardtoattractandkeep

peoplein[publicdiplomacy]becausepromotionopportunitiesarenotwhattheyarefor

thosewhoworkinthe[economic]orpoliticalcones.

GregGarlandoftheStateDepartmentechoedthissentiment.Icantbeadeskforpublic

diplomacy.Imnotapoliticalappointee.Newpeoplewillnot,Mr.Garland,continued,focus

on

public

diplomacy

but

would

probably

end

up

doing

two,

three,

maybe

more

tours

outside

ofthe[cone]andthereforehavelittlereal,andatleastrelative,experienceasapublic

diplomat.2


2Related:seethereportbytheUnitedStatesAdvisoryCommissiononPublicDiplomacytitledGettingthePeople

PartRight.http://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.html.
http://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/06/from_the_us_advisory_commissio.html


18/23


Ms.SnowsaidtheconstraintsimposedbythebureaucraciesandSmithMundtpushedher

studentstowardnongovernmentalorganizationsandcitizendiplomacyratherthan

Governmentalpublicdiplomats.ManyofthestudentsintheSyracusepublicdiplomacymasters

programareresistingrequiredinternshipsinWashington,D.C.

Thechallenge

is

not

just

domestic

communication,

but

direct

public

engagement

around

the

worldaswell.Mr.GreicosaidthatOnaninteragencybasis,andwithintheUSgovernment,

thereischauvinismagainstcommunicationsandchauvinismagainstpublicdiplomacythatits

notthatserious.

Conclusion

Noonesuggestedthatthecurrentsituationwasadequate.Onthecontrary,changewas

demanded.However,therewasnoconsensusonwhattodowiththeSmithMundtAct.It

seemedthattheexposuretothemanyfacets,interpretations,andapplicationsofthelaw

changedblanketdemandstorepealthewholeActtomorenuancedargumentsaddressing

specificelements.

Theeventhighlightedtheneedforongoinginteragencyand

intertribaldiscourseonthepracticesandpurposesof

Americanglobalengagement.Thevarietyofperceptionsand

applicationsoftheActdemonstratedtheneedtobring

togetherthevastvarietyofstakeholdersinAmericaspublic

diplomacy,strategiccommunication,orglobalengagementto

gainabetter

understanding

of

the

reach

and

impact

of

the

law

thatinstitutionalizedmuchofwhattheydoandwhytheydoit.

TheEnd

of

the

Day

during

the

CongressionalPanel

TheconsensusisthatsomethingmustbedonetotheAct.NotonlydoesitlimitAmericas

effectiveness,butitharmsourcredibility.TheimpactandpurposeoftheActrequires

substantialattention.OrganizationsdonotunderstandtheActandsimplyaccepthearsayand

rumoraboutitsreach.Thelackofacommonunderstandingleadstochaoticapplicationin

someareasandpayinghomagebyothers,bothofwhichpreventsordisruptsAmericas

abilitytodevelopsynergyandacrosstheGovernmentandwithprivatepartners.


Thediversity

of

the

audience

that

made

it

to

the

event

and

that

expressed

interest

in

participatinginthemonthsleadingtoitwasremarkable.Moreimpressiveishowtheevent

turnedintoanetworkingeventaspeoplewithdifferentbackgroundandseeminglydifferent

purposesdiscoveredcommongoals.Inmanywaysthediscourseonpublicdiplomacypracticed

publicdiplomacybyprovidinganenvironmentofculturalandeducationalexchangebetween

personsthatwouldnotordinarilybeinthesameroomwitheachother.


19/23


Theproductivitywasnotmeasuredinactionableitemssuchasnewlegislation.Theeventwas

notstructuredtoproducefindingsorarriveataconsensus.Recommendationstochangethe

SmithMundtActrangedfromtighteningthefirewalltoeliminatingthefirewall.Theproductof

theeventwascreatingknowledgeofthediversityofactorsandchallengestoglobal

engagement.

Followupeventsareplanned.Tobeincludedontheannouncementlist,contactMatt

Armstrongatmatt@mountainrunner.usorfollowtheblogwww.MountainRunner.us.

Sponsoredby

ArmstrongStrategicInsightsGroup,LLC

www.ArmstrongSIG.com

(310)9261942

Discussedat

www.MountainRunner.us

mailto:[email protected]://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.mountainrunner.us/http://www.armstrongsig.com/http://www.mountainrunner.us/mailto:[email protected]


20/23


Appendix Library Contents

History

"RethinkingSmithMundt"byMattArmstrong(2008).

Reviewof

the

the

causes

and

debates

over

the

Act.

Focuses

on

1946

1947

with

forgotten

contextofthe1972and1985revisionstotheActthatledtothemodernmisconceptionofthe

purposeoftheAct.

"SmithMundtAct ALegislativeHistory"byBurtonPaulu(1953).

WithonlyafewexceptionsallpresentUnitedStatesGovernmentinternationalinformationand

educationalexchangeactivitiesarecarriedonunderthisact....Itisimpossibletoreviewthese

eventswithoutnoticingparallelsbetweenthemandmanycurrentdevelopments.Someofthe

basicissuesarestillbeingdebated:theloyaltyofStateDepartmentadvisersandofficials;the

efficiencyof

State

Department

operations;

and

the

question

of

whether

it

is

safe

to

expose

the

Americanpeopletouncensoredradicalopinions,especiallythosefromabroad.

Part2:IstheDomesticDisseminationMediaBanObsoletefromAlvinSnyder's1994

colloquium

WeitzmanSpeechNotesfortheaboveAnnenbergProject Feb1994

InterpretingSmithMundtasaFreedomofInformationActexemption(1997)

ThisappealchallengestheUSIA'sinterpretationoftheSmithMundtAct,22U.S.C.1461,as

forbiddingdisclosureofcertainagencyrecordsundertheFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA),5

U.S.C.552.Initsbrief,theUSIAhasnotmetappellants'centralcontention:thatwhilethe

SmithMundtActplacescertainrestrictionsontheagencyfromengagingindomestic

propaganda,itdoesnotspecificallyexempttheUSIA'soverseasprogrammingmaterialsorits

InternetaddressesfrommandatorydisclosureundertheFOIA.

Persuasivepolitics:RevisittheSmithMundtAct,12/19/08opedinTheWashingtonTimes


"RepairingAmerica'simage"isapopularmantrathesedays,butdiscussionsonrevamping

America's

public

diplomacy

are

futile

if

the

legislative

foundation

of

what

we

are

attempting

to

fixisignored....IntheearlyyearsoftheColdWar,thethreattotheUnitedStateswasnot

militaryinvasionbutsubversioncapitalizingoneconomicandsocialunrestinEuropeand

elsewhere....Denyingideologicalandphysicalsanctuarytoourenemyrequiredmorethan

deeds....AbrandnewNationalSecurityCouncildirectedtheStateDepartment[in1947]to

respondtothe"coordinatedpsychological,politicalandeconomicmeasuresdesignedto

underminenonCommunistelementsinallcountries."
http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/19/persuasive-politics/http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=803http://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Weitzman%20Speech%20to%20Annenberg%20Washington%20Project.pdfhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/default.htmhttp://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/usfa/usfa4.htmhttp://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/smithmundt/Paulu%20%281953%29-%20Smith-Mundt%20Act-%20A%20legislative%20history.pdfhttp://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/07/rethinking-smithmundt/


21/23


CongressionalIntentonPrivatizationofInternationalBroadcasting,afootnotefroma1948

BrookingsInstitutereportonAmerica'sinternationalbroadcasting.

ThefollowinglinktothearchivesofTheNewYorkTimes.Thearticlesarefreetodownloadif

youhaveanNYTimes.comaccount.(Irequestedpermissiontopostthearticleshere,but

licensingis

$250

/

article.)

"CooperCriticizes'VoiceofAmerica';ItIsImpotent,HeSaysatMedillSchoolJubilee,Speaking

NotasAPChief"(May27,1947),TheNewYorkTimes.

[KentCooper,executivedirectoroftheAssociatedPress,]saidthatifcommunismwastobe

thwarted,"notpropaganda,buttheabhorrentmethodofmilitaryforcealone,could

accomplishit.EvenifallthevasthordesofunderprivilegedinallofEasternEuropehadradios,

andthuscouldhearthevoiceofAmerica,Iamafraidtheywouldspurncommunismandrejoice

onlyifthevoiceofAmericaweresomethingmorethanavoice militarypower,food,clothing,

land,homes

and

freedom."

he

said.

...

Heassertedthat"theAmericanpressisunanimouslysponsoringworldwidenews

exchange"throughitsownnewsagencies,practicalaccesstowhosereportsis"availableto

everycountryintheworld."

"BentonQuestionsAttackbyCooper:RepliesinDetailtoCriticismofVoiceofAmericaMade

byAssociatedPressChief"(June15,1947),TheNewYorkTimes.

...2.YouhavesaidinpreviousthatiftheUnitedstatesabandoneditsinternationalinformation

program,other

nations

would

abandon

theirs.

...

3.

You

say

that

'all

countries

of

any

importanceactuallyavailthemselves'ofthenewsreportsoftheUnitedStateswireservices....

5.YousaythattheAmericanpeoplehavenowayofcheckinguponwhattheStateDepartment

issayingabroad'thatmightleadusalltocatastrophe.'Insayingthis,youunderratetherigid

policingprovidedbyourlistenersandreaders.YouunderrateCongress.Youunderrateyour

ownstaff,bothhereandabroad.YouunderratethethousandsofAmericanbusinessmenliving

abroad,andthoseservinginourmissions.Itisallontherecord.

"EditorsEndorseU.S.NewsService"(May15,1946),TheNewYorkTimes.

Chargesof

obstructing

avital

function

of

government

were

made

against

two

major

wire

news

servicesoftheUnitedStatestodaybyRalphMcGill,editorofTheAtlantaConstitution,and

MarkEthridge,editorofTheLouisvilleCourierJournalandTimes....

Mr.McGilltoldthe[HouseCommitteeonForeignAffairs]thattheConstitutionandthe

CongressareadequatetoguardfreedomofthepressintheUnitedStates.

http://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2008/11/thomson_ois.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/remembering_the_purpose_of_smi_1.htmlhttp://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F8385A147B93C5AB178ED85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178DD85F438485F9&emc=eta1http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60811F93B5A147B93C7A8178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22/23


"KleindienstSaysBuckleyCanShowU.S.I.A.'sFilm"(April1,1972),TheNewYorkTimes

AschairmanoftheSenateForeignRelationsCommittee,J.W.FulbrightwroteMr.Kleindienst

lastThursdayprotestingthatSenatorBuckley'sshowingofthefilm"Czechoslovakia1965"

wouldviolatetheprovisionsofthe1948lawthatestablishedtheagency.Itwastheintentof

thislaw,

the

Arkansas

Democrat

argued,

that

material

produced

by

the

agency

for

disseminationabroadshouldnotbedistributeddomestically.

Arguing,inafourpageletterthattheU.S.I.A.filmcouldbeshowndomesticallybySenator

Buckley,[ActingU.S.AttorneyGeneral]Mr.Kleindienstreliedheavilyonasectioninthe1948

lawprovidingforexaminationofthematerialbythepressandmembersofCongress.This

section,henoted,providesthatmaterialdisseminatedabroadbytheInformationAgency"shall

beavailableintheEnglishlanguageattheDepartmentofStateatallreasonabletimesfollowing

itsreleaseasinformationabroad,forexaminationbyrepresentativesofUnitedStatespress

associations,newspapers,magazines,radiosystemsandstations,and,onrequest,shallbe

madeavailabletomembersofCongress."Mr.Kleindienstsaidthe"apparentpurpose"ofthis

sectionwastomakeU.S.I.A.materialsavailabletotheAmericanpublic,throughthepressand

membersofCongress.

DefenseDepartment

"RestrictionsonInfluencingDomesticAudience"(Aug2006)."Thispaperwasauthoredby

RichardShiffrin,formerDeputyDoDGeneralCounselforIntelligenceandCompartmented

Activities.Mr.ShiffrinauthoredthisdocumentinlateAugust2006inresponsetotasking

receivedfromtheDefensePolicyAnalysisOffice(DPAO)."

Thelegalobjectiontoengaginginactivitiesdesignedtoinfluenceadomesticaudienceis,tobe

sure,strongevenintheabsenceofaspecificprohibitiononDoD.Whenthegovernmenttries

toswaytheAmericanpublicthroughthevariousmeansatitsdisposalitimperilstheessential

relationshipbetweenthegovernedandthegoverning.Withoutgoingintoalengthyexegesisof

thepoint,sufficeittosaythatwhileaparticularundertakingmaybeintendedtobebenign,

evenameliorative,whatistopreventapartisaneffortoramalignoneinthefuture.Thefar

safercourseisthecurrent,wellsettledban.

"Strategic

Communication

CDRs

Handbook

JFCOM"

(Sep

2008).


StrategiccommunicationmustbeattheheartofUSGovernmenteffortstoinfluencekey

audiencesinsupportofbroadUSnationalinterests,policies,andobjectives.Weseekto

achievethisinfluencebyunderstandingkeyaudiencesandengagingthemwithcoordinated

programs,plans,themes,messages,images,andproductssynchronizedwiththeactionsofall

instrumentsofnationalpower.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9http://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Strategic%20Communication%20CDRs%20Handbook-JFCOM%20JWC-2008.pdfhttp://mountainrunner.us/symposium/library/Shiffrin%20-%20Restrictions%20on%20Influencing%20Domestic%20Audience.pdfhttp://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3455127B93C3A9178FD85F468785F9


23/23


"EnablingPublicDilomacyFieldOfficersToDoTheirJobs"byAMBWilliamRugh(Jan2009).

DefenseDepartment'sPrinciplesofStrategicCommunication

U.S.AdvisoryCommissiononPublicDiplomacy:nooneinPDconductsPDoverseas

On/From

the

Discussants

Panel1"TheWorldAccordingtoZorthian:PublicDiplomacyandtheVirtuesofIntegration"byUri

Zighelboim(Oct30,2007)

Pages180186fromTheFirstResortofKings:AmericanCulturalDiplomacyintheTwentieth

CenturybyRichardArndt.

Panel3HumptyDumptyReduxbyWilliamP.Kiehl

Chapter8"SeducedandAbandoned:StrategicCommunicationintheNationalSecurity

Process"byWilliamP.KiehlinAffairsofState:TheInteragencyandNationalSecurityeditedby

GabrielMarcella

SmithMundtActof1948byNancySnow(1998)

"ACallforActiononPublicDiplomacy,2nded."(Oct2005)byThePublicDiplomacyCouncil

Alsoof

interest

are:

2008DefenseSciencesBoardReportonStrategicCommunication 2008VoicesofAmericabyKristinLord 2005TheLaw:TheExecutiveBranchandPropaganda:TheLimitsofLegalRestrictionsby

KevinKosar

2002ShouldSmithMundtZorinskyLegislationBeReformedandHow?ByBruceGregory

March 12 2009 Page 22
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Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse

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Transcript of Smith-Mundt Symposium: A Discourse to Shape America's Discourse