ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

By Prashant patel

SMARTPHONE

A smartphone, or smart phone, is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system, with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone.

Smartphone

History Devices that combined

telephony and computing were conceptualized as early as 1973, and were offered for sale beginning in 1994. The term "smartphone", however, did not appear until 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88 "Penelope" concept as a Smart Phone.

IBM Simon andcharging base (int.August 16, 1994)

The Operating systems that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other mobile device

A mobile operating systems is also referred to as mobile OS.

Features of Mobile OS.1. Including a Touch screen2. Camera3. Video Camera4. Speech Recognition5. Voice Recorder6. Music Player7. Near Field Communications8. Infrared Blaster

Operating Systems

1. Android2. iOS3. Windows Phone4. BlackBerry5. Bada6. Symbian7. Palm OS8. Windows Mobile9. Open-source development

The Below Listed of Mobile OS are available

Android Android is an open-source platform founded in

October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google.

The first phone to use Android was released in October 2008.

It was called the HTC Dream and was branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1.

Android 1.5 Cupcake Android 1.6 Donut Android 2.0,2.1 Eclair Android 2.2 Froyo Android 2.3 Gingerbread Android 3.0 Honeycomb Android 4.0 Ice Creams Sandwich Android 4.1,4.2,4.2: Jelly Beam

And The next upcoming Android Versions

Android 4.4 kitkat

Many Android Versions are Made

Windows Phone On February 15,

2010, Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS.

1. Windows Phone 72. Windows Phone8

1. Display2. Camera and Video3. Radio and television4. GPS services5. Popular applications

Features And Applications

1. Screens on smartphones vary largely in both display size and display resolution.

2. The most common screen sizes range from 3 inches to over 5 inches (measured diagonally).

3. Common resolutions for smartphone screens vary from 240×320 (QVGA) pixels to 1080×1920 (Full HD),with flagship Android phones commonly sporting full HD.

Display

Smartphone cameras are progressively improving: Higher pixel resolution and ISO speed sensor, lower F-number (bright and fast) lens, and better digital image processing for noise reduction.

Camera and Video

pixelresolution

device (pixel resolution, sensor size, 35 mm equiv. focal length, F-number)

40MP 40MP Nokia Lumia 1020 (41MP, 1/1.5”, 25mm, f/2.2), Nokia 808 Pureview (41MP, 1/1.2”, 26mm, f/2.4)

20MP Sony Xperia Z1 (20.7MP, 1/2.3”, 27mm, f/2.0),Nokia Lumia 1520 (20MP ,1/2.5" ,26mm , f/2.4)

10MP Lenovo K900 (13MP, ?”, ?mm, f/1.8), Samsung Galaxy S4 (13MP, 1/3.06”, 31mm, f/2.2), Motorola Moto X(10MP, 1/2.6”, 30mm, f/2.4)

pixelresolution

device (pixel resolution, sensor size, 35 mm equiv. focal length, F-number)

40MP 40MP Nokia Lumia 1020 (41MP, 1/1.5”, 25mm, f/2.2), Nokia 808 Pureview (41MP, 1/1.2”, 26mm, f/2.4)

20MP Sony Xperia Z1 (20.7MP, 1/2.3”, 27mm, f/2.0),Nokia Lumia 1520 (20MP ,1/2.5" ,26mm , f/2.4)

10MP Lenovo K900 (13MP, ?”, ?mm, f/1.8), Samsung Galaxy S4 (13MP, 1/3.06”, 31mm, f/2.2), Motorola Moto X(10MP, 1/2.6”, 30mm, f/2.4)

Camera and Video Smartphone cameras are progressively improving: Higher pixel resolution and ISO speed sensor, lower F-number (bright and fast) lens, and better digital image processing for noise reduction.

Some smartphones support FM radio, but noise-sensitive AM radio is usually not supported.

In some regions, such as Japan and Korea, most smartphones support mobile digital broadcasts (1seg or T-DMB), while some smartphones support regular digital broadcasts

Radio and television

GPS capability is available on phones within each of the three major mobile operating systems

GPS services

According to a ComScore report released on May 12, 2011, nearly one in five smartphone users are tapping into check-in services like Foursquare and Gowalla. A total of 16.7 million mobile phone subscribers used location-based services on their phones in March 2011.

Research published by Forrester Research in mid-2013 revealed that in a survey of 13,000 iPhone users and 15,000 Android users in the U.S.

weather apps were the most popular across both platforms, followed by social networking, navigation/mapping, and gaming apps

Popular applications

The Hardware components of smartphone

1. Processors 2. Graphics3. Memory & Storage4. Displays5. Connectivity & Sensors 6. Batteries

Hardware

Processors When reviewers are talking about the processors inside a smartphone they are usually actually referring to the system-on-a-chip.

A combination chipset that features things such as the actual processor cores, the graphics chipset, the RAM and possibly ROM as well, interface controllers for things such as USB and wireless tech, voltage regulators and more.

The actual processing cores are just one part of the overall system-on-a-chip that forms the basis of all modern phones.

Along with said processing cores and other subsystems in the SoC you find the graphics processing unit, or GPU, in very close proximity to the processor.

Graphics

Memory is important parts that are located on the mainboard inside the smartphone. Specifically the memory (or Ram) and the on-bord ans External storage (Rom)

Random Access Memory(RAM) Internal storage and ROM Size and Speed are Everything User removable storage

Memory & Storage

RAM, which is short for random access memory. RAM one of the critical components of the

smartphone along with the processing cores and dedicated graphics.

Without RAM in any sort of computing system like this your smartphone would fail to perform basic tasks because accessing files would be ridiculously slow.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Like RAM, internal storage is critical to a smartphone’s operation; without any place to store the operating system and critical files there would be nothing for the phone to do. Even if a phone has no storage accessible to the user, there will also be some form of internal storage that stores the operating system.

Internal storage and ROM

First and foremost when it comes to looking at a smartphone’s RAM is the size.

It’s fairly straightforward here to see that more is better, as the larger the capacity the more information can be stored and accessed quickly by other subsystems.Generally you shouldn’t be concerned about more storage using more power

Combined with a clever operating system, copious amounts of RAM aren’t necessary.Smartphone applications generally use a small amount of RAM (around 50 MB).

Size and Speed

User removable storage Sometimes user removable

storage is called “external” storage due to the fact that it can be removed. Nowadays all smartphones that

have user removable storage use microSD cards, with a few tablets offering full-sized SD card slots.

Out of the three major smartphone operating systems (iOS, Android and WP7), Android is the only one that really supports removable storage. MicroSD (and standard SD) cards are available in three different size classes. The original SD specification allowed cards up to 2 GB in size, and then SDHC (SD High Capacity) increased the size limit to 32 GB.

When it comes to smartphone displays, there are two main type that are Utilized the first of which is LCD,LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display.

smartphone screens vary from 240×320 (QVGA) pixels to 1080×1920 (Full HD).

Displays

SensorsA sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity & converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or an instrument

Many type of sensors are use in a smartphone

Overview Accelerometer GPS Gyroscope Magnetometer Proximity Sensors Touch screen sensor

Connectivity & sensors

Measures proper acceleration (acceleration it experiences relative to freefall), felt by people or objects

Units: m/s2 or g Most smartphone

accelerometers trade large value range for high precision, iPhone 4 range: ±2g, precision 0.018g

Accelerometer

Acceleration is measured on 3 axes

Location sensors detect the location of the smartphone using either

GPS Lateration/Triangulation

of cell towers or wifi networks (with database of known locations for towers and networks)

Location of associated cell tower or wifi network

GPS

GPS Connection to 3 satellites is required for 2D fix (latitude/

longitude), 4 satellites for 3D fix (altitude) More visible satellites increase precision of positioning Typical precision: 20-50m, maximum precision: 10m

Caveats GPS will not work indoors GPS quickly kills your battery A location fix takes a long period of time (30s…

12m), A-GPS helps Buildings reflect and occlude satellite signals

– thereby reducing precision of positioning in urban environments

Smartphones can try to automatically select the best suited alternative location provider (gps, cell towers, wifi), mostly based on desired precision

GPS

Gyroscope Detects the current orientation of the device,

or changes in the orientation Precisely: orientation can be computed from

the angular rate that is detected by the gyroscope, expressed in rad/s on 3 axis:

Measures the strength of earth’s magnetic field

Strength is expressed in tesla [T] Smartphones provide raw magnetometer data

and a computed compass bearing

Applications

1. Compass, of course – rotate maps/interfaces/graphics according to bearing

2. Tricorder, detect magnets, force fields, klingon shield strength.

Magnetometer

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.

A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object beingsensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target.

Proximity sensor

• Applications1. Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face2. Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in

order to reduce radiation exposure.

A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface.

The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen.

The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen can cause a voltage or signal change. This change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

Multi-touch technology Multi-touch denotes a set of

interaction techniques which allow computer users to control graphical applications with several fingers.

Touch screen sensor

The more functionality we pack into our smartphones, the more power they need to run.

The battery is the lifeblood of your mobile phone. The designers of mobile phones try hard to minimize and use more efficiently the power that the batteries use, which in turn gives longer service from smaller, lighter cell phone batteries.

Types of Cell Phone BatteriesLithium Polymer (Li-Poly) Batteries Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries Nickel Metal Hydrid (NiMH) Batteries

Batteries

Application stores

Store 2009 (millions U.S.)

2010 (millions U.S.)

Apple App Store $769 $1782

Blackberry App World

$36 $165

Nokia Ovi Store $13 $105

Google Play $11 $102

Total $828 $2155

Smartphone application distribution was largely dependent on third-party sources providing applications Smartphone Customerfor multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, PocketGear, and others.

Smartphone usageFor several years, the

demand for smartphones has outpaced other products on the mobile phone market. According to a 2012 survey, around half of U.S. mobile consumers own smartphones. They could account for around 70% of all U.S. mobile devices by

2013; in the 25 to 34 age group, smartphone ownership is so far reported at 62%. For the third quarter of 2011, the NPD Group reported that in the U.S., the proportion of handset sales that were made up of smartphones reached 59% for consumers aged 18 and over.

Market share

Historical sales figures (in millions of units)

Year Android(Google)

Mining for resources The amount of pollution that results from the

production of a smartphone until its disposal is substantial.

The environmental impact of these devices can be understood by observing its product life cycle.

Environmental impact

Another major issue associated with cell phones is the process by which they are disposed of after the end of their lifespan.

Companies have been responsible for improperly recycling their old/used smartphones causing damage to the environment.

Cell phones can contain dangerous chemicals such as antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, arsenic, nickel and zinc

These chemicals have the potential to run off into surrounding water bodies or seep into soil causing harmful effects to wildlife and even the human population.

Chemicals running off into surrounding water bodies could make their way into drinkable water systems and contaminate this supply.

Disposal

New programs and control measures are the focus of the future as countries strive to produce initiatives where consumers can properly dispose of their smartphone.

An example of such an initiative is called “Recycle My Cell” which has been established in Canada since 2008 which assists Canadian residents in disposing of their cell phones properly.

Cell phones that cannot be salvaged will be recycled in accordance with the Basel Convention on the trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste and their disposal.

Recycling initiatives

A study conducted by the University of Vienna found that social factors played a major role in the usage of mobile phones.

Especially the subjective belief of how users are seen by significant others, or how they would like to be seen by significant others seem to play a major role.

There are numerous smartphone applications that have positive social and environmental effects.

For example, smartphones have proven to be useful tools for encouraging energy conservation by assisting crowd source building energy audits.

Social impact

Thank you