Smart Ways to Protect Your Investment from Rhinoceros ......2017/03/03 · Jangkitan bermula...
Transcript of Smart Ways to Protect Your Investment from Rhinoceros ......2017/03/03 · Jangkitan bermula...
Smart Ways to Protect Your Investment from Rhinoceros Beetle & Rodent Pests
by Noor Hisham Hamid
INTRODUCTION
The practice of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) has been implemented in oil palm in
Malaysia against several pests and diseases
(P&D) of oil palm.
Holistic approaches have been built into the
P&D control programme to reduce pest
populations below the threshold level with
minimal environmental impact.
ORYCTES BEETLE : ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
• FFB price RM 600.00/tan
• Average yield for 1st year
harvesting = 10 tan/ha.
• Crop lost due to severe infestation : 25%
• Potential lost/ ha/year = RM1500
• Potential monetary lost per year if 10,000 ha replanting program = RM15 mill
Plant Health DivisionFelda Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd
CROP PROTECTION
Severe damage as much as 15% ofleaf area can be lost (Samsuddin et al1993), resulting in a yield decline ofup to 25% (Liau and Ahmad, 1991).
Oryctes
rhinoceros
9 adults
1 male : 1 female
1st Generation
5 females
12
months
45 adults
23 females
12
month2nd GenerationSingle female
adult
1 male : 1 female
40%
mortality
15 eggs 75 eggs
40%
mortality
1,725 eggs
1,035 adults
Reproduction Potential :
Monetary loss:
BREEDING SITES
Ecology
Culture :
4 inches size of
OP biomass
Biological
Control:
Metarhizium
anisopliae
Ecology
engineering:
Legume
cover crop
Chemical
Control:
Prophylactic
spraying
Semi-Chemical:
Pheromone trap
1 unit over 5 ha
Mucuna
bracteata
Solid substrateformulation
Cypermethrin, 0.056%
Powder formulation
Early of replanting schedule
Shredding
technique
Perimeter of replanting area
Oryctes rhinoceros
Management
BIOPESTICIDE PRODUCT
(ORY-X)
ORY-X • Intensively research inlaboratory by Malaysian PalmOil Board (MPOB)
(Lundi kumbang badak mati ditumbuhi kulat Metarhizium)
SERBUK BANCUH (WP) RACUN SERANGGA
Perawis Aktif : metarhizium anisopliae var. majus(ST-01) 20.0% w/w
(1.1 x 1011 spores/kg)
Perawis Lengai : 80.0% w/w
No. Pendaftaran : LRMP. R1/7765
Didaftarkan oleh:
FELDA Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd (FASSB)(No: 353791-M)
Tingkat 7, Balai Felda,Jalan Gurney 1, 54000 Kuala Lumpur
Telefon: 03-26987772Kandungan Bersih : 1 kg
PUSAT RACUN NEGARA - 1-800-88-8099 (waktu pejabat)
- 012-4309499 (lepas waktu pejabat)
BACA LABEL SEBELUM GUNATarikh Mengilang :
JAUHKAN DARIPADA MAKANAN
• Excessively tested in small andlarge scale areas of oil palm inMalaysia by Felda AgriculturalServices Sdn Bhd (FASSB).
DAN KANAK - KANAKKELAS IV
Metarhizium – Artificial Breeding Site
Rhinoceros beetle adultattracted to pheromonetrap and decomposedchipping in disseminatortrap
Breeding site inoculated with Metarhizium
Contaminated beetlesdisseminate theinoculums into the field(breeding sites inreplanting areas)
Ph
ero
mo
ne
Trap
10 feet
10 feet
ARTIFICAL BREEDING SITE (1 : 5 Ha)
New approach for delivery
system of Metarhizium into the
oil palm replanting.
Application : Artificial Breeding Site (ABS)
Metarhizium trial at Sahabat 17 (at 20 MAA)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Cu
mu
lati
ve In
fecti
on
,%
Month after application
Cumulative infection,% of RB by Metarhizium at 20 MAA (Treated area)
RB
0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Cu
mu
lati
ve In
fecti
on
,%
Month after application
Cumulative infection,% of RB by Metarhiziumat 20 MAA ( Untreated area)
RB
• N, Treated Population = 1818 ( 29%) – healthy ( 1288)
• N, Control Population = 2201 ( 3.8%) – healthy (2120)
• Corrected Mortality,% (Abbot’s Formula)= 37%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Palm
Dam
ag
ed
%
Month after application (MAA)
Treatment Control
Mean of palm damaged (%)
Treated = 0.65 ± 0.26
Control = 2.06 ± 0.66
12
Metarhizium Solid Substrate/ORY-X EZI
13
Infection
incidence:monthly
assessment
43.142.5
7.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Powder Solid substrate Untreated
Cum
ula
tive i
nfe
cti
on (
%)
Treatment
Artificial breeding site application : 20 MAA
33.331.7
3.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Powder Solid substrate Untreated
Cum
ula
tive i
nfe
cti
on(%
)
Treatment
Blanket application : 20 MAA
Fig. 4. Per cent of infection of M. anisopliae on O.rhinoceros stage through blanket application. Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different by Kruskal –Wallis followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests at the 5% probability level.
Fig. 5. Per cent of infection of M. anisopliae on O.rhinoceros stage through disseminator trap application. Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different by Kruskal –Wallis followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests at the 5% probability level.
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
egg
Instar I
Instar II
Instar III
Pre pupal
Pupal
Adult Male
Adult Female
Infection (%)
Stag
es o
f bee
tle
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
egg
Instar I
Instar II
Instar III
Pre pupal
Pupal
Adult Male
Adult Female
Infection (%)
Stag
es o
f bee
tle
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
a
bc
b
c
c
bc
PAST AND RECENT:
Infection Stage
A
B
Jangkitan bermula apabila spora bersentuh kulit dan
bercambah apabila persekitaran lembab.
Selanjutnya, hifa ini terus merebak, membiak serta
menyerang organ-organ utama menyebabkan ia tidak
berfungsi.
JANGKITAN KULAT METARHIZIUM KE ATAS KUMBANG BADAK
Selanjutnya, hifa akan keluar semula di atas kulit dan
seterusnya mengeluarkan spora-spora baru.
Spora bercambah mengeluarkan
hifa muda (panah)
Peringkat awal jangkitan dengan tanda bintik hitam dikulit (panah)
1
Spora mengeluarkan hifa muda dan sintesis enzim
untuk memcernakan kulit serangga. 2
Hifa muda memasuki badan serangga dan
mengeluarkan bahan toksik untuk menyekat sistem
pertahanan badan serangga.
3
4
Hifa merebak di dalam badan serangga menyebabkan
serangga akan mati dan menjadi keras.5
Kumbang ditumbuhi spora
6
Metarhizium Metarhizium
Commercial Name ORY-X ORY-X EZI
Active ingredient1.5 X 1012 1.5 X 1012
-20% -20%
Application MethodABS ABS
(1:5 ha) (1:5 ha)
Price / liter @ kg 160.00 16.00
Rate (kg) 1.00 10.00
Product cost (RM) 160.00 160.00
Labor (RM) 11.00 11.00
Frequency of treatment 2 round / 36 month 1 round / 36 month
Cost/ ABS(RM) 182.00 182.00
ABS (RM) 50.00 50.00
Pheromone trap/ha (RM) 189.00 189.00
Petrol, surfactant etc(RM) 25.00
Total cost (RM) 446.00 421.00
Per ha + PheromoneRM89.2 RM84.2
Per ha (-) Pheromone51.4 46.4
Cypermethrin Carbofuran Carbosulfan
5% 3% 5%
Spraying on frond base
Apply on frond spear
Apply on frond spear
RM 209.28 RM 246.00 RM 387.00
COST COMPARISON
D
Disseminator Trap
Pheromone trap
• Immediately after fellingprogram at 1 trap / 2 ha
• Place at the boundary for8 - 12 months
• Monitor the trap atweekly interval
Legume cover
• Establishment of legumecover immediately afterplanting
• Legume cover should bewell covered 6 - 7 monthsafter felling
Metarhizium anisopliae
(Ory X / MSS)
• Apply at 5-6 months afterfelling program onto theartificial breeding sites
• Setting up at theboundary, 1 point for 5 ha
• Apply Ory X / MSS ontothe trapping point at 4months interval
Census & chemical application
• Chemical treatment to becarried out if damageabove critical level (5%)
• Cypermethrin (0.056%) at2 weeks interval until thefresh damage below 5%
ORYCTES BEETLE : IPM
1 2 3 4
IPM OF RB – PERCENTAGE OF RECOVERY
Potential losses 25% yield
15% damage42%
recovered
38%
recovered
2%
recovered 2.7%
damage
82% recovery of economic losses or RM1,200 per ha or 12.0 mil per 10,000 ha
IPM APPROACH - TIMELINE
0
Month
4 6
12
Breeding season startsHigh infestation of RB
Chipping & Felling starts(on specification of size)
24
Metarhizium anisopliae,
ORY-X ®
• Blanket application, or
• Artificial breeding site
Biological approach
Semi-chemical (Pheromone trap )
Chemical control
Cypermethrin. 0.056%
Cyfluthrin 0.018%
•Prophylactic spraying
Immediate establishes of cover crop
Manual hand-picking
5
Integrated Pest Management of Rat
• Regular survey and monitoring of rat population in the field
• One round 100% density application or one bait per palm and follow up with selective application rounds if the fresh damage is above 5% in selective blocks
• Barn owl establishment
OBJECTIVE:• To develop a control package of rats in oil palm
TARGET:
• Reduce incidence of attack below 5%
STRATEGIES• 1st generation anticoagulant poison i.e chlorophacinone is being used since 1980’sreplacing warfarin. Baiting is by far the most effective and practical method.• Other practices include fixing up wire netting collar as protectant.• New bait formulation using bromodialone as the active ingredient• The role of the barn owl, Tyto alba, in controlling rats in mature oil palm• Preliminary results suggest that both baiting and predation by barn owl markedlycontrolled rat damage.
MATURE PALM :
SERIOUS DAMAGE CAUSED 5% - 12% LOSSES OF OIL YIELD.
IMMATURE PALM
CAUSED 20% OF YIELD LOSSES COMPARED TO NON DAMAGE PALM
ECONOMIC LOSSES
Rattus tiomanicus
(Wood rat)
Rattus rattus diardii
(House rat)
Rattus argentiventer
(Rice field rat)
IDENTIFICATION OF RAT SPECIES
Integrated Pest Management of Rat
STRONGLY SUPPORT THROUGH RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
• FASSB : > 30 YEARSEXPERIENCES IN R&D
• ACCEPTANCE &PALATIBILITY TEST INLABORATORY
• POPULATION STUDY INFIELD
BUTIK S (1st Generation Rodenticide)
AI : 0.005% CHLOROPHACINONE
BUTIK G2 (2nd Generation Rodenticide)
AI : 0.005% BROMODIOLONE
HIGHLY POTENT & EFFECTIVE RAT BAITS
Bait Total of Test Bait
Consumed (g)
Total of Control Bait Consumed
(g)
Total(g)
% Acceptance
Palatability ratio
BUTIK G2 447.7 579.6 1027.3 43.6 0.77
X1 Bait 263.3 668.9 932.2 28.2 0.39
EPA requirement for acceptance level: Not significantly different from 33% against standard diet(equivalent to a palatability ratio of 0.5).
MULTI CHOICE FEEDING TEST (BAIT ACCEPTANCE & PALATABILITY RATIO)
Bait No of round
applied
% FFB Damage % EfficacyBelow
critical level (5.0%)Pre-census 4 WAA 4 WAA
BUTIK G2 3 17.0 2.0 94.1 √
X1 Bait 3 13.0 6.0 76.9
CONTROL - 5.0 10.0 - 100
COMMERCIAL FIELD’S EFFICACY TEST OF BUTIK G2
WAA : Week After Application
• In Peninsular, barn owl (Tyto alba) population is rapidly increasedafter the establishment of artificial nest box.
• 99.4% diet consisted of Rattus sp.
• A pair of breeding birds and their chicks (usually 4 - 5 chicks) mighteat as many as 3,000 rats each year
• Barn owls prefer to live in environment where the rats are abundant.
Biological Approach – Barn owl
Tyto alba javanica
BANDICOTA INDICA
Rat Species Mean consumption Kernel (gm/rat/day)
Weight of kernel/fruit (g)
No. Unripe fruits
Rattus tiomanicus 8 0.4 20
Bandicota indica 80 0.4 200
Amount eaten by Rat Species
Bandicota indica (350 – 1000g)
Rattus tiomanicus (100 -130g)
HABITAT AND DAMAGES
BANDICOTA INDICA
RODENTICIDE BAITS – EFFICACY STUDY
BUTIK S BUTIK G2 EBOR 2030 STORM YASADION
Mortality study of large bandicota on
different rodenticides
CHLOROPHACINONE BROMADIOLONE FLOUCUMAFEN BRODIFACOUM DIPHACINONE CONTROL
% MORTALITY IKETUL 12.5 75 20 50 50 0
% MORTALITY 3KETUL 71.5 88.8 66.6 70 77.7 0
% MORTALITY 6KETUL 66.6 100 100 78 87.5 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Type of rodenticide
Mortality of Bandicota indica after treated with baits at1, 3 & 6 pcs
BAIT’S PREFERENCE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BUTIK S BUTIK G2 STORM EBOR 2030 YASADION
Berat umpan 10.5 29.7 27.2 19.4 24.9
g
Mean of taken bait by Bandicota indica (g) after 4 days
EFFICACY OF RODENTICIDE : BUTIK G2
Plantain squirrel – Callosciurus notatus
UKT, FASSB
2012
Hafidzi , 1993. Nature of damage to oil palm by the plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus : evidence from gut contents. The Planter 69: 207 - 210.
TRAPPING AND BAITING
SQUIRREL DIET – INDIRECT IMPACT TODECREASE THE WEEVIL POPULATION
Pollinator larvae Male spikelet
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