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TEST – 27 key and explanation

1. (c) Explanation: National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) was proposed in Union Budget 2010-11 for funding research and innovative projects in clean energy technology. While it must be ensured that the principal of a “polluter pays” remains the basic guiding criteria for pollution management, there should also be a positive thrust for development of clean energy. And to build the purpose of the NCEF, the Government of India proposed to levy a clean energy cess on coal produced in India at a nominal rate of Rs.50 per tonne, which will also be applicable to imported coal. National Clean Energy Fund was mainly aimed to fund the entrepreneurial ventures and research towards the clean energy development. In order to finance the fund a clean energy cess on coal produced or imported in India has been introduced. It is Rs.50 per tonne of coal. The fund is a non lapsable fund under Public Accounts. Finance Minister ArunJaitley in his budget for 2016-2017 increased the cess on coal production from Rs 200 per tonne to Rs 400 per tonne. He also said the Clean Energy Cess would be renamed as Clean Environment Cess. This was the third time the cess was doubled, since being introduced as Rs 50 per tonne in the 2010 budget. When it was doubled from Rs 100 per tonne to Rs 200 per tonne last year, it was estimated that it would contribute about Rs 13,000 crore to National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) every year. Any project/scheme for innovative methods to adopt to clean energy technology and research & development shall be eligible for funding under the NCEF. The projects fields eligible are: solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, Silicon manufacturing, coal gasification, coal bed methane, shale oil, hydrogen/fuel cells, hybrid vehicles, advanced computing, nuclear technology and NAPCC projects etc.

2. (d)

Explanation : Statement 1 is correct as per Art 117. (1)

Statement 2 is correct as per Art 113(3) 3. (d)

4. (d)

Exp: UPI is a secured interface where the customer doesn’t required to disclose his any personal detail including his account number. Every UPI user has UPI ID which is used to make the transactions. It is developed by NPCIL and iSpirit. iSpirit is not a government project. It is an individual think tank.

5. (d)

Exp: Variable cost reserve ratio is a quantitave credit control. Selective credit control (qualitative control) includes regulation of consumer credit, rationing of credit, margin requirements, moral suasion etc.

6. (c) Explanation: Kandriya Mahadeva temple: Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh Konark Sun Temple 13th-century Sun Temple (also known as

the "Black Pagoda") It is built in the form of the chariot of

Surya (Arka), the sun god with 24 wheels, and is heavily decorated with symbolic stone carvings and led by a team of six horses.

It was constructed from oxidizing weathered ferruginous sandstone by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.

The temple is one of the most renowned temples in India and is a World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984

Kandriya Mahadeva temple Belong to the Hindu and Jain

Religious practices with striking fusion of sculpture and architecture.

Build by Chandelas, 10th century. Jagannath temple

The image of Jagannath is made out of wood.

The temple was built in the 12th by the progenitor of the Eastern Ganga

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dynasty, King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva.

The temple is famous for its annual Rath Yatra, or chariot festival.

7. (a)

8. (b)

Explanation Statement 1 is wrong as it is President and not Parliament under Art 338(2) Statement 2 is correct as per Art 338(10)

9. (d)

10. (b)

Explanation : Statement 1 is correct as per Art 116(1)(c) Statement 2 is correct as per Art 116(1)(b) Statement 3 is wrong as it is only Lok Sabha per Art 116(1)(a)

11. (a)

Explanation: The algae that are freely floating are affected by an oil spill due to the fact that the layer of oil above the sea surface reduces their photosynthetic capacity. Since most oils float, the creatures most affected by oil are animals like sea otters and seabirds that are found on the sea surface or on shorelines if the oil comes ashore. During most oil spills, seabirds are harmed and killed in greater numbers than other kinds of creatures. Sea otters can easily be harmed by oil, since their ability to stay warm depends on their fur remaining clean. If oil remains on a beach for a while, other creatures, such as snails, clams, and terrestrial animals may suffer. Seabirds get covered with oil while diving into oily waters to fish. The birds may ingest oil when they eat prey that is covered in or has ingested oil. Once birds are covered with oil, they have difficulty flying, or are completely unable to fly, making feeding and getting away from predators impossible. Many species of birds, including the brown pelican (just taken off the endangered list) face threats from the oil spill on the coastal islands and wetlands of the Gulf that they use as rookeries. When whales, dolphins and porpoises surface to breathe, oily water can cover their

blowholes and enter their lungs, making breathing difficult. Oil can get into the animals’ eyes, potentially causing damage to vision. It can also enter their mouths, where it can be ingested, potentially damaging internal organs. Oil contamination is likely to have detrimental effects on cetacean reproduction and long-term health. Different classes of marine mammals experience different consequences from external oiling. Heavily furred animals, such as sea otters and fur seals, rely on a thick haircoat to maintain warmth and buoyancy. The fur traps a thin layer of air adjacent to the animal’s skin similar to the way feathers function in birds. This air layer insulates the body against the surrounding cold ocean water. When exposed to oil, the alignment of the hairs is altered, and the air layer is destroyed. Cold sea water is able to seep through the contaminated fur and causes the animal to rapidly become hypothermic.

12. (d)

Explanation: Upper-course river features include

steep-sided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges.

Middle-course river features include wider, shallower valleys, meanders, and oxbow lakes.

Lower-course river features include wide flat-bottomed valleys, floodplains and deltas.

13. (b) Explanation: The "co-operative societies" is a subject enumerated in Entry 32 of the State List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and the State Legislatures have accordingly enacted legislations on co-operative societies. Within the framework of State Acts, growth of co-operatives on large scale was envisaged as part of the efforts for securing social and economic justice and equitable distribution of the fruits of development.

14. (c)

Source: Economic Survey 15-16.

15. (c)

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Exp: An indicator species is any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment. Geoldichironomous was in news as in

made Green pattern in Taj Mahal. It is an indicator species of river pollution.

Tubifex worms: indicate non potable, stagnant, oxygen-poor water.

Crow indicates a Human habitable environment.

Humming Bird is a Keystone species. Not an indicator species. Hummingbirds are keystone species in the Sonoran Desert. Hummingbirds pollinate many varieties of native cactus and other plants. In areas of the Sonoran Desert with few hummingbirds, invasive species such as buffel grass have taken over the ecosystem. A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.

16. (c)

17. (c)

Explanation: Attirampakkam Palaeolithic site Type-site of the Acheulean handaxe-

based 'Madras Industries'.

18. (c) Explanation: Statement 1: US have world’s largest cropped area. Followed by India, China, Russia and Brazil.

19. (c) Explanation: In 1936, the first National Park in India was created and named as the Hailey National Park, now called the Corbett National Park, in Uttaranchal. The sections 18 to 34 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 deal with Sanctuaries, section 35 deals with National Parks and section 38 empowers the Central Government to declare areas as Sanctuaries or National Parks Section 18 of WPA, 1972 - Declaration of Sanctuary. The State Government may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or the territorial waters as a sanctuary if it

considers that such area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. Section 35 of WPA, 1972 - Declaration of National Parks. Whenever it appears to the State Government that an area, whether within a sanctuary or not, is, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to be constituted as a National Park for the purpose of protection & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment, it may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute such area as a National Park. Section 37 of WPA, 1972 - Declaration of closed area. The State Government may, by notification, declare any area closed to hunting for such period as may be specified in the notification. Section 38 of WPA, 1972 - Power of Central Government to declare areas as Sanctuaries or National Park, - Where the State Government leases or otherwise transfers any area under its control, not being an area within a Sanctuary, to the Central Government the Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the conditions specified in sec.18 are fulfilled in relation to the area so transferred to it, declare such area, by notification, to be a sanctuary and the provisions of [sec 18 to 35 (both inclusive) 16], 54 and 55 shall apply in relation to such sanctuary as they apply in relation to a sanctuary declared by the State Government.

20. (b)

Exp: Takes place when supply falls drastically and demand remains same.

21. (d)

Explanation: Charter act 1833 Company Lost its monopoly of china

trade A centralized administration in India: -

Governor General of Bengal becomes the Governor General of India with the power to control, superintend direct civil and military affairs.

Madras, Bombay & Calcutta were placed under the direct and complete control of the governor general.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

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4 members added to the Executive Council of Governor General. A law member only to vote on issues of law comes into the council.

A law commission was constituted to consolidate, codify and improve Indian laws.

22. (c)

23. (d) Exp: Nai Manzil scheme, a scheme of bridge course for Madrassa passouts is for Entire India (Includes J&K) It receives aid from World Bank, not IMF.

24. (b)

Exp: Coal-fired power plants are the single largest stationary source of pollution. Carbon dioxide (CO2): Coal-fired electric power plants comprise the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the world. Burning fossil fuels such as coal releases carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution, making energy use the single largest source of greenhouse gases in the world. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): Gas emitted through burning coal and oil, that converts into acid gases (sulfuric acid) and sulfur particulate matter (pm). Health effects include: airway irritation, heart rhythm destabilization, and asthma attacks. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx): General term for NO/O2 hazes formed from burning coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline. It is a main ingredient in acid rain and ozone smog. Particulate Matter (PM): Soil, soot, SO2, and NOx particles from power plants, cars, and factories that are tiny enough to penetrate indoor spaces and deep into the lungs. PM of size ranging from 0.1 µm, 2.5 µm and 10 µm are released during its operation. Coal ash commonly contains some of the earth’s deadliest toxics: arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and selenium.

25. (a)

Explanation: Article 261(1). Full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every State. (2) The manner in which and the conditions under which the acts, records and proceedings referred to in clause (1) shall be

proved and the effect thereof determined shall be as provided by law made by Parliament 3) Final judgments or orders delivered or passed by civil courts in any part of the territory of India shall be capable of execution anywhere within that territory according to law

26. (c)

Explanation: Large scale fluctuations of oil flow from oil wells prior to earthquakes were reported in Israel, northern Caucasus (Europe) and China. These earthquakes which occurred in 1969, 1971 and 1972 gave rise to increased flow of oil before their occurrence. It has been suggested that when the tectonic stress accumulates to a certain level, the pore pressure within a deep oil bearing strata reach its breaking strength causing oil to sprout along the oil wells

27. (d) Explanation: River wise Location of Main Harappan Sites

Site River Harappan Ravi Mohen-jo-daro Sindh Chanhudaro Sindh Lothal Sabarmati &Bhogvas Kalibangan Ghagghar Rangpur Meedar Alamgirpur Hindon Banawali Saraswati Meettathal Yamuna Kotdiji Sindh Sutkagendor Dashta

28. (c)

29. (a)

Exp: Labour is a human capital.

30. (a) Exp: As per Art 19(6) only statement 1 is correct

31. (c)

Exp: Elephant Range countries: 8 countries Asia India, Indonesia, Srilanka, Thailand Africa Botswana, Tanzia, Kanya, Congo.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_court

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32. (d) Exp: On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

33. (c)

Explanation: There is no distinction between the expenditure on the plan and non plan account in the constitution. The budgetary classification of planned and non planned expenditure was because of the introduction of centralized planning.

34. (d) Exp: II Green revolution covers 7 states viz western UP, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Assam.

35. (a) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2011 was notified in January, 2011 for the main land and also the Island Protection Zone (IPZ) Notification, 2011 for Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. It replaced CRZ of 1991, which was amended for 25 times and needed an update. CRZ area now includes the water area up to 12 nautical miles in the sea and the entire water area of a tidal water body such as creek, river, estuary, etc. The CRZ notification 2011 enshrines that concept of a Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP). It will be prepared with the fullest involvement and participation of local communities. The “no development zone” definition has been changed. It is reduced from 200 metres from the high-tide line to 100 meters only. This has been done to meet increased demands of housing of fishing and other traditional coastal communities. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1991 and the recently issued CRZ Notification, 2011, prohibits the mining of sand, rocks and other substrata material including limestone except rare minerals like, monazite, rutile etc., and exploitation of oil and natural gas. All activities which are permissible under these Notifications are required to obtain clearance under these Notifications. Mining of the sand, rocks and other substrata material is expected to cause damage to the Coastal environment including the Sea water intrusion.

36. (d)

Explanation: Rajya: 1 time Vis: 120 times Sabha: 8 times Om: 1028 times

37. (b)

Explanation: The yearly changes in the position of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of the

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ecliptic causes seasonal variations in day length to all locations outside of the equator. Longest days occur during the June solstice for locations north of the equator and on the December solstice for locations in the Southern Hemisphere. The equator experiences equal day and night on every day of the year. Day and night is also of equal length for all Earth locations on the September and March equinoxes.

38. (c)

Explanation : Statement 1 is correct as per Art 93 Statement 2 is correct as per Art 95(1)

39. (b) 40. (d)

Explanation For more than 20 years, the UNEP Sasakawa Prize has been recognizing outstanding individuals and organizations for their significant contribution to the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development. Following its revitalization in 2004, the Prize was re-launched in 2005 with the new mandate of nurturing grassroots based innovation, research, initiatives and ideas on green solutions to environmental challenges by offering $200,000 as financial support to the winner.

41. (d) Explanation: The countries that have shorelines along the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,

42. (c)

Exp:Buffer stocks safeguards the consumers, not the producers.

43. (b)

PCBs are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine atoms. The number of chlorine atoms and their location in a PCB molecule determine many of its physical and chemical properties. PCBs have no known taste or smell, and range in consistency from an oil to a waxy solid. Products that may contain PCBs include: Transformers and capacitors

Electrical equipment including voltage regulators, switches, re-closers, bushings, and electromagnets

Oil used in motors and hydraulic systems Old electrical devices or appliances

containing PCB capacitors Fluorescent light ballasts Cable insulation Thermal insulation material including

fiberglass, felt, foam, and cork Adhesives and tapes Oil-based paint Plastics Carbonless copy paper PCBs can degrade or breakdown in the environment, but the process greatly depends on the chemical makeup of the PCBs. The degrading process also depends on where the PCBs are in the environment. Typically, PCBs are either broken down in the environment by sunlight or by microorganisms. Sunlight plays an important role in the breakdown of PCBs when they are in the air, shallow water, or surface soils. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi, biodegrade PCBs when found in soil or sediments. PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish in water. They are also taken up by other animals that eat these aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water. PCB is considered to be an endocrine disruptor particularly thyroid hormones.

44. (d)

Explanation: Inland waterways in India consist of the Ganges (Ganga)–Bhagirathi–Hooghly rivers, the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers.

45. (b)

Exp: Why in News? Additional Finance Secretary Dinesh Sharma

has been elected as the Chairperson of the Governing Council of International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD).

IFAD: The International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD), a specialized agency of

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the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference.

The conference was organized in response to the food crises of the early 1970s that primarily affected the Sahelian countries of Africa.

It resolved that “an International Fund for Agricultural Development should be established immediately to finance agricultural development projects primarily for food production in the developing countries.

One of the most important insights emerging from the conference was that the causes of food insecurity and famine were not so much failures in food production but structural problems relating to poverty, and to the fact that the majority of the developing world’s poor populations were concentrated in rural areas.

IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries. Seventy-five per cent of the world’s poorest people - 1.4 billion women, children and men - live in rural areas and depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods.

Working with poor rural people, governments, donors, non-governmental organizations and many other partners, IFAD focuses on country-specific solutions, which can involve increasing poor rural people’s access to financial services, markets, technology, land and other natural resources.

IFAD’s Strategic Framework for 2011-2015 IFAD’s activities are guided by its Strategic

Framework on enabling poor rural people to improve their food security and nutrition, raise their incomes and strengthen their resilience. Goal

IFAD’s goal is to empower poor rural women and men in developing countries to achieve higher incomes and improved food security. Objectives

IFAD will ensure that poor rural people have better access to, and the skills and organization they need to take advantage of Natural resources, especially secure access

to land and water, and improved natural resource management and conservation practices.

Improved agricultural technologies and effective production services.

A broad range of financial services. Transparent and competitive markets for

agricultural inputs and produce. Opportunities for rural off-farm employment

and enterprise development Local and national policy and programming

processes. Note: Additional Info IFAD was set-up in 1977 as the 13th

Specialised Agency of the United Nations and works towards removing poverty and hunger in rural areas all over the world.

India is a founder member of IFAD and a key contributor among the member countries.

The council is managed by two main governing bodies — the Governing Council and the Executive Board.

The Governing Council is the highest decision making body and consists of 176 member countries.

The Governing Council Session was marked by special focus on inclusive growth and on the investments required to meet the Sustainable Development Goals in the realm of eradicating poverty and hunger.

India emphasised that economic growth must be inclusive and participatory; and should result in an enhanced access to opportunities to all.

India further added that access to formal finance at an affordable cost and in a transparent manner, would be crucial for a meaningful financial inclusion.

46. (b)

Explanation : statements 1 is wrong as it is not speaker but president who makes rules regulating the recruitment and service conditions of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of Lok Sabha and statement 2 is correct as per Art 98(3)

47. (c) Exp: Aims to protect more than 24 crore

children in the ages of 1-19 years from intestinal worms. After getting the ‘Polio-free’ status, India now wants to target intestinal parasitic worms among the children to achieve status of being ‘Worm-free’

Albendazole tablets will be given to all targeted children; half tablet to 1-2 years

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children and one full tablet for 2-19 years. Deworming is administering an antihelmintic drug to a human or animal to rid them of parasites, such as roundworm, hookworms, flukes and tapeworm

48. (a)

Elara Ruled a part of Sri Lanka from 205 BC to

161 BC including the ancient capital of Anuradhapura.

Often referred to as 'the Just King'. The Tamil name Ellalan means, 'the one

who rules the Ellai (boundary).

49. (d)

Explanation:

Bordering Pakistan

Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujrat

Bordering China

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh

Bordering Nepal

Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal

Bordering Bangladesh

West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom

Bordering Bhutan

West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom

Bordering Myanmar

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram

Bordering Afghanistan

Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

50. (b)

Explanation: The concept of ecological pyramid was developed by Charles Elton; these pyramids are also known as Eltonian pyramids. The pyramids are a graphical representation which depicts the number of organisms, biomass and productivity at each trophic level. All ecological pyramids begin at the bottom with the produces and proceed through different trophic levels. Ecological pyramids begin with the producers at the bottom like plants and they

proceed to various trophic levels like herbivores consume plants, carnivores prey on herbivores and so on. The highest level is at the top of the food chain. There are 3 types of ecological pyramids as described as follows: Pyramid of energy Pyramid of numbers and Pyramid of biomass. Among these, only the pyramid of energy is always broader at its base. Other pyramids differ in their base structure depending upon the ecosystem concerned. Also ecological pyramids does not includes decomposers.

51. (b)

52. (d)

53. (c)

An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. A species' niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. No two species have identical niches. The term niche differentiation refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches (i.e., ecological roles) compete, then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction. When two species.

54. (a)

Explanation: B.G.TILAK (1856-1920): Associated in the formation of the

Deccan Education Society and foundation of the Fergusson College, Poona.

Sir valentine Chirol called him the ‘Father of Unrest in India’

Books : ‘The artic home of the vedas’ and Gita rahasya

Newspapers : ‘The Maharatta’ (English) and Kesari (Marathi)

Thilak started akharas, lathi clubs and Anti-cow societies.

55. (a)

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Explanation: The price rise of an asset unexplained by the fundamentals and still people interested in holding the Assets. After the bursting of the bubble, assets cool down to their real prices. A bubble is a run-up in the price of an asset that is not justified by the fundamental supply and demand factors for the asset. Bubbles can occur in any traded commodity or financial instrument. A partial list of past bubbles includes: Commodities: gold, sugar, coffee, cotton, wheat Debt: various government bonds Stocks: South Sea Company, British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, various banks, railroad shares, conglomerates, new issues, high tech stocks Real Estate: Mines, raw land (France, Austria, Germany, Florida, Arizona), hotels, office buildings, single family homes, mines Derivatives: commodity futures, stock puts and calls, collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps

56. (b)

Exp: Totally 5 Industrial Corridors Delhi Mumbai IC Bangalore Chennai IC Kolkata Amristar IC Mumbai Bangalore IC Chennai Vishakapattinam IC

57. (c)

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as per Art 145(3) Statement 2 is wrong as the term sis years is given in The comptroller and auditor general's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) ACT, 1971 Statement 3 is correct as per The comptroller and auditor general's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) ACT, 1971.It says The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall, in so far as the accounts, for the compilation or keeping of which he is responsible, enable him so to do, give to the Union government, to the State Governments or to the Governments of Union Territories having Legislative Assemblies, as the case may be, such information as they may, from time to time, require, and render such assistance in the

preparation of their annual financial statements as they may reasonably ask for.

58. (b)

Explanation: BS-VI vehicles have to be equipped with an SCR (selective catalytic reduction) module to reduce oxides of nitrogen, which is done by injecting an aqueous urea solution (AUS 32, which contains ammonia) into the system when the exhaust is moving. SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent.

59. (a)

60. (c)

Explanation: Gujarat: 1299 Mewar: 1303 Ratanpur: 1301 Devagiri: 1307 Alauddin Khalji (1269-1316 AD) Introduction of ‘Dagh’ (branding of horses)

and ‘Chahra’ (descriptive roll of soldiers). Abolition of ‘Iqtas’ Establishment of separate markets for food

grains, manufactured goods, general merchandise and horses, cattle and slave. Shehna-i-mandi was appointed to keep a strict vigil.

Creation of new department ‘Diwan-I-Mustakhraj’ to enquire into the revenue arrears and to collect them.

Efficient espionage system. A new department ‘Diwani-I-Riyasat’ was

created to control Market. His theory of kingship was based on

‘Kingship knows no kinship’. Built Alai Darwaza, Siri (a new city in Delhi). He had the idea of becoming Sikandar-i-Sani

(second Alexander).

61. (c) Explanation: Definition: A situation when increased interest rates lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase of total investment spending is called crowding out effect.

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Description: Sometimes, government adopts an expansionary fiscal policy stance and increases its spending to boost the economic activity. This leads to an increase in interest rates. Increased interest rates affect private investment decisions. A high magnitude of the crowding out effect may even lead to lesser income in the economy. With higher interest rates, the cost for funds to be invested increases and affects their accessibility to debt financing mechanisms. This leads to lesser investment ultimately and crowds out the impact of the initial rise in the total investment spending. Usually the initial increase in government spending is funded using higher taxes or borrowing on part of the government.

62. (a)

Explanation: Statement 1: It has weak wind current. Statement 3: The statement is about 0'-5 degree North South – the doldrums. The Equatorial Low Pressure Belt Due to excessive heating horizontal

movement of air is absent here and only conventional currents are there.

Therefore this belt is called doldrums (the zone of calm) due to virtual absence of surface winds.

These are the regions of convergence because the winds flowing from sub tropical high pressure belts converge here.

This belt is also known as-Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

The Sub-tropical High Pressure Belts Calm conditions with feeble and variable

winds are found here. Horse latitudes These are the regions of divergence

because winds from these areas blow towards equatorial and subpolar low pressure belts.

The Sub-polar low Pressure Belts Winds coming from the sub-tropical and

the polar high belts converge here to produce cyclonic storms or low pressure conditions.

This zone of convergence is also known as polar front.

The Polar High Pressure Belts In polar regions, sun never shines vertically. Sun rays are always slanting here resulting in low temperatures. Because of low

temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is found here.

63. (a) Exp: Covers entire Indian Ocean from Persian Gulf to Andaman Sea.

64. (a)

Explanation : Statement 1 is correct as per Art 239AA(4) Statement 2 is correct as per Art 239AA(5) Statement 3 is wrong as per Art 239B (1) which says If at any time, except when the Legislature is in session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require: Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the administrator except after obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf.

65. (c) 66. (a)

Explanation: Ice reflects sunrays. If it is replaced by dense forest, it will absorb more heat. As dark regions absorb more heat. Eventually aiding in Global Warming.

67. (a)

Explanation: Mohammed Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD) He annexed Kakatiya kingdom of Warangal

(1322-23) and the Pandyan kingdom of Madurai (1323) to the Sultanate of Delhi.

Shifted capital from Delhi to Devagiri in south in 1327 and renamed it as Daulatabad but he brought it back to Delhi again.

Qarachil expedition in 1333. Introduced token coins of Brass and Copper

which had the same value as silver coins (shortage of Silver in 1330). It was a failure and finally withdrawn.

Establishment of a separate department for Agriculture Diwan-i-kohi.

Included non-Turks, Indian Muslims, Hindus and low born in his nobility.

Tolerant towards other religion.

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Build the mausoleum of Nizamuddin Auliya at Delhi.

68. (b)

Explanation: We see the sky as colored because our atmosphere interacts with the sunlight passing through it. This phenomenon is called "scattering." The type of scattering responsible for blue sky is known as Rayleigh scattering. Because this effect becomes sharply more pronounced as the energy of light increases, wavelengths at the blue end of the spectrum, where energy is the highest, are scattered preferentially. The sunlight reaching our eyes has a high ratio of short, bluish wavelengths compared to medium and long wavelengths, so we perceive the sky as being blue. Without an atmosphere the sky appears black, as evidenced by the lunar sky.

69. (d)

70. (d)

Explanation: Agricultural income tax falls under the State List. Therefore, constitutionally it is levied, collected and appropriated by the states only.

71. (b)

Explanation: Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin -- a form of hemoglobin -- is produced. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries and distributes oxygen to the body. With methemoglobinemia, the hemoglobin can carry oxygen but is unable to release it effectively to body tissues. This condition can be passed down through families (inherited or congenital). Or, it is caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or foods (acquired). Acquired methemoglobinemia is more common than the inherited forms. It occurs in some people after they are exposed to certain chemicals and drugs, including: Anesthetics such as benzocaine Benzene Certain antibiotics (including dapsone

and chloroquine)

Nitrites (used as additives to prevent meat from spoiling)

The condition may also occur in infants who are very ill or who are fed too many vegetables containing nitrates (such as beets).

72. (b)

Explanation: An orbit is the natural outcome of only two phenomena: momentum and gravity. Gravity acts to pull the spacecraft in a certain direction and its momentum acts to keep it moving in a different direction. Stable orbits are those where momentum and gravity find a happy medium and the resulting path is a closed ellipse (often a nearly circular one). If you give a spacecraft enough speed, its momentum will balance the effect of falling caused by gravity in a way that keeps the spacecraft perpetually "falling" in a new direction. As it moves along its path, the direction in which gravity acts (i.e., the physical definition of "down") changes with perfect timing to match the forward velocity of the spacecraft.

73. (b)

Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya sabha founded in Calcutta in

1815 to propogate monotheism and fight against evil customs and practices in Hinduism.

He started the first Persian Journal Mirat-ul-akbar in 1822.

He started Vendanta College in 1825 which carries both in Indian learning and western social and physical science offered.

The Precepts of Jesus published in 1820. His first philosophical work: Tuhbatul

Muwahhiddin in 1805. 74. (d)

Exp: River Sabarmati drain in Gulf of Cambay. River Sabarmati originates in Aravalli

Range. 75. (d)

Explanation : National Panchayati Raj Day is celebrated on April 24 every year as it was on this day that the panchayati raj system got constitutional

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recognition during P.V. Narasimha Rao’s tenure as PM. In a historic decision, reflecting the spirit of cooperative federalism, the Modi government has accepted the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission for providing grants to the tune of Rs 2,00,292 crore between 2015 and 2020 to gram panchayats (GPs) directly, and also released the allocations to rural local bodies this year. It needs to be noted that the grants awarded by the NDA are three times higher than the earlier period, that is, between 2010 and 2015. The grants are only for GPs, unlike in the past when they were meant for all the three tiers, including district and block panchayats. The fund availability at the GP level would now be Rs 2,404 per capita over five years and Rs 17 lakh a year (Rs 85 lakh for five years) for the average GP. In a study conducted by the ministry of panchayati raj in 2014-15 on the Panchayat Devolution Index, which looked at the devolution of powers to panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) in terms of the three Fs( funds, functions and functionaries). Kerala topped the list in all parameters except funds while Karnataka was best in transferring funds to PRIs. Though Sikkim did well in transferring functions, it was low on other parameters.

76. (a) Explanation: Tax buoyancy is an indicator to measure efficiency and responsiveness of revenue mobilization in response to growth in the Gross domestic product or National income. A tax is said to be buoyant if the tax revenues increase more than proportionately in response to a rise in national income or output.

77. (b)

78. (a)

Explanation: On the Earth, with a thicker atmosphere, temperature differences are considerably reduced.

79. (c)

The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes: Gamma radiation X-ray radiation Ultraviolet radiation Visible radiation

Infrared radiation Terahertz radiation Microwave radiation Radio waves This spectrum has increasing wavelength from gamma ray and hence radio waves has the highest wavelength. At the sametime, frequency decreases when the spectrum comes down such that gamma ray has the highest frequency and radio waves has the lowest frequency.

80. (c)

Explanation:

Dynasty FOUNDER PERIOD

Sangama Harihara and Bukka

1336-1485 AD

Saluva Saluva Narsimha

1485-1505 AD

Tuluva Veer Narasimha

1503-1570 AD

Aravidu Tirumala 1570-mid 17th Century

81. (c)

Explanation: X-rays are at the short wavelength, high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays have energies ranging from less than 1 keVto greater than 100 keV. Hard x-rays are the highest energy x-rays, while the lower energy x-rays are referred to as soft x-rays. Hard x-rays are typically those with energies greater than around 10 keV. More relevant to the distinction are the instruments required to observe them and the physical conditions under which the x-rays are produced. X-rays do not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore they must be observed from a platform launched above most of our atmosphere. The detection of x-rays requires that they interact with a volume of material within the detector, creating free electrons that are ultimately detected as an electric current. Since hard x-rays can penetrate more deeply into a substance than soft x-rays, they require a denser, more massive material to be detected. X-rays are difficult to reflect and, therefore, image because of their ability to penetrate matter. The wavelengths of x-rays are on the order of or smaller than the size of atoms. As a result they appear less like waves that can

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be reflected and more like particles (photons) that can effectively pass between the atoms. They penetrate deeply into a material before interacting with an individual atom. X-rays can be produced in several ways: by the movement of electrons in atoms or by transformation of kinetic energy to Bremsstrahlung radiation. It is when particles with high energy (ex: electrons, protons or heavier ions) or photons hit the surface of a solid material (ex: metal) that x-rays are produced. When a high energy electron collides with an inner shell electron both are ejected from the tungsten atom leaving a 'hole' in the inner layer. This is filled by an outer shell electron with a loss of energy emitted as an X-ray photon.

82. (d)

Explanation: Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761 resulting in the defeat of Marathas.

83. (d)

84. (b) Exp: The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) promotes systematic and reliable observations of the global atmospheric environment. Of the long-lived greenhouse gases that are directly affected by anthropogenic activities, carbon dioxide (CO2) has the largest total radiative effect, followed by methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The following gases are addressed in the group of greenhouse gases in the GAW Programme: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Halocarbons and SF6 Molecular Hydrogen (H2)

85. (c) 86. (d)

Explanation: Among physicists, the types of neutrinos are known as different "flavors." While originally thought to be massless, these various neutrinos flavors have recently been estimated to have a total mass of 0.06

electron volts (eV), which is far less than a billionth of the mass of a proton. Mass of electron: Mass of electron is

0.000548597 a.m.u. or 9.1 x 10-31 kg. Mass of proton: Mass of proton is

1.0072766 a.m.u. or 1.6726 x 10-27 kg. Comparative mass: Proton is 1837 times heavier than an electron.

Mass of neutron: . Mass of neutron is 1.0086654 a.m.u. or 1.6749 x 10-27 kg. Neutron is 1842 times heavier than an electron.

87. (d) 88. (d)

Explanation: Introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in provinces of

Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. Zamindars were recognized as owner of

the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.

The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.

The Permanent Settlement fixed the revenue of the land on a 10 year basis.

89. (c)

Explanation: The enactment of Administrative Tribunals Act in 1985 opened a new chapter in the sphere of administering justice to the aggrieved government servants. Administrative Tribunals Act owes its origin to Article 323-A of the Constitution which empowers Central Government to set-up by an Act of Parliament, Administrative Tribunals for adjudication of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the public service and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and the States. In pursuance of the provisions contained in the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, the Administrative Tribunals set-up under it exercise original jurisdiction in respect of service matters of employees covered by it. As a result of the judgement dated 18 March 1997 of the Supreme Court, the appeals against the orders of an Administrative Tribunal shall lie before the Division Bench of the concerned High Court.

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90. (b) Explanation: Statement 2: Its Barren and Narcondam islands. Statement 3: Lakshadweep and Gulf of Mannar also has coral bed.

91. (c)

92. (a) Explanation: Carrying Capacity : It is the measure of habitat to indefinitely sustain a population at a particular density. A more technical definition for carrying capacity is the largest size of a density-dependent population for which the population growth rate is zero. Hence, below carrying capacity, populations will tend to increase, while they will decrease above carrying capacity. Population size decreases above carrying capacity due to either reduced survivorship (e.g. due to insufficient space or food) or reproductive success (e.g. due to insufficient food, or behavioural interactions), or both. The carrying capacity of an environment will vary for different species in different habitats, and can change over time due to a variety factors, including trends in food availability, environmental conditions and space.

93. (d)

Mitochondria is considered as autonomous cell organelle due to the following counts: Mitochondria have their own DNA which

can replicate independently. The mitochondrial DNA produces its own mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.

The organelles possess their own ribosomes, called mitoribosomes.

Mitochondria synthesize some of their own structural proteins. However, most of the mitochondrial proteins are synthesized under instructions from cell nucleus.

The organelles synthesize some of the enzymes required for their functioning. e.g. succinate dehydrogenase.

They show hypertrophy.i.e. internal growth.

94. (d)

95. (b)

Exp: Microbeads are not enzymes but are the Microplastics which are very small,

generally measuring less than 1mm. They add usual appeal to the cosmetic products.

96. (d) Explanation: Electoral Trust is a Section 25 Company

or a non-profit company created in India for orderly receipt of the voluntary contributions from any person and for distributing the same to the respective political parties, registered under Section 29A of the Representation of People Act, 1951.

The objective of the Electoral Trust is not to earn any profit or pass any direct or indirect benefit to its members or contributors. The sole objective is to distribute the contributions received by it to the political party concerned. This is a mechanism for bringing transparency and sanity in the political party funding.

The Central Government amended the Income Tax Rules, 1962 to list the functions of Electoral Trusts which are approved by the Central Bureau of Direct Taxes (CBDT).

The list of electoral trust is maintained by Ministry of Corporate Affairs.

Those electoral trusts are recognised by the CBDT, and their contribution reports are maintained by the Election Commission of India.

97. (c)

Explanation: Statement 1:Lord Canning announced in 1856 that Bahadur Shah's successors would not even be allowed to use the title of 'king' Statement 2: Dalhousie annexed Karauli in 1849 through doctrine of lapses

98. (b) Explanation: In the 1980s Pakistan was ahead of India; Chinawas having double-digit growth and India was at the bottom. In the 1980s, India, China and Pakistan employed 17, 12 and 27 per cent of its workforce in the service sector respectively. In 2008-10, it has reached the level of 25, 33 and 35 per cent, respectively.

99. (d)

100. (c)

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