Smart Gun with Implantable RFid Match System – A practical approach · Smart Gun with Implantable...
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Smart Gun with Implantable RFid Match System – A practical approach Gazziro, M.A. #1 , Almeida, L.O.B. #2 , Pedrazzani, C.D. #3 (MD), Machado, C.G.C.F. *4 # University of Sao Paulo IFSC – P.O. Box 369 – ZIP CODE 13560-970 – São Carlos – SP - BRAZIL 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] * Company Korth RFid Rua Antonio Carlos Ferraz de Salles, 95 – ZIP CODE 13563-420 - Sao Carlos - SP - BRAZIL 4 [email protected] Abstract— This paper presents a case study for Smart Gun Technology (SGT) based on radio frequency control. This system involves the use of a RFid tag implanted in the hand of the owner that will transmit its unique identification number to the electronic control inside the firearm. If the code in the hand of the user matches with the internal code stored inside the firearm then the electronic safety catch based on a solenoid device will be released, allowing it for firing. Besides it is a well know subject in the field of electronic weapons, here we present a case study of an operational system prototype, including detailed instructions for the RF coil design, power consumption reports and clinical instructions for the placement of the RFid tag inside the hand. Keywords— Smart Gun Technologies, RFid, firearm security, unintentional firearm death, embedded electronics. I. MOTIVATION An United Nation´s report show the world ranking for firearm-related murders of young people below 15 years [1], as presented in Fig 1. Among teens ages 15 to 19 homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death, respectively, after unintentional injury [2]. Firearms were the instrument of death in 85 percent of teen homicides and 43 percent of teen suicides in 2007 [3]. While almost one in four youth firearm injuries results in death, non-firearm injuries result in death in only one out of every 760 cases [4]. In the US unintentional firearm deaths were 5.2 times higher than in the other countries [5]. Incorporating safety devices into firearms is an important injury intervention, with the potential to save hundreds of lives each year [6]. Some researchers believe that the most important change that could be made in the design of handguns to reduce the incidence of gun-related injuries, especially to children, would be to personalise guns. A "smart" gun would rely upon a personal identification number (PIN), a magnetic ring worn by the user, a radio-frequency device on the user's clothing or person or fingerprint recognition technology to ensure that only an authorised user could actually fire the gun [7]. Fig. 1 Rates of firearm-related death among children aged < 15 years in 26 industrialised countries. Rates per 100,000 children and for 1 year during 1990-1995 [1] II. SMART GUN TECHNOLOGIES The key issue surrounding the the inclusion of smart technologies is the reliability of the weapon system . Α. Tags and implicit enabling Layout A tag is an item used to label, identify, or recognize an object or person which is tagged. The presence of the tag would imply that the firing mechanism should be enable [8]. Β. Radio Frequency (RF) Radio frequency controlled devices are all around us today, from cars alarms to doors bells. These devices transmit encoded signals to a receiver fixed to operated on the corrected signals. C. Requirements A requirement analysis about smart guns was performed by FN Manufacturing INC. according interviews of personnel from National Criminal Justice Reference Service [9]: Advances in Control, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering ISBN: 978-960-474-251-6 223
Transcript of Smart Gun with Implantable RFid Match System – A practical approach · Smart Gun with Implantable...
Smart Gun with Implantable RFid Match System – A practical approach
Gazziro, M.A.#1, Almeida, L.O.B.#2, Pedrazzani, C.D.#3 (MD), Machado, C.G.C.F.*4 # University of Sao Paulo
IFSC – P.O. Box 369 – ZIP CODE 13560-970 – São Carlos – SP - [email protected]
[email protected]@hotmail.com
*Company Korth RFid Rua Antonio Carlos Ferraz de Salles, 95 – ZIP CODE 13563-420 - Sao Carlos - SP - BRAZIL
Abstract— This paper presents a case study for Smart Gun Technology (SGT) based on radio frequency control. This system involves the use of a RFid tag implanted in the hand of the owner that will transmit its unique identification number to the electronic control inside the firearm. If the code in the hand of the user matches with the internal code stored inside the firearm then the electronic safety catch based on a solenoid device will be released, allowing it for firing. Besides it is a well know subject in the field of electronic weapons, here we present a case study of an operational system prototype, including detailed instructions for the RF coil design, power consumption reports and clinical instructions for the placement of the RFid tag inside the hand.
Keywords— Smart Gun Technologies, RFid, firearm security, unintentional firearm death, embedded electronics.
I. MOTIVATION
An United Nation´s report show the world ranking for firearm-related murders of young people below 15 years [1], as presented in Fig 1.
Among teens ages 15 to 19 homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death, respectively, after unintentional injury [2]. Firearms were the instrument of death in 85 percent of teen homicides and 43 percent of teen suicides in 2007 [3]. While almost one in four youth firearm injuries results in death, non-firearm injuries result in death in only one out of every 760 cases [4].
In the US unintentional firearm deaths were 5.2 times higher than in the other countries [5].
Incorporating safety devices into firearms is an important injury intervention, with the potential to save hundreds of lives each year [6].
Some researchers believe that the most important change that could be made in the design of handguns to reduce the incidence of gun-related injuries, especially to children, would be to personalise guns. A "smart" gun would rely upon a personal identification number (PIN), a magnetic ring worn by the user, a radio-frequency device on the user's clothing or person or fingerprint recognition technology to ensure that only an authorised user could actually fire the gun [7].
Fig. 1 Rates of firearm-related death among children aged < 15 years in 26 industrialised countries. Rates per 100,000 children and for 1 year during 1990-1995 [1]
II. SMART GUN TECHNOLOGIES
The key issue surrounding the the inclusion of smart technologies is the reliability of the weapon system .
Α. Tags and implicit enabling LayoutA tag is an item used to label, identify, or recognize an
object or person which is tagged. The presence of the tag would imply that the firing mechanism should be enable [8].
Β. Radio Frequency (RF)Radio frequency controlled devices are all around us today,
from cars alarms to doors bells. These devices transmit encoded signals to a receiver fixed to operated on the corrected signals.
C. RequirementsA requirement analysis about smart guns was performed
by FN Manufacturing INC. according interviews of personnel from National Criminal Justice Reference Service [9]:
Advances in Control, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
ISBN: 978-960-474-251-6 223
• looks like existing guns,• work left or right handed,• work if you are wearing heavy clothing or gloves,• have a visible low-battery power indicator.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
RFid implants for humans have been used in a variety of contexts since their commercial inception in 2003. The product that typically carries a 16 digit number, was first marketed as an identification device (e.g. for emergency response), then as an access control mechanism (e.g. security), then as an payment solution (e.g. to purchase drinks at clubs) [10], and finally as smart gun security devices. The Fig. 2 shows the proposed functional system.
Fig. 2 A RFid tag implanted in the hand of the owner should transmit its unique identification number to the electronic control inside the firearm. The firearm will be unlocked only if the code in the hand of the user matches with its internal code
In order to attend the requirements informed in the previous section a mechanical diagram is presented in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 New smart gun mechanical diagram showing the main structures and the ideal placement for the electronics and RFid coil. Extracted and adapted
from [11].
IV. BASIC CONFIGURATION OF READER AND TAG ANTENNAS IN RFID
The magnetic flux that is passing through the tag coil will become maximized when the two coils (reader coil and tag coil) are placed in parallel with respect to each other.
Fig. 4 Basic configuration of reader and tag antennas in a RFid application.
The strength of the B-field generated by the reader decays in function of cos α (Fig. 5) and is determined by reader parameters described in equation I.
Fig. 5 Orientation dependency of the tag antenna.
Bz= NI.u.a2
2. a2r 23 /2 (I)
Bz=strength of the B-field (weber/m2)NI=number of turns and current (ampere-turns) of reader coilu=constant (4π.10-7)a=reader coil radius (cm)r=read range (cm)
V. PROTOTYPE DEVELOPED AND PRACTICAL APPROACH
A. RFid TAG The first author implanted a RFid tag microchip in himself, in his left hand. The chip was manufactured by BioBond company. The Fig. 4 shows a X-Ray indicating the position of the tag: under the skin, above the abductor digit minimi muscle. This place was chosen due to high concentration of fat tissue and absence of veins in the region.
Advances in Control, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
ISBN: 978-960-474-251-6 224
Fig. 6 X-Ray showing RFid tag after 18 days of the implant procedure. It is inserted under the skin, above the abductor digit minimi muscle
B. Reader
This RFid tag uses the protocol ISO 11784 FDX-B with frequency 134,2 kHz for communication (VLF band 100kHz-500kHz). A prototype reader was developed and tested in two conditions: with bare hands and with heavy gloves (figures 7a and 7b). This prototype uses a simple and reliable 8 bit microprocessor from Motorola company.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7 Testing prototype above iron plate (a) Reading from 3cm (b) Reading from 2cm using heavy gloves
The effective maximum distance for reading was about 3 cm and 2 cm from reader coil (with bare hands and gloves respectively). The angle was set up to normal direction (0 degree, cos α=1).
C. Coil
The coil have 60 spires (3 layers), with diameter of 3 cm using wire 29 AWG. The inductance is 390 µH and it´s Q is nearly 0,666. The voltage applied in the coil is 550 volts. The total current consumption in operation is 250 mA. The number of turns and current is 15 ampere-turns (NI=15).
D. Experimental evaluation of the B-field generated
The B-field generated by the prototype reader was evaluated. The minimal distance when the tag was effectively read is r=2 cm. From coil design section, we use NI=15 and a=3 cm. Using the equation I:
Bz=0,181 µWeber / m2
E. Power Consumption
The total power consumption of the system is 10 mA in waiting trigger operation and 260 mA in reading operation. Using high-end batteries the system can work for up to 4 hours of continuous utilization.
VI. DISCUSSIONS
The main concern is about the placement of the chip inside the hand and the position of the reader coil inside the structure of the weapon. It needs to be very near from the implanted tag and adjusted in order to achieve a angle as most normal as possible.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
As conclusion for the present work we defined that use of RFid in Smart Gun Technologies is feasible, however the placement of the antenna is a critical factor.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankfully to Nelson Margarido, Marcelo Rinhel, Lucas Dias, Alexandre Lima, Michel Belotti, Christofer Bertonha, Eduardo Faradezzo and Leonardo Costa.
REFERENCES
[1] Center for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Feb. 1997.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [Online]. (2010). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available from: www.cdc.gov/ injury/wisqars/fatal.html
[3] Fingerhut, D. and K. Christoffel, “Firearm-Related Death and Injury among Children and Adolescents.” The Future of Children, Vol 12-Number 2. Pages 25-38, 2002.
[4] D. Finkerhor, and R. Ormrod, R. “Homicides of Children and Youth”, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. p. 47, Available from http://www.ncjrs.org/ pdffiles1/ojjdp/187239.pdf
[5] E. G. Richardson, D. Hemenway, “Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Comparing the United States With Other High-Income Countries, 2003”, The Journal of Trauma, In Press, 2010.
[6] J. S. Vernick, M. O'Brien, L. M. Hepburn, S. B. Johnson, D. W. Webster and S. W. Hargarten, “Incorporating safety devices into
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ISBN: 978-960-474-251-6 225
firearms is an important injury intervention, with the potential to save hundreds of lives each year”, Injury prevention, vol 9 (4), pp. 307-11, Dec. 2003.
[7] S. P. Teret and P. L. Culross, “Product-Oriented Approaches to Reducing Youth Gun Violence”, Journal Issue: Children, Youth, and Gun Violence, Vol. 12 (2), 2002.
[8] Weiss, D.R.; , "Smart gun technologies: one method of eliminating unauthorized firearm use," Security Technology, 1994. Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 28th Annual 1994
International Carnahan Conference on , vol., no., pp.169-172, 12-14 Oct. 1994.
[9] SWS – Secure Weapon System – Smart Gun Technologies, Report Number 2000-MU-MU-K005 from the Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 10 pages, 2001.
[10] K. Michael, and M. G. Michael, "The diffusion of RFID implants for access control and epayments: A case study on Baja Beach Club in Barcelona," Technology and Society (ISTAS), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.242-252, 7-9 June 2010
[11] D. Scott, “Electronic Pistol”, Popular Science, pg. 70, May 1989.
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