Smart Grids implemented on Scottish islands Ruth Kemsley Senergy Econnect Ltd United Kingdom.
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Transcript of Smart Grids implemented on Scottish islands Ruth Kemsley Senergy Econnect Ltd United Kingdom.
Smart Grids implemented on Scottish islands
Ruth Kemsley
Senergy Econnect Ltd
United Kingdom
Senergy Econnect
Part of Senergy Alternative Energy
Offices around the world
Electrical engineering
All forms of renewables
50% of all wind commissioned in Great Britain
Smart Grid and Active Network technology group
Overview
Practical application of Smart Grid technologies in island power systems
Wider applications of this Smart Grid knowledge
Extension to renewable electric transport
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Off-grid islands in Scotland
Smart Grids
Smart Grids
Featuresdistributed and diverse generation
high usage of renewables
variable energy tariffs
load management
energy storage
communications
All implemented (at small scale) on Scottish islands
All these islands have achieved 100% renewable operation
Fair Isle, Shetland
Distributed load management
198260kW wind turbine with diesel back-up
bespoke control system
system frequency controlled by heating loads distributed around island
each house has 2 circuits - "heating" (cheaper) and "service" (more expensive)
1998100kW wind turbine added
2009operating successfully - frequent use of 100% wind
islanders considering adding energy storage to improve operability
Isle of Muck, Small Isles
Central control with radio communications
19992 x 25kW Vergnet wind turbines with diesel back-up
battery energy storage
PLC-based control and generator scheduling
radio-controlled load and tariff management
3.3kV network
2008feasibility study to look at increasing battery capacity and improving operability
Isle of Rum, Small Isles
Frequency-based load managementEarly 20th century
DC hydro generator and accumulator energy storageDC supply to Kinloch Castle
1970s2nd hydro turbine added and AC distribution network
1984system refurbishmentcentral heating loads in Castle absorb surplus hydro energybespoke heating load controller
1997load-shedding Powaplugs added to prevent system overloads
2008feasibility and design for addition of energy storage and increased hydro capacity
Isle of Rum
dam and pipeline
hydro generators
Isle of Rum - typical operation
Total hydro output
Kinloch village + Castle
Kinloch village
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15 Jan12:00
16 Jan00:00
16 Jan12:00
17 Jan00:00
17 Jan12:00
18 Jan00:00
18 Jan12:00
19 Jan00:00
19 Jan12:00
kW
Kinloch village
Kinloch Castle
Heating loadcontroller
Island of Foula, Shetland
Distributed generation and load management
1980s-90swind / hydro / diesel
bespoke control system using cable communications
frequency-based load management
variable tariffs
3.3kV distribution network
2007-8refurbished hydro, distribution network, load management
Sunny Island inverter system
battery energy storage
PV / diesel
frequency-based generator management
(wind)
Island of Foula - 2009
Island of Foula - 2009
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7School
T8 T9
~HYDRO
3.3kV
400V
15kW
PHOTOVOLTAICS
19.2kWp
~=
G
~
MAIN POWERHOUSE
DIESEL GENERATORS
30kW
~ =SUNNY ISLAND
INVERTERS
BATTERIES
33kW nom~
30kW
CHANGEOVERUNIT
140 kWh (C100)
SUNNY BOYINVERTERS
18kW nom.
3.3kV cable networkno change to HVmodified LV protection
Revised renewables-based systemenergy storageplanning issues with wind turbinesincrease use of hydro resourceaddition of PV for summer monthsfrequency-based power regulationrevised demand-side managementdiesel generator back-up
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Isle of Eigg, Small Isles
KILDONNAN
WIND FARM
LAIG
POWERHOUSE
PIER
Early 20th centuryPier hydro
~2002upgraded Pier hydroKildonnan hydrolocal LV networks
2007-8Laig hydrorefurbished old hydros11km 3.3kV cable networkSunny Island system with battery energy storagePV / diesel / windfrequency-based generator and load management
Demand / generation profiles
Evaluating existing energy and power demand
Estimating future demandgrowth in number of consumersincreased supply period (24-hour power)increased range of consumer goodspossible use of renewable electrical heating (demand-side management)new technologies (e.g. electric vehicle charging)
Estimating generation outputannual / monthly / dailyallowing for variations
Issues and technologies
Connecting renewables into electrical systemFoula, Eigg, Rum, Fair Isle - AC connected - more flexibleMuck - DC connected - generation close to batteries
Managing the power balancevariable renewable inputinsufficient or surplus renewable powerenergy storage - hydro storage, batteries, diesel fuel (!)integrating battery inverter control with generator controlload management
Controlling voltagegenerator / inverter controlcareful system design
Issues and technologies
System management, operation and supportsignificant community involvement (more than on mainland)robustness, reliability, and affordability are key to success remote support from equipment suppliers is essential
Meteringmanual meter readingswitching between multiple meters (frequency or radio) to change tariffSmart Meters more expensive, but costs now falling
Load managementsystems without energy storage need to make maximum use of available renewableseven systems with energy storage sometimes have surplus renewable powercan help to utilise surplus powercan also reduce peak power demand and avoid energisation problems
Applying these Smart Grid techniques
Distributed renewable generationoutput needs to be controllable / constrainable to integrate with grid at high % renewable penetration
use simple and autonomous generator control as much as possible
Load managementhelps with integration of variable renewable sources
control signalling required - cannot use system frequency on interconnected grids - communications systems needed
need to incentivise to encourage consumers to engage
Extending use of renewable electricity
Electric vehiclesnot a "bonus" load - need to be charged
need to size renewable power system for charging
can vehicle charging be included in demand-side management?
typical vehicle storage values comparable with island battery capacities
Electric boats?distances on islands are often small
distances to islands are large and ferry / transport fuel costs are high
Summary
Small island power systems in Scotland have already:implemented a wide variety of Smart Grid technologies
achieved high usage of renewable energy
learned useful lessons from their experience
The Smart Grid knowledge gained:can be applied to mainland grid situations
will help to improve sustainable energy use
may need to be adapted in some cases
Renewable electric transport:would significantly improve economic and environmental sustainability
would provide most benefits in marine transport cost savings
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References & further information
http://www.fairisle.org.uk/FIECo/index.htm
www.windandsun.co.uk/Projects/foula.htm
www.windandsun.co.uk/Projects/eigg.htm
http://www.smallwindindustry.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/projects/swiis/track_records/050511MUCKisland.pdf
www.senergyworld.com/products/productsandservices/senergyalternatives/econnect/econnectproducts/islandgrids
www.senergyworld.com/products/productsandservices/senergyalternatives/econnect/econnectproducts/powaplug