Smart Grid & WAMS

Women in Engineering/ Young Professional opening talk 26/01/2016

Vaishali Rampurkarvaishali.d.rampurkar@ieee.org

Outline of Presentation

Smart GridWhy do we need Smart Grid?What is Smart Grid? Smart Grid conceptual model

Wide Area Monitoring systemsWhat is WAMsWAMS Architecture

Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Concluding Remarks

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Why Smart Grid?

As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges such as New dynamics of future demand and supply Ageing infrastructure Complex interconnected grids Integration of large number of renewable generation sources Need to lower carbon emissions New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles

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Definition

A Smart Grid is self-healing, enables active participation of consumers,operate resiliently against attack and natural disasters, accommodate allgeneration and storage options, enable introduction of new products,services and markets, optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently,provide power quality for the digital economy.

Source: US Department of Energy

A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integratethe actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers andthose that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economicand secure electricity supplies.

Source: European Technology Platform Smart Grids

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Evolution of grid design :From traditional to future grids

Centralized power generation One-directional power flow Generation follows load Operation based on historical experience Limited grid accessibility for new

producers (Source: ABB Smart grid)

Centralized and distributed power generation

Intermittent renewable power generation Consumers become also producers Multi-directional power flow Load adapted to production Operation based more on real-time data

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t r a d i t i o n a l g r i d s f u t u r e g r i d s

Smart Grid Conceptual Model

Smart Grid - A large "System of Systems”

Bulk Generation Transmission Distribution Customers Operations Markets Service Providers

(Source : IEEE Smart grid)

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Bulk GenerationRenewable sources

VariableSolarWind

Non-variableHydroBiomassGeothermalPumpStorage

Non-renewablesourcesNon-variable

Nuclear coal gas.

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Distribution

Distribution Domain

Distributes the electricityto and from the endcustomers

Connects the smartmeters and all intelligentfield devices, managingand controlling themthrough a two-waywireless or wire linecommunications network.

It may also connect toenergy storage facilitiesand alternative distributedenergy resources at thedistribution level.

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Customer The end-users of electricity Connected to the electric

distribution network throughthe smart meters.

The smart meters control andmanage the flow of electricityto and from the customers andprovide energy informationabout energy usage andpatterns.

Each customer has a discretedomain comprised ofelectricity premise and two-way communicationsnetworks.

A customer domain may alsogenerate, store and manage theuse of energy, as well as theconnectivity with plug-invehicles.

Customer Domain

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Operations Manages and controls the

electricity flow of all otherdomains in the smart grid.

It uses a two-waycommunications networkto connect to substations,customer premisesnetworks and otherintelligent field devices.

It provides monitoring,reporting, controlling andsupervision status andimportant processinformation and decisions.

Business intelligenceprocesses gather data fromthe customer and network,and provide intelligence tosupport the decision-making.

Operations Domain10

Markets The Markets domain operates

and coordinates all theparticipants in electricitymarkets within the smart grid.

It provides the marketmanagement, wholesaling,retailing and trading of energyservices. The Markets domaininterfaces with all otherdomains and makes sure theyare coordinated in a competitivemarket environment.

It also handles energyinformation clearinghouseoperations and informationexchange with third-partyservice providers.

For example, roaming billinginformation for inter-utilityplug-in-vehicles falls under thisdomain.

Markets Domain11

Service Provider

Smart grid handles all third-party operations among thedomains.

These might include webportals that provide energyefficiency managementservices to end-customers,data exchange between thecustomer and the utilitiesregarding energymanagement, and regardingthe electricity supplied tohomes and buildings.

It may also manage otherprocesses for the utilities, suchas demand response programs,outage management and fieldservices.

Service Provider Domain12

It means everyone has to play their part effectively to make our grid more efficient 

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Wide Area Monitoring System

WAMS-Definition

It’s a collective technology to monitor power systemdynamics in real time, identify system stability relatedweakness and helps to design and implement countermeasures.(IEEE)

It is based on Phasor measurement units(PMUs) whichcan deliver precisely time synchronized values of voltageand current phasors and other power system relatedquantities like frequency, ROCOF, breaker positions.

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Components of WAMS

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) Global Positioning System (GPS for Time

Synchronization of the phasors) Communication channel (Preferably optical fiber cable) Visualization and analysis tools Wide area situational awareness system. Wide area protection and control

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WAMS Architecture

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Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a Power Systemdevice capable of measuring the synchronized voltage andcurrent Phasor in a Power System.Synchronicity among Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

is achieved by same-time sampling of voltage and currentwaveforms using a common synchronizing signal fromthe global positioning satellite (GPS).The ability to calculate synchronized phasors makes the

PMU one of the most important measuring devices in thefuture of power system monitoring and control.

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Communication Architecture19

Sub Station Control Room

Switchyard Area

2 No Bays

IEEE C 37.118

PMU

GPS Receiver

CT/PT

PMU

GPS Receiver

CT/PT

PMU

GPS Receiver

CT/PT

2 No Bays 2 No Bays

Router

Switch

Key advantages for Phasor deployment ...

Accurate phase angle measurements independent of frequency variations

Real time synchronized differencesWide area protection Improve grid stability/reliability Minimize transmission congestion Optimize transmission capacity Forecasting grid instability and early warning to prevent

blackouts and cascade collapse

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PMU Applications

Oscillation detectionFault location identificationFault classificationEvent analysisModel validationSituational awareness

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Oscillations seen by PMU• SCADA measurements cannot see most oscillation Worse – they can

give misleading impression• Synchro-phasors are needed to observe oscillations because of faster

data sampling, greater data resolution, and wide-area synchronization

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PMU APPLICATIONS & ANALYTICSINDIAN POWER SYSTEM

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Oscillation monitoring and analysis

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49.55

49.6

49.65

49.7

49.75

49.8

49.85

49.9

49.95

‐0.2

‐0.15

‐0.1

‐0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

22:02:15

.000

22:02:17

.360

22:02:19

.720

22:02:22

.080

22:02:24

.440

22:02:26

.800

22:02:29

.160

22:02:31

.520

22:02:33

.880

22:02:36

.240

22:02:38

.600

22:02:40

.960

22:02:43

.320

22:02:45

.679

22:02:48

.040

22:02:50

.400

22:02:52

.760

22:02:55

.120

22:02:57

.480

22:02:59

.840

22:03:02

.200

22:03:04

.559

22:03:06

.920

22:03:09

.280

22:03:11

.640

22:03:14

.000

22:03:16

.360

22:03:18

.720

22:03:21

.080

22:03:23

.440

22:03:25

.800

22:03:28

.160

22:03:30

.520

22:03:32

.880

22:03:35

.240

22:03:37

.600

22:03:39

.960

22:03:42

.320

22:03:44

.679

22:03:47

.040

22:03:49

.400

22:03:51

.760

22:03:54

.120

22:03:56

.480

22:03:58

.840

Frequency (Hz)ROCO

F(Hz

/sec)

Raipur df/dt Raipur Frequency

Tripping of Raigarh ‐Sterlite  II 

Oscillation started in systemat  22:02:38.520

Fault Location Detection

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Fault Type Detection

Single line to ground fault

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Phase to Phase fault

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Three Phase Fault

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Detecting coherent group of generators

50.1

50.12

50.14

50.16

50.18

50.2

50.22

50.24

50.26

50.28

Ballia Frequency Agra Frequency Raipur Frequency Hissar Frequency Jabalpur Freq

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Mode Source Identification

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Location 1 Location 2 Location 3Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl Freq Damp Ampl0.52 0.036 7.14 0.5 0.021 3.18 0.52 0.019 0.1320.63 0.055 27.59 0.63 0.011 2.8 0.62 0.022 0.230.74 ‐0.012 1.2 0.70 0.006 1.16 0.7  0.017  0.091.43 0.00013 0.56 1.32 0.0019 0.429 1.45  ‐0.002  0.016

Symbol  Actual PMU position Approx. Distance from Event location (km)

Location 1 Karcham 433

Location 2 Kanpur 603 

Location 3 Vindyachal 919

Analysis of Indian grid blackout (PMU measurements)

Inter- area oscillations identified for the grid disturbance case can be used as indicators in-order to avoid such catastrophe in the future.

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Concluding remarks…

• Smart Grids are prerequisite to reach targets such as environmental, efficient energy and secure supply.

• Implementation of Smart Grids is an evolution of the existing grids.

• Many requirements, like increased efficiency and reliability can be addressed by the ‘Smart Grid’

• Potential applications for synchrophasor technology evolving in parallel will be needed in order to maintain stable operation of the electric power grid of the future.

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Thank you!!!