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P R O F E S S O R T A J A N A S I M U N I C R O S I N G &
W I L L I A M T O R R E ( C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H )
S P R I N G 2 0 1 3
CSE291: Smart Grid
University of California – San Diego
Seminar Outline
Class logistics
Students for S/U:
Prepare one course presentation outlining related publications and projects in a selected area of SmartGrid
Students for a letter grade:
Submit a conference worthy paper in the area of SmartGrid of 6pg minimum in IEEE two column format
10 classes, Wed 2– 3:30pm, CSE 2109
Objective:
To gain and understanding of the power system design
Understand the changing future of the power supply and delivery system.
Introduction to SmartGrid
Review of related publications and projects
Identification of key research areas in the area of SmartGrid
Select topics to be covered
Introduction to Smart Grid
Basics of Power Systems, Power System Analysis & Simulation
Integration of Renewable Energy
Energy Storage
Loads & Demand Side Management Home area networks (HAN), Automated demand response, Electric Vehicles
Smart Grid Communication, Measurement & Control Cyber security, data privacy
Distributed sensing & control, Wide area measurements (i.e. Synchrophasors)
System Reliability & Ancillary Services
Microgrids
Smart Grids & Internet of Things
Introduction to Smart Grid
Smart Grid Clarifications
Smart Grid Defined
Areas affected by Smart Grid
Smart Grid of the Future of Electric supply and demand operation
Key Drivers of Smart Grid
Smart Grid Categories
Basics of Power systems
Network topology
Transmission and Distribution
Load and Resource Balance
Economic Dispatch
Steady State System Analysis
Power flow analysis
Dynamic System Analysis
Transient stability
Integration of Renewable Generation
Impact of high penetration of renewables
High variability and uncertainty
Mitigation measures
Energy storage
Demand response
Ensuring resource adequacy
Sufficient energy resources to meet customer demand
Advanced renewable forecasting
Customer Energy Management
Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI, aka: Smart Meters)
Home area networks (HAN)
Automated demand response
Electric Vehicles
Smart Grid Communications
Cyber security, data privacy Smart meters Home area networks
Distributed control and data collection Advanced sensors
Synchrophasors Low cost wireless sensors
Large data collection and processing Wide area measurements and visualization
Microgrids
Microgrid (sustainable community) concept
Benefits of microgrids
Technical challenges for microgrids
Current Microgrid projects
UCSD microgrid
U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A L I F O R N I A – S A N D I E G O
A P R I L 3 , 2 0 1 3
W I L L I A M V . T O R R E
C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H
Introduction to Smart Grid
Smart Grid Clarifications
The Grid has always been smart
It’s getting smarter
Significant change in the way power supply system is designed and operated
Improved operational efficiency
Reduced environmental impact
More customer choice
Through application of new technology
Smart Grid Areas
Electric Vehicle Growth
Security
Renewable Growth
Customer Empowerment
SMART
GRID
Integrated & Cross Cutting
Systems
Smart Grid RD&D
Reliability & Safety
Operational Efficiency
Workforce Development
Smart Grid Defined
US DOE Definition of Smart Grid
“Smart grid” generally refers to a class of technologies that people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two way digital communications technologies and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. They are beginning to be used on electricity networks, from the power plants and wind farms all the way to the consumers of electricity in homes and businesses. They offer many benefits to utilities and consumers – mostly seen in big improvements in energy efficiency and reliability on the electricity grid and in energy users’ homes and offices.
14 14
14 © 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved.
Grid/Distribution Operations •Numerous systems and data sources to monitor •Manual and paper/image based processes •Limited sensors, monitoring, and operator visualization •Unable to optimize loading
T&D Planning and Asset Management •Limited information for asset maintenance and replacement •Lengthy environmental screening •Intensive mapping and reconciliation
Customer Service, Call Center •Limited information, taking longer to produce for customers •Manual processes with extended service time
Field Operations and Engineering •Time consuming and less targeted crew dispatch •Lengthy process for fault locating and restoration •Paper intensive processes with many hand-offs •Maintenance is time-based
Utility World of Today Business Processes
15 15
15 © 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved.
Grid/Distribution Operations, EOC •Improved outage identification with integrated OMS/DMS, Smart Meters, and SCADA •Spatial modeling and tracking of major events (e.g. fires, earthquakes, storms) in relation to facilities •Automated switch plan development and execution •Shorter restorations times
T&D Planning and Asset Management •More comprehensive T&D asset studies and visualization •Environmental shopping tool to reduce impacts and streamline permitting •GWD provides more efficient mapping •More complex asset life and maintenance with embedded IT
Customer Service, Call Center • Better and more timely information for customers •Improved customer history •More automated services
Field Operations and Engineering •Reduced emergency response requirements •No trucks roll for initial single no-light calls •More rapid and targeted deployment •Faster resolution of outages and customer power quality problems •Reduced after-hours maintenance through system utilization and load accuracy •Improved facility data for crews (e.g. CIP) •More devices to interrogate and maintain
Utility World of Potential Business Process Changes
16 16 16
Utility World of Today – Technology Applications
16 © 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved.
Voltage Regulation by Time of Day
Non-Mitigated Distributed Generation
Static Equipment Ratings and No Circuit Self-Healing
Highly Centralized Control
Less targeted response and more manual troubleshooting
and repair
17 17 17
Utility World of Technology Application Changes
17
Centralized Wind and Solar Parks
Dynamic Ratings : Transmission Equipment
Dynamic Ratings : Distribution Equipment
Smart Meters with TOU Pricing
Electric Vehicles With Smart
Charging
Residential &
Commercial PV
Integration
Automated control of Distributed
Generation
Advanced Energy Storage
Communicating Fault Circuit Indicators
(Trans & Dist)
SCADA Controlled Automated Capacitor and
Line Switches
Smart Transformers/
Charging
Political and Regulatory Drivers of Smart Grid
• Expanded Options & Improved Response for Customers (AMI, HAN, PEV, Distributed Resources)
• California Regulatory Policy Drivers • CA Loading Order (order of Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, Renewables,
DG) • Finalizing AB-32 Based Regulations (reduce greenhouse gas emissions) • TOU Rates for PEVs • AB2514 Energy Storage, OIR Energy Storage • OIR AFV, OIR Smart Grid, OIR RAM FIT
• Accommodating High Penetration of Renewable Generation
• CPUC-Driven Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS goal of 33% by 2020)
• Accommodating Market Penetration of Electric Vehicles • TOU Rates / Smart Charging / Smart Transformers (direct control by SDG&E) • Impacts of customer charging
• Improved Operating Efficiency and Reliability
Smart Grid Categories
Renewable Integration – Enable and accommodate higher levels of renewable generation to meet state mandated goals, both distributed and central renewable power plants.
Adoption of Electric Vehicles - Enable adoption of new electric vehicle loads while minimizing impact to electric system operations and upgrades of T&D facilities
Improved System Reliability - Maintain and/or Improve Reliability and Safety in Response to Challenges Associated with Renewable Generation and PEVs. Improved operational visibility and automated response.
Resource Adequacy – Ensure that sufficient generating resources are available to meet customer load demand requirements
Customer Choice - Provide more opportunity for customers to have choice for energy management, efficiency improvements, and cost savings.
Challenges with Integration of Renewables
Increased supply volatility - Over 20,000 MW of wind and solar capacity needed for CA 33% renewable energy goal
Uncertainty surrounding thermal resources - About 12,000 MW of once through cooling resources will be repowered or retired
Less predictable load patterns – rooftop solar, electric vehicles, and smart grid
Changing revenue patterns - Decreasing marginal prices and changes in resource operational pattern
Intermittency of PV Solar
Technology Implementation To Mitigate Impact of Renewable Generation
• Advanced Energy Storage
• Capacitor SCADA
• Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting
• Dynamic Voltage Control
• SCADA Expansion
• Dynamic Line Ratings
• Phasor Measurement Units
Electric Vehicle Load Impact
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Noon
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Midnight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Midnight
Best Case PEV Load
Worst Case PEV Load
On-peak Off-peak Off-peak Super Off-peak
MW
24kWh,3.3kW@240V,13A
8 hr charge 53kWh, 17kW@240V, 70A
3.5 hr charge
Expected Increase in EVs
Cumulative and annual PEV sales (2010 to 2020)BEVs and PHEVs (x 1,000)
24.1
38.6
56.9
79.3
106.1
140.1
183.6
236.6
2.6
3.7
5.6
8.4
12.01
16.5
21.6
27.5
1.1 5.2 13.10.2 2.1 2.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cumulative BEVs
Cumulative PHEVs
Annual PEV sales
Smart Grid Reliability Improvement
Faster identification and isolation of faulted circuits
Quicker restoration of customer load
Automated switching, self healing
Maintain power quality to customers with increasing renewable penetration
Accommodate new customer loads (i.e. Evs)
Smart Grid Distribution Reliability
DISTRIBUTION Reliability
• Advanced Ground Fault Detection
• Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting Capabilities (T&D)
• Wireless Faulted Circuit Indicators
• Phase Identification
• Smart Isolation and Reclosing
• Arc Detection (T&D)
• Outage Management System/Distribution Management System (Operational Efficiency)
Smart Grid Transmission Reliability
TRANSMISSION Reliability • Automated Fault Location • Composite Core Conductor • Advanced System Planning Tools • Dynamic Voltage and VAR Control • Energy Storage for Transmission Reliability • Real Time Voltage Stability Program • Synchrophasors (Transmission) • Convert Manual Switches to Remote SCADA
Operation • Fiber Optic and Wireless Communication System
Ensure Resource Adequacy
Fewer base load generation plants
Increase variable and less predictable renewable resource generation
Balance load and generation
Spinning Reserve for emergencies
Renewable Generation Does Not Follow Load Demand
Resource Mix Required in Future
Wider Operating Range (lower Pmin)
Generation
Dispatchable Wind and
Solar
Voltage Support & Frequency Response
Storage
Regulation & Fast Ramping
Peak Load Reduction
Demand Response
Load Shift
Overgeneration Mitigation
Renewable Firming
Customer Smart Grid
Customer plays a more participative role in energy consumption and generation
Customer owned generation
Customer owned energy storage
Dynamic rates
Direct Display of consumption and costs
Automated appliances
Connected Home of the Future
32
Solar Panels
Insulation
Solar Thermal Water Heating
Cool Roof
Energy Efficient Appliances
Smart Appliances
High Efficiency Gas Furnace
Tankless Condensing Water Heater
240 Volt Load Controller
Pool Pump
Wind
Plug-In Charger
Gateway
In-Home Display
Customer Portal
Mobile App
Smart Meter
Plug Load Controller
High Efficiency A/C
Energy Storage
EE Lighting
EE Appliance
Smart Appliances
Programmable Communicating Thermostat
Questions