Smart Electrical Energy - egr.msu.edu Urban Energy.pdfOct 18, 2019 · Smarter grids and smarter...
Transcript of Smart Electrical Energy - egr.msu.edu Urban Energy.pdfOct 18, 2019 · Smarter grids and smarter...
Sustainable Systems:
Smart Cities
AESC310Smart Energy 1
Smart Electrical
Energy
Today’s agenda
Smart Energy AESC310 2
Forms of energy and conversion
Role of electricity in US
Conventional electric networks
Smart electric grid technology
Smarter electricity networks
Looking at Smart Energy through the Consensus Lense
Forms of energy
Non-renewable
o Natural gas
o Coal
Renewable
o Biomass
o Nuclear
o Solar
o Wind
o Geothermal
o Tides
o Hydropower (dams)
Smart Energy AESC310 3
Energy conversion to electrical form
Non-renewable
o Natural gas
o Coal
Renewable
o Biomass
o Nuclear
o Solar
o Wind
o Geothermal
o Tides
o Hydropower (dams)AESC310Smart Energy 4
Which of these forms can be converted to electricity?
Why is electricity such a useful form?
Can be shipped over long distances relatively flexibly
Voltage can be stepped up/down efficiently for local use
Can be used over a wide range of power levels
o Microelectronic devices
o Light bulbs
o Electric room heater
o Aluminum smelting
o Transcranial electrical stimulation
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Factory power in the 1880s
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What are some problems with
electricity?
Energy losses over long lines
Danger to people at certain
power/voltage levels
Heavy dependency can be a
security/convenience risk
Doesn’t store well in large
amounts (energy)
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Role of electricity in
the US energy picture
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AESC310
Smart Energy
9
Electricity Mix
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U.S. Electricity Mix
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Conventional
Transmission Systems
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Electrical power variables
Voltage: potential difference, volts
Current: flow, amperes
Power: voltage * current -> electrical power
(1 volt * 1 amp = 1 watt)
Energy: power * time -> electrical energy
(1 watt-sec, 1 kilowatt-hr) AESC310Smart Energy 13
Volts, amperes and watts –
what’s the difference?
Electrical Generation and Transmission
AESC310Smart Energy 14
Pop Quiz: The power we get from the grid is
transmitted in the form of:
Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current (DC)
The purest rock and roll
known to humanity
(AC/DC)
Electrical Power: Alternating Current
AESC310Smart Energy 15
Electrical power:
AC Transmission and Distribution
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Electrical power:
AC Transmission and Distribution
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Smart Grid Tech
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Smart grid technology
Motivators are:
o increased efficiency
Less power used => cheaper power &
less harm to environment
o increased reliability
more stable in storms
o increased security
less vulnerable to targeted attack
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Smart grid technologiesStrategies
o Efficiency: active market pricing
o Reliability: pinpointing outages
o Security: redundant routing
Techniques
o Measurement: sensors, metering
o Intelligence: decision algorithms
o Control: actuators to shut off lightsAESC310Smart Energy 20
Smart building energy management
1)Advanced building energy management
systems
2)Smart lighting
3)Smart HVAC
4)Other smart building
components: Smart windows
AESC310Smart Energy 21
https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/19537/title/how-smart-
buildings-save-energy
Networked systems lead to greater efficiency.
Smart Grid Tech
Continued:
Evolving electric networks
AESC310Smart Energy 22
Electric networks
Production installed capacity
Distribution capacity to transmit
Consumption actual demand
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In the US we have a consumption-driven system
implemented by highly-regulated utility
companies.
The system is costly but effective and reliable.
Smarter electric networksProduction from multiple sources
Power plants
Solar and wind farms
Local solar panels on roofs
Distribution
Many parts of grid must be “two-way”
Market-structured among primary producers
Consumption
Suppliers may control, to some degree
Influenced by dynamic pricing
Demand reduced by education
AESC310Smart Energy 24
MSU Solar Carport Initiative
AESC310Smart Energy 25http://ipf.msu.edu/green/practices/solar-carport-initiative.html
Smarter electric networks
AESC310Smart Energy 26
Smarter electric networks
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Consider local effects: microgrid
Source: rebuspower.com
Conventional electric networks
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GRID
P
P P
PC
CC
C
Producer
Consumer
Smarter electric networks
AESC310Smart Energy
29
GRID
P 1
P 2
C 3C 1
C 2
Producer
Consumer
Separate market-
based operation:
buyer-seller
structure
PC1
PC2
Smart grids and Smart Cities
A smart grid does three things:
o Modernizes power systems for C&C
o Informs consumers about their usage
o Provides reliable and secure power
Leads to increased use of:
o Measurement – what’s happening?
o Automated intelligence – what to do?
o Control action – how to do it?AESC310Smart Energy 30
Food for thought…. This isn’t new tech
• 1979- Solar panels installed on the White House.
• 2005 – Enel deployment (Italy) widely considered to be
the first full scale
• 2007 – The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)
directed the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) to develop a set of standards to help
ensure the compatibility of Smart Grid technologies
AESC310Smart Energy 31
So why haven’t we implemented it yet?
AESC310Smart Energy 32
Let’s think about this like a consensus
issue…
• Who are our stakeholders?
AESC310Smart Energy 33
Let’s think about this like a consensus
issue…
• Who are our stakeholders?
• Utility Customers
• Residential
• Commercial
• State Government
• Federal Government
• Utilities
• Technology Providers
AESC310Smart Energy 34
• These groups need to wrestle with issues such as:
• Which technologies are deployed?
• Who pays & how much?
• Who owns the power?
• Who own’s the data generated?
AESC310Smart Energy 35
Let’s think about this like a consensus
issue…
• Suppose you want to install solar and wind at your own home to be more self-sufficient and sustainable.
• You’d also like to sell excess energy you produce to the grid.
• As a fallback, you’d like to keep your connection to the grid in case of emergencies, dark/still periods, etc.
• In short, you want to create your own micro-grid.
Smart Energy AESC310 36
A more specific case…
• Upon investigation, you find the following:
• Beyond the cost of the solar panels, you will also need to purchase electrical equipment that will bring your power “in-phase” with the local power lines.
• Your utility will buy back the electricity at 60% the fee you pay.
• You will need to pay a “stand-by” fee
Smart Energy AESC310 37
A more specific case…
• Values driven decision
• Lower carbon footprint
• Reduce grid demand
• David vs. Goliath
• You need energy sales to make your microgrid work financially
• You have little market power as an individual to negotiate prices
• Extra fees seem designed to keep you out of the market (anti-competitive)
• Conclusion, rules should be put in place to help make your microgrid more financially viable.
Smart Energy AESC310 38
Your Perspective
• Values driven decision
• Keep the power on
• Remain financially solvent
• Regarding prices & Fees
• Few businesses like being told they
“must” buy something for more than it
costs them to produce (anti-
competitive)
• If you stay connected to the grid,
utilities are mandated by law to have
enough capacity to meet your needs…
even if you aren’t using their e-.
• Leads to idle infrastructure…
• Energy mix & relation to reliability
Smart Energy AESC310 39
Utility Perspective
Utility Perspective.. Meeting demand
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Utility Perspective.. Meeting demand
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Utility Perspective.. Meeting demand
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Gas/Hydro/Combustion for peaking
Wind
Solar
Just for illustration… not necessarily to scale.
Take Home Message…
• The technology to make this happen is here and quite
mature
• Implementation is complicated
• No obvious solution for rulemakers
AESC310Smart Energy 43
Remember that timeline from earlier….
• 2007 – The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)
directed the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) to develop a set of standards to help
ensure the compatibility of Smart Grid technologies
• 2010 NIST (Finally) presented their proposal for standards and
guidelines…
• It was rejected by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
• Cybersecurity & implementability concerns
• To date, no such Federal standards exist
AESC310Smart Energy 44
Shocking
Right?
AESC310 Smart Energy 45
Take Home Message…
• The technology to make this happen is here and quite
mature
• Implementation is complicated
• No obvious solution for rulemakers
• Fed Gov’t punts the decision to the States
• States often punt to local Govts and Utilities
• For example, see DSIRE.org
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Take Home Message…
AESC310Smart Energy 47
Engineering Business
Socio-Political
you
Some additional resources
energy.gov/oe/services/
technology-development/smart-grid
EPRI/intelligrid
www.peterkrantz.com/2011/energy-feedback-loops/
www.smartgrid.ieee.org
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/index_en.cfm?pg=re
search-smartgrid
http://www.add.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/buildings/watert
ower.html
DSIREusa.org (State by state, policies and incentives)
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One Planet, one Family, one Grid?
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Additional Slides
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Electrical energy: “history”
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Electrical power: human generation
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‘regular’ person:
1.2 hp briefly (900 W)
0.1 hp indefinitely (75 W)
‘trained athlete’ :
2.5 hp briefly (1650 W)
0.3 hp indefinitely (225 W)
Electrical power: Direct Current
AESC310Smart Energy 53
Car battery:
12 v
40 A.h
Peak current
draw: ~400 A
Electronics
battery:
1.5 v
800 mA.h
Current draw:
~50-1000 mA
Human brain:
~ 70 mv
~ 2 ma
Smarter grids and smarter cities
Production from multiple sources
Distribution
Main grids integrated with microgrids
Greater reliability and security through C&C
Consumption
Greater control in meeting demand
Example of electricity needs of urban water utility:
(1) very large consumer; (2) some demand shifted
to off-peak hours; (3) limit water power in favor of
hospital power
AESC310Smart Energy 54
Source: Relationship between Smart Grids and Smart Cities, K. Geisler, Siemens Smart Grid US. www.smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletter/may-2013