Smart Dust Training - NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory · PDF file ·...
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Transcript of Smart Dust Training - NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory · PDF file ·...
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
The Opportunity & MotivationQuotes from Time Magazine’s Special Report on “What’s Next” (Sept. 8, ’03)
“Wireless, Web, and sensors are a potent combination”
–Paul Saffo, Technology Forecaster
“A Brief History of The Next Big Thing: Smart-Dust”
..scatter a bunch of these radio equipped wireless sensors across a battlefield.. track troop movements..embed them in a road.. traffic report..already detecting climate conditions at a CA vineyard and monitoring energy use in supermarkets
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Introduction to Smart-Dust and Motes
• Agenda• Who are we ?• What is TinyOS ?• What are applications ?
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Agenda1) Introduction to Smart Dust and MOTES2) TinyOS Intsall3) 10-Min Break4) Mote Hardware Overview5) TinyOS Programming #16) Lunch7) TinyOS Programming #28) Wireless Communication Issues and Radio
Stack9) Multihop Hop Overview and Surge Demo
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Agenda1) Power Management and Batteries2) TinyDB and TASK3) Stargate4) 10-Min Break5) Advanced Programming and Debugging6) Sensicast Demo7) Lunch8) Over-Air Programming (XNP) Lab9) Cricket Presentation MIT
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Who is Crossbow ?• Founded 1995• Venture Funded - $13M in Financing
– Intel Corporate Investor• Shipping Sensors since 1996• ISO-9001, FAA Certified for Avionics• Two Major Product Lines
– Inertial MEMS Sensors– Wireless Sensor Networks
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Personnel• Mike Horton• Matt Miller• Jaidev Prabhu• John Suh• Melissa Horton
• Michael Newman - Sensicast
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Why Smart Dust ?
• The Wireless Digital Nervous System… A new breed of Intelligent Sensors that are smarter, smaller, and more adept at communications
• Low cost, low energy sensors:– mems, nanotechnology
• Low cost wireless platforms– integrated radio, uP
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
The Physical Internet
year
log
(peo
ple
per c
ompu
ter)
Streaming informationto/from physical world
Number CrunchingData Storage
ProductivityInteractive
Mainframe
Minicomputer
WorkstationPC
LaptopPDA
Courtesy: D. Culler, UC Berkeley
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Environmental Monitoring
• Air Quality• Soil Moisture• Micro-climates• Animal Tracking
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
15
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5`
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11 9
8
Mote Layout
1.0
0.5
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tion
(g's
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20151050Time (s)
North-South East-West
1.0
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tion
(gs)
20151050Time (s)
North-South East-West
1.0
0.5
0.0
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-1.0
Acce
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tion
(g's
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20151050Time (s)
North-South East-West
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-1.0
Acce
lera
tion
(g's
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20151050Time (s)
North-South East-West
Input motion:Canoga Park Northridge Earthquake record(0.36 PGA)
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Building Monitoring• 50 Node Conference Room Scheduling
System at Intel• Other Examples
– Energy Usage– Office Comfort– Wireless Thermostats– Wireless Light Switches
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
• Monitoring Environments– habitat monitoring, conservation biology, ...– Precision agriculture, land conservation, ... – built environment comfort & efficiency ... – alarms, security, surveillance, treaty verification
...• Monitoring Structures and Things
– structural response, condition-based maintenance
– disaster management– urban terrain mapping & monitoring
• Interactive Environments– manufacturing, asset tracking, fleet & franchise– context aware computing, non-verbal
communication– assistance
• home/elder care
Courtesy: D. Culler, UC Berkeley
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Market Summary
Automotive
ResearchADOPTION TIME
SIZ
E Electric Power& Utilities
Environmental
IndustrialMonitoring
Building ControlsAsset Tracking
Defense
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Ad-Hoc Mesh Networking
• Autonomous nodes self assembling into a network of sensors
• Sensor information propagatedto central collection point
• Sensor collaboration• Intermediate nodes assist distant
nodes to reach the base station.
Routing Tree LinkConnectivity
Base Station
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Key Hardware Requirements
• Robust radio technology.• Low cost energy efficient processor.• Flexible I/O for various sensors.• Lifetime energy source.• Flexible, open source, development
platformMOTE
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Key Software Requirements• Small foot print to run on small processors • Efficient resource utilization for energy
conservation (10 uA average)• Capable of fine grained concurrency• Highly modular• Robust, low power, ad-hoc mesh networking.
TOS (TinyOS): Tiny Operating System
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
What is TinyOS ?
• An Open-Source Development Environment
• A Simple Operating System
• A Programming Language and Model
• A Set of Services
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS – Development Environment
• Windows and Linux• Multiple Hardware Platforms• Multiple Sensors• Debugging Tools• Reference Applications
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS/Mote History• Originally developed at UC Berkeley
(David Culler, Kris Pister) • Intel supported Center at UC Berkeley
(Intel and UCB researchers).• University courses in wireless and
computer science• > 300 Groups Actively Use TinyOS
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS: NesC Programming Language and Model
• Separation of construction and composition: – programs are built out of components
• Specification of component behavior in terms of set of interfaces
• Components are statically wired to each other via their interfaces.– This increases runtime efficiency
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS Composition• Composed of Tasks, Signals (interrupts) and
Commands.• Similar to state machine model. Commands
usually start split phase operation.• Signals: Interrupt occurs, process, post task if
needed, go back to sleep.• Tasks: Small queue for background
processing, Each task executed to completion.
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS - Services
• Radio, MAC (Media-Access-Control), Messaging, Routing
• Sensor Interfaces• Power Management• Security• Debug• Time
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Ad-Hoc Routing (Self configuring)
• Links are not reliable over the long term
• Links change dynamically
• Requires networking topology that also dynamically changes.
• Low energy requirements limit types of protocols. Powered networks can afford to expend a lot more energy to manage links.
• Protocols where the motes dynamically determine the best parent are attractive.
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
TinyOS SupportsMultiple Radio Standards
GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LDMS
802.15.4Zigbee Bluetooth1
802.11x
ShortRange
Low Data Rate High Data Rate
400/900* TinyOS
LongRange WAN
LAN
PAN
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Network Stack & Standards
PHY Layer
MAC LayerMAC Layer
Data LinkLayer
Network Layer
Application Interface
Application
Multi-radio& MAC
Time SyncMulti-Hop
Best-EffortReliableSecurity
TASKSensicastSurge
TinyOSBluetoothZigBee (TBD)
IEEE802.15.4
© 2003 Crossbow Technology
Multiple Network Topologies
Stare.g., BluetoothPICONET
Hybrid Star Peer to Peer
Coordinator – typically powered
“Leaf Node”- typically battery powered