Smart City - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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10/13/2014 Smart city - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city

Smart cityFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Urban performance currently depends not only on the city's endowment of hard infrastructure ('physical

capital'), but also, and increasingly so, on the availability and quality of knowledge communication and

social infrastructure ('intellectual capital and social capital'). The latter form of capital is decisive for urban

competitiveness. It is against this background that the concept of the smart cityhas been introduced as a

strategic device to encompass modern urban production factors in a common framework and to highlightthe growing importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), social and environmenta

capital inprofiling the competitiveness of cities.[1]The significance of these two assets - social and

environmental capital - itself goes a long way to distinguish smart cities from their more technology-laden

counterparts, drawing a clearline between them and what goes under the name of either digital or

intelligentcities.

Smart(er) citieshave also been used as a marketing concept by companies and by cities.

Contents

1 Definition

2 Policy context

3 Characteristics

3.1 A stage reached in the development of infrastructure

3.2 A strategy for creating a competitive environment

3.3 An approach to inclusive and sustainable cities

4 Wirelesssensor networks for smart cities

4.1 Online collaborative sensor data management platforms

5 Criticism

6 Examples of use

6.1 Use by cities

7 See also

8 References

efinition

A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport)

and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality

of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure


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Characteristics

The label smart cityis still quite a fuzzy concept and is used in ways that are not always consistent. This

section summarises the characteristics of a smart city that most frequently recur in discussions of the topic

A stage reached in the development of infrastructure

This usage is centred around the "utilisation of networked infrastructureto improve economic andpolitical efficiency and enable social, cultural and urban development",[12]where the term infrastructure

indicates business services, housing, leisure and lifestyle services, and ICTs (mobile and fixed phones,

satellite TVs, computer networks, e-commerce, internet services), and brings to the forefront the idea of a

wired city as the main development model and of connectivity as the source of growth.[4]

The critical role of high-tech and creative industries in long-run urban growth is stressed. This factor, alon

with soft infrastructure("knowledge networks, voluntary organisations, crime-free environments, after

dark entertainment economy"),[12]is the core of Richard Florida's research.[11]

The basic idea is that "creative occupations are growing and firms now orient themselves to attract 'thecreative'". While the presence of a creative and skilled workforce does not guarantee urban performance, in

a knowledge-intensive and increasingly globalised economy, these factors will determine increasingly the

success of cities.[13]

A strategy for creating a competitive environment

Here, a smart city is taken to be one that takes advantage of the opportunities ICTs offer to increase loca

prosperity and competitiveness- an approach which implies integrated urban development based on

multi-actor, multi-sector, and multi-level perspectives.[6][14]

This leads to an "underlying emphasis on business-led urban development",[12]creating business-friendl

cities with the aim of attracting new businesses. The data shows that business-oriented cities are indeed

among those with a satisfactory socio-economic performance. To this end, cities may design business park

as Smart Cities: Kochi, Malta, Dubai are all examples.

Local intelligence capacityis intrinsically linked to that of the knowledge-based economy where

innovation and technology are main drivers of growth[15]and the collective community intelligence,

which underlines capacity and networks as main drivers of a community's success.[16]This requires a

planning paradigm pertinent for urban-regional development and innovation management, similar to therelated concept of intelligent cities (or communities, clusters, districts and multi-cluster territories). By

developing sector-focused, cluster-based or more complex intelligent city strategies, territories can set in

motion innovation mechanisms of global dimensions and enhance substantially their innovation systems. [5

Smart cities as innovation ecosystems could offer ample opportunities for sustainable, user-driven

intelligent services. This can be achieved by combining open innovation processes, advanced e-

Government service applications, cloud computing and IoT technologies.[17]

An approach to inclusive and sustainable cities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_industries


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Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor

owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an online database for storage and also allow

developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data. Examples includ

Xively and the Wikisensing platform (http://wikisensing.org). Such platforms simplify online collaboration

between users over diverse data sets ranging from energy and environment data to collected from transpor

services.[29]Other services include allowing developers to embed real-time graphs & widgets in websites;

analyse and process historical data pulled from the data feeds; send real-time alerts from any datastream to

control scripts, devices and environments.

The architecture of the Wikisensing system [30]describes the key components of such systems to include

APIs and interfaces for online collaborators, a middleware containing the business logic needed for the

sensor data management and processing and a storage model suitable for the efficient storage and retrieval

of large volumes of data.

Criticism

The main arguments against the superficial use of this concept in the policy arena are:[12]

A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development

The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effect

of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be

smart.[31]

The idea of neo-liberal urban spaces has been criticised for the potential risks associated with putting an

excessive weight on economic values as the sole driver of urban development. Among these possible

development patterns, policy makers would better consider those that depend not only on a business-led

model.

As a globalized business model is based on capital mobility, following a business-oriented model may

result in a losing long term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write

its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less tru

for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city".[12]

Examples of use

The term 'smart city' has been used in a variety of instances, and applications,[32]including the followingexamples.

Use by cities

Smart City Vienna

Aarhus Smart City

Amsterdam Smart City

Cairo Smart Village
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalhttp://wikisensing.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xively


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1. ^Caragliu, A; Del Bo, C. & Nijkamp, P (2009). "Smart cities in Europe"

(http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html).Serie Research Memoranda 0048(VU University

Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics).

2. ^Seisdedos, Gildo (2012). "Qu es una Smart City?"

(http://www.coit.es/publicaciones/bit/bit188/monograficoseisdedos.pdf).Bit188: 3537.

3. ^Giffinger, Rudolf; Christian Fertner; Hans Kramar; Robert Kalasek; Nataa Pichler-Milanovic; Evert Meijers

(2007). "Smart cities Ranking of European medium-sized cities" (http://www.smart-

cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf).Smart Cities. Vienna: Centre of Regional Science.

4. ^ abKomninos Nicos (2002).Intelligent cities: innovation, knowledge systems and digital spaces. London: Spo

Press.

5. ^ abKomninos, Nicos (2009). "Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments".

International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development(Inderscience Publishers) 1(4): 337355(19).

doi:10.1504/ijird.2009.022726 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022726).

6. ^ abPaskaleva, K (25 January 2009). "Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe".

International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development1(4): 405422(18).

doi:10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022730).

7. ^OECD EUROSTAT (2005). Oslo Manual. Paris: OECD - Statistical Office of the European Communities.

8. ^Del Bo, C.; Florio, M. (2008). "Infrastructure and growth in the European Union: an empirical analysis at the

regional level in a spatial framework".Departmental Working Papers 2008-37(Milan: University of Milan,

Department of Economics).

9. ^Berry, C. R.; Glaeser, E.L. (2005). "The divergence of human capital levels across cities".Papers in Regiona

Science84(3): 407444. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00047.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1435-

5957.2005.00047.x).

10. ^Glaeser, E.L; Berry, C. R. (2006). "Why are smart places getting smarter?". Taubman Cente Policy Brief

(Cambridge MA: Taubman Centre). 2006-2.

11. ^ abFlorida, R. L. (2009). "Class and Well-Being"

(http://www.creativeclass.com/creative_class/2009/03/17/class-and-well-being/). Retrieved 17 March 2009.

12. ^ abcdeHollands, R. G (2008). "Will the real smart city please stand up?". City12(3): 303320.

doi:10.1080/13604810802479126 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13604810802479126).

13. ^Nijkamp, P. (2008). "E pluribus unum".Research Memorandum, Faculty of Economics(Amsterdam: VU

University Amsterdam).

14. ^Odendal, Nancy (November 2003). "Information and communication technology and local governance:

understanding the difference between cities in developed and emerging economies". Computers, EnvironmentandUrban Systems27(6): 585607. doi:10.1016/s0198-9715(03)00016-4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0198

9715%2803%2900016-4).

15. ^Torres, L; Pina, V. and Sonia, R. (2005). "E-government and the transformation of public administrations in

EU countries: Beyond NPM or just a second wave of reforms?". Online Information Review29(5): 531553.


16. ^Baron, S; Field, J. and Schuller, T (2000). Social capital: Critical perspective. Oxford University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108%2F14684520510628918http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0198-9715%2803%2900016-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nijkamphttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13604810802479126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.creativeclass.com/creative_class/2009/03/17/class-and-well-being/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Floridahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1435-5957.2005.00047.xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022730http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022726http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdfhttp://www.coit.es/publicaciones/bit/bit188/monograficoseisdedos.pdfhttp://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html


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Retrievedfrom "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&oldid=628830766"

17. ^Ballon, P; Glidden, J.; Kranas, P.; Menychtas, A.; Ruston, S.; Van Der Graaf, S. (2011). "Is there a Need for

Cloud Platform for European Smart Cities?" (http://www.epic-

cities.eu/sites/default/files/documents/eChallenges_ref_23_doc_7335.pdf). eChallenges e-2011

(http://www.echallenges.org/e2011/default.asp). Florence, Italy.

18. Â, Coe; Paquet, G. and Roy, J. (2001). "E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge".

Social Science Computer Review19(1): 8093.

19. ^Southampton City Council (2006). "Southampton Smartcities Card"

(http://www.southampton.gov.uk/living/smartcities/). Retrieved 12 November 2009.

20. ^Deakin, M (2007). "From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full

circle".Journal of Urban Technology14(3): 131143.

21. ^Deakin, M; Allwinkle, S (2007). "Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role networks,

innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships".Journal of Urban Technology14(1): 7791.


22. ^Deakin, M (2010). Reddick, C, ed. "Review of City Portals: The Transformation of Service Provision under

the Democratization of the Fourth Phase".Politics, Democracy and E-Government: Participation and Service

Delivery(Hershey: IGI Publishing).23. Âsn, Alicia;Smart Cities from Libelium allows systems integrators to monitor noise, pollution, structural

health and waste management (http://www.libelium.com/smart_cities/)

24. ^Vehicle Traffic Monitoring Platform with Bluetooth over ZigBee

(http://www.libelium.com/vehicle_traffic_monitoring_bluetooth_sensors_over_zigbee)

25. ^Gascn, David; Asn, Alicia;Smart Sensor Parking Platform enables city motorists save time and fuel

(http://www.libelium.com/smart_parking/)

26. ^"Parking Tech: An Accelerator to the Connected City... the Human City" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zia

yusuf/parking-tech-an-accelerator_b_3326129.html).The Blog(huffingtonpost.com). May 23, 2013.

27. ^"Streetline Unveils Sound Level and Surface Temperature Sensing; Advances "Internet of Things" Vision for

Cities" (http://www.streetline.com/2014/01/streetline-unveils-sound-and-surface-temperature-sensing-advances

internet-of-things-vision-for-cities/). Streetline.com. January 7, 2014.

28. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-1qxKcOSeg

29. ^Boyle, D.; Yates, D.; Yeatman, E. (2013). "Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013".IEEE Internet

Computing17(6): 1. doi:10.1109/MIC.2013.85 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2013.85).

30. ^Silva, D.; Ghanem, M.; Guo, Y. (2012). "WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data

Management". Sensors12(12): 13295. doi:10.3390/s121013295 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fs121013295).

31. Ônthis topic, see also Graham, S.; Marvin, S. (1996). Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces,

urban place. London: Routledge.

32. ^Sustainable smart city IoT applications: Heat and electricity management & Eco-conscious cruise control for

public transportation [1] (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WoWMoM.2013.6583500)

33. ^http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Council/Campaigns_and_projects/CEC_smart_city_home_page

34. ^http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/lyon-smart-city-france-europe.346.0.html?&L=1
http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/lyon-smart-city-france-europe.346.0.html?&L=1http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Council/Campaigns_and_projects/CEC_smart_city_home_pagehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WoWMoM.2013.6583500http://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fs121013295http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2013.85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-1qxKcOSeghttp://www.streetline.com/2014/01/streetline-unveils-sound-and-surface-temperature-sensing-advances-internet-of-things-vision-for-cities/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zia-yusuf/parking-tech-an-accelerator_b_3326129.htmlhttp://www.libelium.com/smart_parking/http://www.libelium.com/vehicle_traffic_monitoring_bluetooth_sensors_over_zigbeehttp://www.libelium.com/smart_cities/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10630730701260118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.southampton.gov.uk/living/smartcities/http://www.echallenges.org/e2011/default.asphttp://www.epic-cities.eu/sites/default/files/documents/eChallenges_ref_23_doc_7335.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&oldid=628830766


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http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Smart city

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Internet of Things Organizational theory Sustainable urban planning Urban studies and planning

Urban studies and planning terminology Public policy

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