Smart Card Railway Ticket(Without Rtc)

8/4/2019 Smart Card Railway Ticket(Without Rtc)

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SMART CARD RAILWAYSMART CARD RAILWAYTICKET(WITHOUT RTC)TICKET(WITHOUT RTC)

MALVIKA VARMAMALVIKA VARMA--08J81A047808J81A0478

A.KAVYAA.KAVYA--08J81A047208J81A0472


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TOEMBEDDED SYSTEMS An embedded system is a special-

purpose system in which thecomputer is completely encapsulatedby or dedicated to the device or

system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer,

such as a personal computer, anembedded system performs one or a

few pre-defined tasks, usually withvery specific requirements.

Embedded systems range fromportable devices such as digitalwatches and MP3 players, to largestationary installations like trafficlights, factory controllers, or thesystems controlling nuclear power

plants.


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HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSHISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSIn the earliest years of

computers in the 1940s,computers weresometimes dedicated toa single task, but weretoo large to be

considered "embedded".By the end of the 80s,embedded systems werethe norm rather than

the exception for almostall electronics devices, atrend which hascontinued since.


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EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSYTEMEXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSYTEMAutomatic teller

machines (ATMs)Avionics, such as

inertial guidancesystems, flight control

hardware/software andother integratedsystems in aircraft andmissiles

Engine controllers andantilock brakecontrollers for

automobiles


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Handheldcalculators

Personal digitalassistant

Industrial controllersfor remote machine

operation.Videogame consoles

Medical equipment


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CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSCHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

y Embedded systems are designed to do

some specific task, rather than be ageneral-purpose computer formultiple tasks.

y Some also have real-timeperformance constraints that must bemet, for reason such as safety andusability; others may have low or noperformance requirements, allowingthe system hardware to be simplified

to reduce costs.y An embedded system is not always aseparate block - very often it isphysically built-in to the device it iscontrolling.


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APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSyy Networked informationNetworked information

appliances using the HP Chaiappliances using the HP ChaiAppliance PlatformAppliance PlatformCRM,CRM,locationlocation--based servicesbased services

yy Windows XP embeddedWindows XP embeddedapplicationsapplications air conditionerair conditioner

remote control, audio playerremote control, audio playerremote control, typing speedremote control, typing speedindicator, databaseindicator, databaseapplication, electronic voting.application, electronic voting.

yy RealReal--time systems usingtime systems using

RTLinuxRTLinuxprinting,printing,messagingmessagingyy Communications systemsCommunications systems

for protocol conversion andfor protocol conversion andVoIP.VoIP.


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SMART CARDSMART CARD

y

A smart card, chip card,or integrated circuit card

(ICC), is defined as any

pocket-sized card with

embedded integrated

circuits which can

process information.

y This implies that it can

receive input which is

processed - by way of the

ICC applications - and

delivered as an output.


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y There are two broad

categories of ICCs.

y

Memory cards containonly non-volatile

memory storage

components, and

perhaps some specificsecurity logic.

y The card is made of

plastic, generally PVC,

but sometimes ABS.

The card may embed

a hologram to avoid

counterfeiting.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CARDCHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CARDy Dimensions are normally credit

card size. The ID-1 of ISO 7810standard defines them as 85.60 53.98 mm. Another popular size isID-000 which is 25 x 15 mm. Bothare .76 mm thick.

y Contains a security system and is

capable of providing securityservices

y Card data is transferred to thecentral administration systemthrough card reading devices,

such as ticket readers, ATMs etc.y Benefit: Smart cards provide a

means of effecting businesstransactions in a flexible, secure

way with minimal humanintervention and in a standard

way.


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HISTORY OF SMART CARDHISTORY OF SMART CARD The first mass use of the cards

was for payment in French payphones, starting in 1983(Tlcarte).

Roland Moreno actuallypatented his first concept of thememory card in 1974.

In 1977, Michel Ugon fromHoneywell Bull invented the firstmicroprocessor smart card.

In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM(Self Programmable One-chipMicrocomputer)

A Finnish smart card, combiningcredit card and debit cardproperties. The 3 by 5 mmsecurity chip embedded in thecard is shown enlarged in theinset. The gold contact pads on

the card enables electronicaccess to the chip.


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Smart cards with contactless interfaces are becoming

increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications

such as mass transit.

Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implementversion currently being deployed (2004-2006) in the USA.

Smart cards are also being introduced in personal

identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national,

and international levels.


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CONTACT SMARTCARDCONTACT SMARTCARD Contact smart cards have a small gold

chip about 1cm by 1cmon the front.When inserted into areader, thechip makes contact withelectricalconnectors thatcanread informationfrom thechipand write informationback.

The ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC7810seriesofstandardsdefine:

y the physicalshapey thepositionsandshapesof the

electricalconnectorsy theelectricalcharacteristicsy thecommunicationsprotocolsy

theformatof thecommandssent tothecardand theresponsesreturnedby thecard

y robustnessof thecardy thefunctionality Thecardsdonotcontainbatteries;

energy issuppliedby thecardreader.


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CONTACT LESS SMARTCARDCONTACT LESS SMARTCARDy A second type is the contact less

smart card, in which the chipcommunicates with the card reader

through RFID induction technology

(at data rates of 106 to 848 Kbit/s).

y The standard for contact less smart

card communications is ISO/IEC14443, dated 2001.

y It defines two types of contact less

cards ("A" and "B"), allows for

communications at distances up to

10 cm.

y There had been proposals for ISO

14443 types C,D, E and F that have

been rejected by the International

Organization for Standardization.


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COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLCOMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

NAME DESCRIPTION

T=0 Byte level transmission protocol

T=1 Block level transmission protocol

T=CL APDUtransmissionviacontact lessinterface ISO 14443


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SMART CARD APPLICATION AREASSMART CARD APPLICATION AREAS

IND

USTRY

APPLICATION

SAccountantsAccountants Business cards, client ID cards, promotions, calendar

cards

AutomobileAutomobile

dealersdealers

VIN ID cards, dealer loyalty cards, discount cards,

warranty cards

ComputersComputers Warranty cards, customer support, Internet accessnumbers, discounts

SecuritySecurity Access control, name badges

HotelsHotels Discount cards, frequency cards, key cards, employeeID badges

RetailsRetails Customer cards, check cashing cards, discount cards,loyalty cards


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ADVANTAGESOFADVANTAGESOFSMARTCARDSMARTCARD

y The capacity provided by theon-board microprocessor anddata capacity for highly secure,off-line processing.

y Adherence to internationalstandards, ensuring multiplevendor sources and competitiveprices.

y Established track record inreal world applications.

y

Durability and long expectedlife span (guaranteed by vendorfor up to 10,000 read/writesbefore failure).

y Secure independent datastorage on one single card.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMARTBLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMART

CARD FOR RAILWAY TICKETCARD FOR RAILWAY TICKET

Smart card

reader

module

Microcontroller

Keypad

LCDPower Supply


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O P E R A T I O N O P E R A T I O N IN OUR PROJECT |SMART CARD BASED RAIL TICKET}

MICRO CONTROLLER IS THE HEART OF THE PROJECT.IT CONTROLS WHOLE EQUIPMENT.

WHEN EVER WE INSERT THE SMART CARD INITIALLY ITDISPLAYS HOW MANY BERTHS AVAILABLE INCOMPARTMENT, WHICH ARE ALREADY STORED .

AFTER INSERTING THE SMART CARD THE MICROCONTROLLER ALLOWS THE KEY PAD TO ENTER THEDESTINATION PLACE.

CHARGES CORRESPONDING TO THE PLACES WHICH

THE TRAIN TRAVELS ARE DISPLAYED ON THE LCD,WHEN THE SMART CARD IS ACCEPTED.


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POWER SUPPLY GIVESPOWER TO THECOMPONENTS WHEN THEYREQUIRE.

WHEN EVER WE GIVE THENAME OF THE DESTINATIONBY USING KEY PAD,CORRESPONDING CHARGESAND NUMBER OF BERTHS

WILL DECREASES FROMTHE LIST.

ELECTRICALLY ERASABLEPROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY IS A NON-

VOLATILE STORAGE CHIPUSED IN COMPUTERS ANDOTHER DEVICES TO STORE

SMALL AMOUNTS OFVOLATILE DATA.

IF THE NUMBER OF BERTHS


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MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER

FEATURES OF

MICROCONTROLLERCompatible with MCS-51

Products4K Bytes of In-System

Reprogrammable FlashMemory Endurance:1000 Write/EraseCycles.

Fully Static Operation:0Hz to 24MHz

Three-level Program

Memory Lock


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128 x 8- bit Internal RAM32 Programmable I/O LinesTwo 16-bit Timer/CountersSix Interrupt SourcesProgrammable Serial ChannelLow-power Idle and Power-down Modes


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CIRCUIT OF 8051CIRCUIT OF 8051


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KEILKEILKEIL CROSS C COMPILER

It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such

as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file,specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on eachAssembler source file, specifying another list of controls.

Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files;

automatically compile, link and covert using options setwith an easy to use user interface and finally simulate orperform debugging on the hardware with access to Cvariables and memory.


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yKEIL PROJECT

FILES HAVE THE

EXTENSION SUCHAS

SIMULATOR/DEB

UGGER.

yKEIL GREATLY

SIMPLIFIES THEPROCESS OF

CREATING AND

TESTING AN


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CIRCUIT OFCIRCUIT OF

SMART CARDSMART CARD


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WORKWORK

CARRIED OUTCARRIED OUT

y In our project smart cardbased rail ticket microcontroller is the heart of theproject. It controls wholeequipment.

y The technology used in thisare microcontroller, lcd,smart card reading module ,

keypad.y It has been a great pleasure

for me to work on thisproject.


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FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK

y

The objective of the project is todesign a microcontroller basedsmart card processor for rail wayticket.

y Smart cards provide a means of

effecting business transactions ina flexible, secure way withminimal human intervention and ina standard way.

y In future we have to maintain allthe technological data and

information through the latestonline based information.

y This project is very useful andshows the positive side oftechnology.


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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

y The 8051 MicrocontrollerandEmbedded System

- M.A Mazidi & J.G

Mazidiy The Microcontroller Idea

Book

-JohnAxelson

y The MicrocontrollerApplicationCookbook

- MattGilliland


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ANY QUERIES!!ANY QUERIES!!


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Smart Card Railway Ticket(Without Rtc)

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