Managing Healthy and Sustainable Wage Bills The Singapore Experience
SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY: SINGAPORE, SUCCESS CASE
Transcript of SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY: SINGAPORE, SUCCESS CASE
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SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY: SINGAPORE, SUCCESS CASE
JULIÁN ANDRÉS CORREA GIRALDO.1, ANDRÉS ESCOBAR DIAZ.2, HAROLD.
VACCA GONZÁLEZ.3
1 Electronic Technologist, Francisco Jose de Caldas District University (UDFJ de C),
Colombia.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6074-7283
e-mail: [email protected]
2 Electronic engineer, Francisco Jose de Caldas District University (UDFJ de C), Colombia.
Master's degree in engineering, Master's degree in administration, Los Andes University,
Colombia.
Professor at the Francisco Jose de Caldas District University (UDFJ de C), Colombia.
Order and Chaos Research Group Director: ORCA, attached to the Center for Research
and Scientific Development (CIDC) of the Francisco Jose de Caldas District University
(UDFJ de C), Colombia.
Technological Development Center Da Vinci
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-8776
e-mail: [email protected].
Contact address: Tv. 70 b # 73 a 34 S. Technological faculty of Francisco Jose de Caldas
District University (UDFJ de C), Colombia.
3 Bachelor in Mathematics, Francisco José de Caldas District University (UDFJ de C),
Colombia.
Master in Applied Mathematics, EAFIT University, Colombia. Professor at the Francisco
José de Caldas District University (UDFJ de C), Colombia. Research group Director in
Basic Sciences: SciBas, attached to the Center for Research and Scientific Development
(CIDC) from the UDFJ de C.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-0070
e-mail: [email protected]
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Resumen
Introducción: El artículo hace una descripción cualitativa de la ciudad-nación de Singapur
y su evaluación cuantitativa, las cuales hacen parte de una investigación de carácter
exploratorio para el grupo de investigación ORCA y SciBas de la Universidad Distrital
Francisco José de Caldas. Por lo anterior, durante el primer semestre de 2018 se realizó una
revisión conceptual sobre el tema, planteando una metodología cuyas fuentes se seleccionan
con la categoría de ciudad inteligente en el contexto de sostenibilidad. La búsqueda de
información se centró en las bases de datos: IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer Link,
entre otras; y en la búsqueda del modelo de evaluación.
Problema: Ausencia de literatura y conceptualización para los temas relacionados con
ciudades inteligentes.
Objetivo: Comprender el tema de ciudades inteligentes como casos de éxito.
Metodología: Interpretación de información concerniente al tema de ciudades inteligentes.
Resultados: Establecer el desarrollo de la ciudad de Singapur en temas como movilidad
inteligente y gestión eficiente de energía, entre otros.
Discusión de resultados: Se presentan los aspectos positivos logrados por Singapur para
destacarse como una ciudad inteligente.
Conclusiones: Muestra los diversos proyectos implementados que ayudan a resolver los
problemas que se presentan en la ciudad.
Originalidad: Dentro de la literatura académica es escasa la referencia a ciudades
inteligentes utilizando metodologías para establecer categorías de análisis documental y
modelos para determinar el éxito de las mismas.
Limitaciones: Como las metodologías asumen una alta cantidad de variables en la categoría
de inteligencia urbana, es posible extender el estudio a indicadores como Capital Intelectual
y Calidad de Vida.
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Abstract
Introduction: The paper focuses on the qualitative description of the nation city of Singapore
and its quantitative evaluation, which are part of an exploratory research for the ORCA and
SciBas research group of the Francisco José de Caldas District University. Therefore, during
the first semester of 2018, a conceptual review was made on the subject, proposing an
methodology whose snuyources are selected with the category of smart city in the context of
sustainability.
The search for information was focused on the databases: IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect,
Springer Link, among others; and in the search for the evaluation model.
Problem: Absence of literature and conceptualization for topics related to smart cities.
Objective: Comprehend the smart cities topics as success cases.
Methodology: Interpretation of information concerning to smart cities.
Results: Establish the development of the city of Singapore in topics such as smart mobility
and efficient energy management, among other.
Discussion: Presents the positive aspects that Singapore has achieved to innovate and stand
out as a smart city.
Conclusions: Shows different implemented projects that allow that help to solve the
problems that arise in the city.
Originality: Inside of academic literature there is little reference to smart cities using
methodologies to establish categories of models and documentary analysis to determine the
success of them.
Limitations: As the methodologies assume a high quantity of variables in the category of
urban intelligence, in perspective the study can be extended to other indicators such as
Intellectual Capital and Life Quality.
Keywords: Smart City, Automatic learning, Cloud computing, Machine to machine
communication, E-Government, Internet of things.
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1. Introduction
A smart city is an urban environment aimed to improve the life quality of the citizens that
inhabit it, using technology to achieve social and economic development, and where multiple
sectors systematically cooperate to achieve sustainable results [1],[2]. This article is focused
on the qualitative description of the nation-city of Singapore and is part of an investigation
to conceptualize and understand the smart cities topic, as well as the evaluation of it.
In accordance with the above, Singapore in 2014 established a plan aimed to transform
the existing nation-city in a highly developed place, taking into account the citizen as the
main axis of all changes to be made. The smart nation plan, see Figure 1, was focused on the
management and proper handling of urban growth and energy sustainability. The focus of
the vision of Singapore was developed in areas such as transport, security, energy,
construction, education, health, among others [3], [4].
This is why, thanks to the fact that this city has found the means to take advantage of
the challenges and turn them into economic opportunities due to the intelligent use of
information and communication technologies (ICT), the experience has been successfully
replicated by implementing some of these solutions in other cities, allowing Singapore to
progressively become a worldwide level smart city [5].
Consequently, the article focus is aimed at showing the nation-city of Singapore as a
success case because of its efforts in the implementation of ideas and projects that have
allowed it to stand out as one of the smart cities established in the world. The categories that
Singapore has focused on in its smart nation plan are the following:
Smart Mobility
Systematically understanding the city, coordinating efficiently to facilitate the live of
the people and their daily commuting
Energy efficiency
Correct and properly use of energy as one of the fundamental aspects for measuring
sustainability in the city.
Government and research policies
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Facilitating the city administration by simplifying the procedures of citizens and the
proper management of government entities, allowing faster solutions to everyday and
recurrent problems that occur in urban environments.
ICT (Information and Communication Technologies)
Controlling the data flow for further processing and analysis, managing the
information to ensure the knowing everything that happens in the city reality at any
time of the day. Here are related aspects such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and big
data (Big Data), necessary tools that offer connectivity to all the systems that are
managed in Singapore.
2. Methodology
The smart city concept has been strongly established in the last decade of this century
because it has radically changed the way people live in modern cities. That is why, in this
period of time, through a comprehensive bibliographic review, the article aims to illustrate,
SMART NATION VISION
Urban Mobility Environment District
Management Healthcare
Logistics Manufacturing Energy &
Sustainability Retail &
Advertising
Smart Nation Platform
Smart Nation Operating System (SN-OS)
Communications & Sensor Network
Supporting Ecosystem
Build Industry
Develop IP
Build Manpower
Figure 1. Singapore's smart nation vision, [3].
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understand and conceptualize why Singapore is considered a success case and a real example
of implementation of this type of city.
Given the current status of the subject, and at the same time poor academic literature, the
methodology is covered in a documentary research modality [6] from which a contextualized
conceptual review (heuristic) on smart cities is obtained from the establishment of five
categories with their respective subcategories: Smart Mobility (Mobility integration,
Sustainable public transport service, Electric cars, Autonomous vehicles, Transport and
citizens); Energy efficiency (Renewable Energy, Natural Resources Management and
measurement of environmental parameters); Government and Innovation Policies (E-
Government, Directive Intervention, Facilitating Intervention); Smart Health (Telehealth
and solutions provided by ICT); and the use of ICT for the generation, transmission and
information processing (Machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), sensor networks, Big
Data) that occurs daily in Singapore. Afterwards, the stage of interpretation (hermeneutics)
of the sources on the Instrumentation for Smart Cities is carried out. Figure 2 shows the
methodological model followed, validated by the Orca and SciBas research groups.
Finally, after consulting information in different databases such as: IEEE Xplore,
ScienceDirect, Springer Link -among others-, they are classified and interpreted to evaluate
the city of Singapore as a success case using the GMSDIV model (Governance, Mobility,
Sustainability, Economic Development, Intellectual Capital, Life Quality) given in [7]. As a
result of the research, in addition, an Integrated and Complementary Systems Network (ICSN)
is obtained, showing the existing relationships between the different systems and elements
that Singapore has incorporated to become a smart city. From this point of view, it is the
integration and complement of systems what determines success as a Smart City case.
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Figure 2. Scheme that describes the documentary research methodology followed for
contextualized conceptual revision on smart cities.
Source: Authors
3. Results
Singapore is a State City in which the government has sought to improve the city through
the implementation of strategic plans; in 2014, for example, they adopted a nation plan that
included services in different areas such as mobility, health and safety. In a first step, Figure
3 shows the level of increase in the population of Singapore from 1960 to 2017. This high
rate of population increase meant taking relevant actions to allow citizens to access an
adequate life quality, making Singapore a city that adapted to both environmental, social,
economic and political changes.
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•Preparatory: Problem that determines social analysis ex-ante study (Relevance, Feasibility, Coherence, Feasibility): delimitation in time and space language: steps: stages
•Descriptive: documentation: keywords: search descriptors: scenarios (IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Internet, books, thesis, ...)
•Interpretative: hypothesis: horizon extension of the study
•Constructive: trends: achievements: gaps: difficulties
Categorization:
1. Internal: MATRIX documentation under the
focus of thematic, methodology, findings, theories, prospective or
retrospective studies.
2. External: list of topics to establish a socio-cultural contribution of research
Construction:
1. Selection
2. Collection
3. Interpretation
4. Theoretical Construction
5. Drafting
Contextualization:
1. Problem statement:
2. Limits
3. Documentary material
4. Contextualization Criteria
Clasification:
1. Parameters for the systematization of
information
2. Class of documents studied: objectives,
chronology, disciplines that frame the work, the lines of
research, the level of conclusions and the scope
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Similarly, the rate per capita, as shown in Figure 4, showed a significant increase from
1985 to 1997 due to innovation policies that the city incorporated; measures that have made
it possible to show over the years how the proper planning of projects executed with public-
private partnerships allowed improving the economy of the city.
3.1. Smart Mobility
The city is characterized by an intelligent transport system (ITS), developed since 2006,
which establishes a massive rapid transit system (MRT) to provide national interconnectivity
[9]. They have a monitoring system (one monitoring) to access transit information that is
collected by a network of cameras installed in the streets and by taxis with GPS. Likewise,
with the application developed by the LTA1 they monitor incidents on the roads and with an
1 Land transport authority by its acronym in English (LTA)
Figure 3. Increase in the population of Singapore from 1960 to 2017 [8]
1960 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
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smart electronic device (Your speed sign) alert drivers of the speed limit [3],[10],[11].
Electronic payment to access the transport system generates benefits that are evident in
reducing the time to access the different transport means, ensuring comfort to users, [12].
- Mobility integration
One option to integrate different transport means is through shared service that allows
different users to use the same vehicle to move to different parts of the city. Mobility concepts
such as MaaS2 (Mobility as a service) help to buy mobility services which are packages based
on the needs of consumers instead of buying them on transport means. Another function
offered by this service is the ticket and payment integration through the use of a smart card
that can access different transport means, making charge from the use of each service used.
The EZ-link3 card is used in Singapore with high acceptance by users because it eliminated
payment barriers between operators in the transit network [14],[15],[16].
2 MaaS: Mobility as a service 3 Singapore transportation pass
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Figure 4. Singapore city per capita index from 1960 to 2017 [13].
1995 2000 2005 2010
5 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mil
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- Sustainable public transport service
The construction of a city must take into account the social and environmental
perspective focused on sustainability; looking for this, public transport must provide the
tools to achieve a dynamic and transformative development for urban regions [17].
Finding new innovative forms of transport is part and differentiates an smart city from a
traditional city [18],[19]. It is important to emphasize that socio-emotional factors have
a significant influence on the people decisions to access or use some transport means and,
taking these factors into account, it is necessary to understand and consider the different
transport means that facilitate the users flow [20],[21].
- Electric vehicles (EV)
A study in Singapore indicates that the widespread use of this transport means reduces
the air pollution levels, compared to traditional combustion vehicles; in turn, EVs offer
greater energy efficiency and lower energy costs [22],[23].
Electric car charging stations are controlled and monitored by an electric network
management system to establish how much is available for charging the electric car,
avoiding congestion at the stations and facilitating the collection to the vehicle owner
[24],[25],[26].
- Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles will be part of the cities in the near future, so knowing the
benefits they offer and the way they can adapt to the existing mobility ecosystem is an
obligatory study to obtain the best results in its implementation. In Singapore, through
the SimMobility application (integrated model of supply and demand based on agents)
the shared autonomous vehicle could anticipate the demand in the mobility service to
reduce waiting times and ensure a balance between the vehicles required and vehicles
available in each area [27].
- Transport and citizens
Adapting the transport means to the needs of all citizens is a task that must be carried
out by government entities and the sectors involved, if are wanted the best services to be
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provided to the city population. In [28] is presented, for example, the study of the activity
patterns performed by people over 50 (trend age) to know in detail the use of the time in
order to optimize the performance of activities and thus offer the transportation methods
that this age level of society requires.
3.2. Energy efficiency
On energy efficiency subject, Singapore implemented an power grid with smart meters
to know the electricity consumption and the electricity contribution to buildings by vehicles
(V2I)4 [24], to subsequently monitor and achieve cost reduction. The electricity levels of
consumption can be affected if this electric flow is not adequately controlled and that is why
customers are indispensable to make this supply control effective in Singapore buildings.
[29],[30], [31]. Defining the appropriate norms or laws that regulate these micro-grids is
important to standardize and facilitate their implementation, [32].
Figure 5 shows an smart grid system where all the necessary infrastructure is established to
obtain improvements in energy efficiency subject where buildings, vehicles and renewable
energy systems are integrated to know the state of energy consumption supported mainly by
smart meters equipped with communication capabilities that provide enough information for
city officials to make decisions regarding continuous work with citizens to reduce the energy
waste that promotes a sustainable urban environment.
It was possible to improve, then, the energetic efficiency in controlled enviroments in
which, looking for comfort for the building residents, smart systems like the one of
illumination with LED bulbs were designed and implemented. This type of system was
remotely controlled to set lighting parameters with respect to natural light or the number of
occupants of these buildings [33],[34].
4 V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure. One of the applications of this technology is to supply electricity in periods of high demand to buildings by electric vehicles through a smart grid.
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On the other hand, smart homes were another option to reduce energy consumption
levels, a measure that helped regulate and control global warming; however, it was important
for the citizen to adopt measures to reduce these energy consumption rates, aided by smart
systems implemented in homes. For example, with the use of autonomous smart systems and
sensors (Motion detection sensors, temperature, humidity, light) it was possible to control
the appliances that will be used or the light sources of each of the spaces in the house
[35],[36]. However, it was necessary to take into account the security of this kind of homes
due to the amount of data handled, which can be easily accessed through the Internet if they
do not contemplate and anticipate the necessary privacy challenges [37],[38].
- Renewable energy
The commissioning of solar panels as a source of renewable energy were managed
through an smart grid [39],[40]. Figure 6 presents the general scheme of a micro-grid, where
the means of alternative energy production are linked (solar panels, wind turbines, energy
storage facilities, among others); the power lines for the energy transmission, together with
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from green
sources or when energy is
cheapest; supporting
cost-effective transport, with
zero-tail-pipe emissions
Intelligent energy storage
store electricity generated at
off-peak for later use.
Intelligent Communications use Wireless technologies and powerlines for “real-time” interactions
Smart meters relay energy usage
and pricing informations between
consumers and electricity providers Intelligent homes empower households with home
Automation systems centrally or remotely to control
energy consumption. Web portals and in-home displays
allow consumers to proactively monitor their enrgy
consumption
Demand response
management system in homes,
office buildings and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize their energy use.
Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
lighting depending
on real-time costs
and needs.
Intelligent generation can
Reduce overall demand on the
power grid by making use of
intermittent energy sources, e.g,
solar panels, to support the local
grid with green energy
Electricity
Data
Industry
Solar Panels
Figure 5. Smart energy system (IES) [3]
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a controller that distributes the necessary electricity to the residences, balances the electric
consumption allowing an interconnectivity without interruptions to increase the efficiency
and the reliability of the network. Therefore, obtaining the highest efficiency in photovoltaic
systems allowed to reduce the demand of energy from the conventional electricity grid, which
contributed to reduce the pollution indexes. The solar panel orientation and the appropriate
inclination angle, on the other hand, guaranteed its greater efficiency and, consequently, the
greater use of this energy to meet the purposes of the smart city [41],[42].
In search of reducing the abundance of solid waste and establishing an green energy
impulse, was found as an isolated experience, an idea that started up and gave good results
on a poultry farm in Singapore, where a anaerobic biodigester system was implemented with
the purpose of producing biogas from the manure of its birds which allowed it to generate
electrical energy, guaranteeing the self-sufficiency and sustainability of the farm. The excess
of electrical energy that is not consumed, is sold to the city's electricity grid [43],[44].
- Natural resources management and measurement of environmental parameters
Water management is important to meet the daily demand of this vital liquid [45].
Therefore, this city inaugurated the largest seawater desalination plant in Asia to supply 25%
of the population with the implementation of innovative technologies based on ultrafiltration
membranes. The water monitoring quality is verified by a network of sensors to ensure that
the liquid is in the best conditions to be consumed [46]. On the other hand, the city has
proposed to reduce the concentration indexes of fine particles in the air, the level of sulfur
dioxide and the measurement of parameters such as noise, humidity and temperature [47].
Figure 6 shows different activities that can be controlled through the proper data management
produced in the city.
3.3. Government and Innovation Policies
The government plays a decisive role in the decision making of a city and that is why it
is one of the factors that can greatly boost innovation activities to help promote the production
of knowledge that establishes the bases for the construction of new projects that benefit the
community from the social, economic, cultural and political aspects [48]. The key to create
innovation policies in Singapore was based on establishing the adequate means so this
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innovation could produce economic benefits and thus could support the academic and
scientific scope, contributing to gradually improve the city, see Figure 8.
Figure 6. Typical scheme of a micro-grid [40].
Communications Line
Microgrid
Controller
Divisional
Switch Power-Receiving
Equipment
PV
Power
Storage
Facility
Power Storage Facility Wind Biomass Fuel Cell
Collective
Housing
Residences Public /
Commercial
Facility
Power Line Hot Water Pipe
Figure 7. Singapore in real time [12].
Isochronic Taxi Movements Temperature
Events Conversation Airports
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Policies have been presented thanks to:
1. In 2006, a research, innovation and company council was launched to advice on I+D
strategies and policies in Singapore.
2. In 2008, the National Research Foundation (NRF), founded to encourage greater
innovation, launched the national research, innovation and business framework for
technology commercialization.
3. The 2010 science and technology plan aimed to strengthen the I+D base with a budget
of US $ 9 billion; and this commitment in I+ D was reinforced by another five year
plan RIE 2015 with US $ 12.4 billion.
4. In Singapore, 61% of I+D was carried out by the manufacturing industry, followed
by universities, research institutes and government institutions (29%).
5. These aspects of the innovation policy can be consulted in [49] and complemented
with [50].
- E-Government
From this perspective, Singapore has contemplated in its smart nation plan the integration
of different government entities to create an environment of mutual cooperation where the
city can be managed efficiently. The established government has seen the need to develop an
integrated data exchange platform to take advantage of the existing smart sensor network and
thus provide accurate data on the city operation where the information collected is processed
in the best way to enable the efficiency in the city administration with respect to the systems
that it has to control. In 2013, SCDF (governmental agency) responded to more than 4,000
fires, which represented a decrease of 7.8% of the cases in 2012. The year 2013 registered
the lowest annual figure in 20 years. Similarly, the benefits of surveillance cameras can be
measured by the number of cases of crimes that has helped solve and, ultimately, to reduce
the rate of urban crime. Several newspaper articles from Singapore revealed that the cameras
installed in the blocks of Housing and Development Boards since 2012 have helped solve
more than 430 cases and provided crucial information for 890 cases of criminal investigation
[3].
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- Directive intervention
Aimed to achieve predetermined results by making changes in investment and production
patterns in selected industries. A clear example was that by promoting the high-tech
economy, the government provided funds for research and development, established
public research facilities and helped transfer the result to private sectors, [49].
- Facilitative intervention
The objective was to create positive environments for private companies by providing
public goods such as infrastructure and education. The facilitative government tried to
promote innovation by building institutions in order to promote a healthy culture and
targeting policies to overcome private investment obstacles instead of directly
influencing innovative behavior through highly interventionist measures, [49].
3.4. Smart health
The population birth rates in the city were reduced over the years, and it is for this reason
(a great challenge) that in order to guarantee timely attention to the public, mobile
Figure 8. Singapore and Hong Kong innovation initiatives, [49].
Singapore
Science
Park
National
Science and
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Board
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National
S&T Plan $2.8 Billion
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Steering
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Innovatiion &
Technology Maindlan and
HK S&T
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Committee
Hong Kong
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applications have been developed to prevent chronic diseases, planning telehealth5 tools and
ICT solutions (Corresponds to major political initiatives at both national and autonomous
levels, linking different government entities with the health sector [51]) to improve the
logistics of patient care in hospitals [5].
3.5. ICT
Computer and mobile applications have revolutionized the teaching methodology in the
classroom, allowing to build a collaborative knowledge about contextual mobile learning. It
has been possible to create applications that link the student and help him establish complex
relationships with his environment to facilitate the resolution of initial conflicts and failures,
as well as the way in which he must develop in his environment, allowing him to learn in a
new form, the way in which he must take decisions to achieve the proposed goals [52].
- Machine learning
The data produced in a smart city can be used for different actions and approaches, the
high level of processing that can be achieved with this data can provide key information that
helps to provide welfare to citizens. A data application is presented in a study to find the
thermal comfort that a person feels at their work place or home, which is reflected in a daily
use / energy consumption to maintain this comfort [53],[54]. The data based prediction is
collected from 4 public city residential buildings to find an optimal balance between energy
use and thermal comfort, helping to reduce energy consumption in buildings due to the high
energy consumption presented by the frequent use of ventilation systems [55],[56],[57],[58].
The other approach that can be given to the data is related to the study of faults in the city
railway system to determine the system reliability and to decide the maintenance cycle based
on the average estimation time until the system failure [59].
- Big Data
The problems in a city can be solved in different ways; among these is the
implementation of information technologies that capture and transfer information
5 It describes a wide range of diagnosis and management, education and other related fields of medical care that is provided through technology. Includes: Dentistry, counseling, physical and occupational therapy, home health, among others.
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between different places [60],[61]. Performing fast information processing acquired from
all kinds of sensors implemented in the city has required, in some cases, data simulation
to know the trend towards a specific result type and then make the most accurate decision
according to the needs [62]. Based on this, Big Data has been a tool that processes sensor
data located in strategic locations [63],[64]; and the use of this data has been oriented to
the solution and facilitation in the waste collection and treatment to improve the quality
of the environment [65]; through the creation of databases that store the places where this
waste is generated, and with the ecological grids implementation, viable commercial
industrial symbioses have been established to obtain a benefit from the waste collected
[66],[67].
On the other hand, Big Data has contributed with the transport system analysis,
modeling and planning [68],[69]. From this perspective, it is necessary to start from a
reality that focuses on being able to use the data to guarantee adequate transport routes
planning, understanding that there are inherent limitations to obtain the best results in
terms of improving mobility and it is only with the formulation of policies and the taking
of right decisions that can guarantee a better information understanding to be processed
in order to achieve optimal results that adjust to the citizen needs to mobilize in urban
areas [70].
In another sense, it is crucial to bear in mind that an adequate data protection
generated in a smart city must be considered in order to protect vital information about
citizens according to the procedures that are carried out through the Internet. [71],[72].
Protecting this data guarantees the formation or strengthening of the relationship between
citizens and the local government and allows attracting investment from private
companies, foreign investors and greatly improving the provision of basic and
complementary services required by citizens.
- Sensor networks
The sensors used in the city transmit information based on high-speed wireless networks
where cameras, GPS devices and other sensors are implemented in different places, as well
as in taxis, to help manage traffic and improve the prediction of future congestions helping
to the calculation of the most optimal routes to achieve an efficient vehicular flow [73]. The
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citizen’s use of technological devices (smartphones, tablets) means that they become the best
sensors in the city (Participatory Detection Platform or PS) and, thanks to the fast processing
of these devices, it is possible to offer information in real time about certain events that occur
on a day to day basis. One of the applications of this platform is the development of a
Transport Travel Measurement System (TTMS) that provides data anywhere and large scale
coverage to demonstrate the paradigm of PS in the evaluation of the travel quality [74],[75].
- Internet of things
The IoT, which consists of a network of sensors located at strategic points in the city, has
allowed an adequate information flow that let know in real time the state of a particular area
[76],[77]. The sensor interconnection and the data transfer they produce to the cloud is a
challenge presented by smart cities [78],[79],[80]. The SENSg6 sensor nodes were used in
Singapore in 2015 to conduct large-scale experiments on environmental factors and to allow
the collection of daily activity data of up to 50,000 students. The project objective was to
find a solution to the large scale of environmental sensors urban deployment that, helped with
the design of the integrated algorithm, reduced the data amount that must be moved and
processed in the central servers. The implemented solution solved the problems in the
environmental sensors urban deployment and with the integrated algorithms design, they
demonstrated an important advance in the capacity to implement machine learning code [81].
Therefore, the IoT has a large field of action in the activities that are carried out in a city;
among these is to help reduce the level of energy consumption in industrial areas or factories
[82],[83]. In the study carried out by [84] a software application for energy efficiency real
time monitoring in production plants is presented, finding valuable benefits such as the
abnormal occurrences real time monitoring and the help it provides to the energy managers
to integrate best practices into day to day operations eliminating possible waste of energy in
operations.
In another sense, the hydroponic vegetables cultivation in Singapore is a measure used to
supply the food demand in the city, which through the use of sensors, actuators and
microprocessors is used to control water quality and luminosity of these crops, proving to be
6 Custom sensors with a hybrid cloud infrastructure.
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a self sustaining and low cost source that, if implemented, can significantly reduce labor and
operational costs, while increasing livestock production and profitability, contributing to the
sustainability and habitability of the city [85].
4. Discussion
The future vision with the approach of strategies to seek and achieve the objectives
proposed in a city, establishes the bases to develop initiatives that promote innovation and
citizen participation for the projects implementation that, financed and supported by
government and private entities, achieve continuous consolidation for the construction of an
efficient and optimal city for the lives of citizens; This has been the case in Singapore. Here
began to implement projects since the 70s of the last century to advance urban infrastructure
works which has allowed it to be listed today as one of the best cities to live.
Likewise, citizen participation was fundamental to achieve the relevant changes in the
city, because were and are its inhabitants who interact continuously with smart systems that
are implemented and it is precisely because of this interaction that an information flow is
created allowing its timely management, supervising, controlling and acting at all times to
achieve a single objective to identify the improvement of the people life quality, among many
other factors.
The urban spaces that are taken as reference of smart cities have strengthened their
competitive advantages supported by factors such as social innovation and a strong research
capacity to find solutions that allow them to overcome the obstacles of the city, finding a
sustainability approach for the city development of a social, economic and political
environment.
In an smart city it is essential to use efficient communication technologies with a large
scale network architecture deployed for the internet of things, accompanied by adequate
transmission techniques and means to avoid connectivity problems, guaranteeing a good
information reception that, with the use of machine learning, improve the management and
the amount of information that is processed in the central servers.
The mobility system is one of the main indicators of development in a city. The services
for this integration go from tickets, payments and the use of ICT to facilitate the use of the
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service. Encouraging and developing this kind of public transport solutions brings an
important benefit, such as the increase in the traveler’s level using the system, which
significantly reduces the use of private vehicles as an alternative to transportation. Realize a
total or partial integration of this system is a challenge that must be faced in order to advance
in terms of social and economic development.
As an evaluation proposal, or determination of success case, Singapore was considered in
this document as an smart city because it has managed different city systems to continuously
improve infrastructure, environment, social and economic aspects in order to offer good life
quality to its inhabitants. However, it is necessary to establish a concrete evaluation model
for Singapore, given in [7], which indicates a quantitative assessment in terms of GMSDIL
(Governance, Mobility, Sustainability, Economic Development, Intellectual Capital, Life
Quality) that is used to classify cities as smart. The classification is presented as follows:
Table 1 describes the axis and corresponding factors that are taken into account to
evaluate a city as a smart city. Each factor is evaluated on a scale of 0 to 4 and the factors
of each axis are evaluated as follows:
G = (g1+g2+g3+g4) / 4 (1)
M = (m1+m2+m3+m4) / 4 (2)
S = (s1+s2+s3) / 3 (3)
D = (d1+d2) / 2 (4)
I = (i1+i2) / 2 (5)
L = (l1+l2+l3) /3 (6)
SMART CITY AXIS FACTOR
G e- Government and e- Gobernance
Electronic Headquarters (g1)
Transparency (g2)
Interactive Street (g3)
Citizen Communication (g4)
M Mobility
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (m1)
Public Transport Multimodal Integration (m2)
Deployment of Alternative Means (Bicycle) (m3)
ICT in Traffic Control (m4)
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S Environmental sustainability
Energy Efficiency (s1)
Water Consumption Efficiency (s2)
Emissions (s3)
D Economic Development Open Data (d1)
Innovation Ecosystem (d2)
I Intellectual Capital Wifi as a municipal service (i1)
Training (i2)
L Life Quality
Health and Sanitation (l1)
Universal Accessibility (l2)
Deployment of various ICT measures for the enjoyment of the city
(l3)
Table 1. The axes of the smart city and the evaluation factors used [7]
Finally, (7) is applied to obtain the corresponding value to determine the classification of
the city as follows:
5. Cities rated as Smart City: Rated above 2
6. Conventional cities: Rated with 2
7. Cities below the average: Rated below 2
SC = (G + M +S + D + I + L) / 6 (7)
Figure 9 indicates the values of each factor for each axis, where is applied (7) and a
score of 2.46 is obtained, which clearly indicates that Singapore is valued as an smart city.
8. Conclusions
G M S D I V
g1 3 m1 4 s1 4 d1 2 i1 1 v1 3
g2 3 m2 4 s2 4 d2 4 i2 2 v2 1
g3 1 m3 1 s3 2 v3 1
g4 2 m4 3
2,25 3 3,33 3 1,5 1,666
SC 2,458333
Figure 9. Values applied to (7) indicating the qualification of Singapore as smart city
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Mobility
The reliability of the rail system in Singapore is important so that citizens can move around
the city, which is why deciding intelligent maintenance strategies especially in the
communications part, is crucial to comply with the regular operation, avoiding delays in the
service.
The travel demand data for a large scale model in Singapore's rapid transit train system allows
to understand the congestion dynamics in this transport means and enables transport
operators to accurately estimate passengers comfort and satisfaction to build efficient
transportation strategies.
The mobility trends are driven by several factors, among these are the social and emotional.
The choice of one or another transport mean depends to a large extent on how it affects the
mentioned factors. Taking this fact into account, it is possible to understand and comprehend
mobility patterns that make it possible to understand how to reduce the traffic levels
congestion in the city in order to offer better and more efficient public and private transport
services.
Energy efficiency
The data use generated by the citizens turns out to be an option to optimize the energy
consumption that, with the help of specialized algorithms, obtain prediction accuracies from
73.14% to 81.2% in Singapore building thermal comfort. These data, used in modeling and
specific studies, establish the bases to carry out efficient energy operations, which, together
with the use and development of smart electricity grids, make it possible to take advantage
of and manage energy to meet the citizen’s needs for electricity consumption.
The green energy generation for lighting purposes can be improved with more complete
and sophisticated systems such as solar plants, which consist of mobile solar panels that, by
means of sensors, follow the sun's illumination, allowing a higher rate of electricity to be
stored by the monitoring carried out on this light source. The results obtained showed that a
solar plant can produce 3.2% more electricity than a conventional solar panel.
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The energy saving in homes makes it possible for electric saving levels to increase, but it
is important to consider people's behaviors and perceptions to make it more efficient. By
designing smart systems in the home with modules that involve artificial intelligence, it is
possible to obtain greater control of household appliances. In Singapore to achieve a
successful smart home solution it is necessary to integrate services and public service sectors
such as smart grids and health sectors.
Technological infrastructure
The use of SENSg sensor nodes helps to extend a large number of city environmental sensors
with a large scale IoT deployment, in addition to this, the design of integrated algorithms
allows to reduce the amount of data to be processed demonstrating the ability to use automatic
learning code to optimize the use of central servers, which translates into the rapid display of
the analysis and / or statistics generated by the data obtained from the sensors in the face of
changes in city environmental parameters.
The Big Data applications are varied, one of them is finding the exact points from the
location, type and quantity of materials where can be performed industrial symbiosis
(capture, processing and waste reuse to convert them into resources) in a city industrialized.
Although more research is required to extend the system, the results demonstrated the
feasibility of the approach to develop a proof of concept program using Singapore as a
geographic region.
From all the above, have been built relationships between the different systems and elements
that Singapore has incorporated to become a smart city. Figure 10 shows the integration and
complement of systems that gave the strength of a smart city. The mentioned systems are
highlighted in blue and correspond to smart mobility, energy efficiency, government and
innovation policies, smart health and ICT. It is evident how, through ICT, it is possible to
provide these systems with new solutions and continuous implementations to make them
more and more efficient. The mental map that represents this figure, is established from the
areas in which the city focuses, how through the use of technology it is possible to address
the problems of citizenship to provide effective solutions. The IoT and Big Data with data
management, make possible the innovation and adaptation to change that allow to better
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manage the city. The relationships between the systems are established according to the
solutions provided by the city to make this environment a more sustainable medium.
The relationship between smart mobility, energy efficiency and ICT is presented as follows:
the smart mobility system with the use of the electric vehicle increases energy efficiency
(reduction of greenhouse gases) and smart communications make possible acquire data for
transfer through the IoT; in this phase you can make a data processing by means of Big Data
and from this point can be taken the statistics of these data to an E-Government management
for the appropriation of this information by the established Government or, on the other hand,
with these processed data generate innovation in the transport system to start again from the
smart mobility system, presenting a global city system feedback (it is the objective of an
smart city) that increases its efficiency for the achievement in the improvement of the citizen
life quality.
Figure 10. Integrated and complementary system network and elements that make
Singapore a success case as smart city. Source: Authors, based on the information present
in the article.
SINGAPORE
SMART CITY
SMART
HEALTH ICT
ELECTRONIC
GOVERNMENT
SMART
MOBILITY
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
SMART
METERS
IoT
INTELLIGENT
COMMUNICATIONS
SOLAR
PANELS
RENOWABLE ENERGY INCREASE
POLLUTION
LEVELS
REDUCTION
ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
INNOVATION
SOCIIO-EMOTIONALS
FACTORS
ONE
MONITORING SMART
CARD
CAMERA
NETWORK
TAXIS WITH
GPS IoT
RAIL
SYSTEM
SMART
HOMES
THERMAL
COMFORT
COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT OF RESIDUES
SENSg
NODES BIG
DATA IoT
HYDROPONIC
CULTIVATION
MOBILE
APPS
STUDY AND
CONTROL
ICT SOLUTIONS
DISEASE
PREVENTION
TELE-HEALTH
STUDY
MONITORING
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