Small-Scale Solar-Biopower Generation For Rural Central America
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Transcript of Small-Scale Solar-Biopower Generation For Rural Central America
Small-Scale Solar-Biopower Generation For Rural Central America
Project support from:US Department of State, Western Hemisphere Affairs Energy & Climate Partnership of the Americas (ECPA)
Dana Kirk, Ph.D., P.E.Michigan State UniversityBiosystems and Agricultural [email protected]
Project Partners
PI – Ajit Srivastava, MSU BAECo PI – Wei Liao, MSU BAECo PI – Dawn Reinhold, MSU BAEEducational coordinator – Luke Reese, MSU BAE Project manager – Dana Kirk, MSU BAEFrancisco Aguilar – UCR AEDaniel Baudrit – UCR AEAlberto Miranda – UCR AELorena Lorio – UCR Micro Lidieth Uribe – UCR Micro
Core Project Team
1. Optimize local thermophilic anaerobic microbial consortia
2. Implement a solar-biopower generation system
3. Evaluate the technical and economic performance
4. Establish an outreach program in Central America
Project Objectives
Facts of solar energy
From: http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/solar.html
Advantages Theoretical: 1.76 x 105 TW
striking Earth, Practical: 600 TW
It is the cleanest energy source on the Earth.
Solar energy reaching the earth is abundant.
Disadvantages Sun does not shine
consistently. Solar energy is a diffuse
source. It is difficult to collect,
covert, and store solar energy.
Central America
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Facts of Biogas Energy from Wastes
Advantages A biological process Reducing greenhouse
gas emission Enhancing nutrient
management
Completely Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Anaerobic Sequence Batch Reactor (ASBR)
Plug-flow digester
Disadvantages Low efficiency of organic
matter degradation Difficulty of power
generation for small-medium operations
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Agricultural residues available in Costa Rica
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Residues Total amount (metric ton dry matter per year)
Current treatment practices
2006 Projection 2012 Cattle manure 1,530,000 1,679,900 Only 20% of producers treat wastes, dried
and compostedSwine manure 95,000 110,000 0.68% for production of energy and rest in
agriculture, fertilizer (45.5%) food animal (53.1%) or other uses (0.7%).
Banana residues 158,000 132,000 Not used as energy source,100% discarded or composted organic
Coffee residues (pulp) 251,000 (husk) 25,000
(pulp) 262,000(husk) 26,300
Pulp is used for composting, and husk is used for combustion
Sugarcane bagasse
1,290,000 1,518,200 95.3% dried and used as combustion, 4.7% non energetic
Pineapple residues
6,351,000 8,452,000 Combusted and soil improvement
More than 600 MW electricity per year could be potentially generated from this amount of waste streams through anaerobic digestion technology.
Integrating wastes utilization with solar and biological technologies will create a novel self-sustainable clean energy generations system for small-medium scale operations
Fertilizers
Reduced GHG
Animal Manure
Other Organic Wastes
BioenergySolar
Energy
AnaerobicDigestion
Post-treatment
Clean Water
Solar-biopower concept
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Benefits of system integrationOvercome the disadvantages of individual
technologies Unsteady energy flow for solar power generation Low efficiency of mesophilic anaerobic digestion on
degradation of organic matter Higher energy requirement of thermophilic aerobic
digestion
Provide sufficient and stable energy for small-medium sized rural community Solar energy utilization Improved efficiency of anaerobic digestion on
degradation of organic matter Biogas energy as chemical storage – steady energy flow
Solar-biopower concept
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Mass balance
Predicted mass balance for the integrated solar-bio system on 1,000 kg of mixed sludge and food wastes
Generating 66 kWh electricity per day Producing 5 gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) renewable fuel
per day
Mixture of feedstocks:Total amount: 1,000 kg/dayTotal solid: 10% COD: 90 g/kg
Thermophilic CSTRReaction temp.: 50°CRetention time: 15 daysCOD reduction: 50%Total solid reduction:40%
Biogas production from anaerobic treatmentMethane: 18,000 L/day
Liquid effluentAmount: 595 kg/dayTotal solid: 10 g/kg effluentCOD: 45 g/kg effluent
Generator
Solid residue accumulated from the CSTRAmount: 360 kg/day wet solidDry matter: 15%
Boiler
To wetland
BioenergyAmount: 684 MJ/day
a. The calculation of mass balance was based on the expected results that will be achieved by this project. b. A kg COD destroyed produces 350 L methane gas.
Solar-biopower system
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Post-treatment
Solar unit
Power unit
Bioreactor
Construction site
Solar Bio-Reactor SiteFabio Baudrit Experiment
Station
16 – 2 m2 flat-plate solar collector with support22 m3 anaerobic digester 50 m3 gas bag 2 – 10 kW electric generators 4 – 144 m2 wetland/sand filter cells
Major system components
Solar Bio-Reactor Sand Filter / Wetland
Solar thermal system
Solar collectors, hot water tank (white),
& hot water storage (green)
Anaerobic digester
Official ribbon (digester in background clad in tin)
Poly tank anaerobic digester
Field engineering
Feedstock & digestate handling
Feedstock grinder, auger & mix tank (pump not shown)
Digestate solid-liquid separator
Biogas storage
Biogas sampling
Gas bag, foam interceptor, & scrubber
Full gas bag, May 2, 2013
Sand filter 1 Vertical wetland (sand filter 2)
Surface wetland 1
Surface wetland 2
Sand filter & wetlands
Feedstock: Beef manure (950+ kg/d) Food waste Chicken litter (20 kg/d)
Temperature: Currently 45oC±2oC Target 50oC±1oC
Biogas production: ≈20 m3/dBiogas quality: 60+% CH4Volatile solids destruction: 39% to 44%
Solar-biopower system performance
Original waste stream
The effluent from solar-bioreactor
The water from the 1st cell of post-treatment
The water from the 2nd cell of post-treatment
Organic waste
Reclaimed water
Anaerobic digester
Sand filter No. 1
Sand filter No.
2
May 2013
Water reclamation
Pilot system Biogas production at 70% of goal Biogas quality and solids destruction have achieved
goals Install biogas flow meter Connect electrical generators to the experiment
station power Begin sand filter/wetland research
Bioenergy support lab at UCR – capable of carrying out BMP’s and other analysis
Utilization of local manufacturing – coffee equipment & solar panels
Study abroad “Ecological Engineering in the Tropics” completed in December of 2012
Outcomes to date
Finalize microbial consortia papersContinue to operate pilot system until Sept.
2014Operate portable unit at second location –
wastewater or food processorComplete economic and policy evaluation2013 study abroad planned for DecemberExpand bioenergy capabilities to address
commercial needs
Next steps
August 13, 2013 – MSU Waste to Resource Field Day Highlights:
South Campus Anaerobic Digester (500 kW from 130 cows)
Research digester, compost facility, student organic farm, recycling center, power plant, ADREC
For more information go to :http://events.anr.msu.edu/adrec/
October 15 to 17 – Anaerobic Digester Operator Training (East Lansing, MI) Highlights
System commissioning Maintaining biological health Safety Operational troubleshooting
For information contact [email protected]
Other announcements
Questions?
Dana M Kirk, Ph.D., P.E.Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education CenterE: [email protected]
P: 517.432.6530