Small Scale biogas Digester

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Household Biogas Digester

An Underutilized Potential

Pramod Pandey

Research Assistant (PhD candidate)

Biological System Engineering Department

Washington State University, Pullman, WA

Supervisor: Prof. Schulin Chen

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 011-509-335-3859

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Objectives

To present the overview of Renewable Energy programme in India

In view of the above to introduce the development and diffusion of

biogas technology in India

To provide the historical perspective and evaluation of biogas

technology in China


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Overview of Renewable Energy Programme in India

Biogas

Wind energy

Small Hydro Power

Solar Energy

Biomass

Energy-fuel cell

Hydrogen Energy

Transprotation-Battery operated

vehicle

Geothermal Energy

Ocean and Tidal Energy.

Biofuels

Other Technologies


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Diffusion of Biogas Technology in India

It is the main programme under rural energy development

Objectives

Provide fuel for cooking purpose

Provide organic manure to rural poor

Reduce pressure on forest

Improve sanitation by linking toilets with biogas plant


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Target and Potential

The Advisory Board on Energy (May, 1985) indicated a potential

for setting up 16 to 22 million small biogas units in the country.

MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a

potential of 12 million plants based on 1981-82 livestock censusand availability of cattle dung.

A cumulative of 3 37 million biogas plant has been installedwhich is a 25 of potential


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Historical Perspective of Biogas (Gobar Gas) In India

1950 First units constructed. Some research on the process and design

1950-72 Industrial development of India and agriculture. First practical designs

constructed, small projects, mainly one organization involved, one design

disseminated.

1972-1975 Energy crisis attracts attention to the technology, start of national interest.

Fossil fuel dependency identified. Indira Gandhi to power.

1975-1980/81 National interest and research. National programme developed

1980/81-1985 Initiation of large national programme relying on subsidies. Multi

organization, multi-design approach.

1985-1992 Improving designs, improving the organization and results from

dissemination.

1992-1996 Decrease in subsidies, new structures of dissemination and extension

1996-2000 Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has achieved 97%to 108% of annual target during the five years. At the instance of MNES,

the Programme Evaluation Organisation (PEO) undertook evaluation of

National Project of Biogas Development (NPBD) primarily to examine the

implementation methods.

2000-2003 MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a potential of 12million plants bases on 1987-82 livestock census and availability of cattle

dung. During the Ninth Plan, a target of installing 12.6 lakh plants has been

fixed, while the proposed Tenth Plan target is 15 lakh plants. Subsidies


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Scope of Biogas Technology in India

India has the largest cattle population in the world.

There are about 75 million farm families 60 percent

families own 4 or more cattle, which are sufficient to operate

a small biogas plant.


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SATNA

Study area


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89%

3%

1.50%1.50%

2%3%

waste land pasture house nala road cultivable land

Land use pattern of Jakhi village


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11.50%

8.30%

15.60%65%

marginal small medium large

Land holding pattern of Jakhi village


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Direct Energy Calculation

DE = 1.96 HLH + 80.7 BPH + 56.31 DC + 11.93 EC

DE = Direct energy input MJ

HLH = Human Power hours used per ha

BLH = Bullock power hours used per ha

DC = Diesel consumption per ha

EC = Electricity consumption per ha, KWH


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Indirect Energy calculation

IE = C x WM x HUM/OA

IE =Indirect Energy calculation MJ/ha

C = Energy coefficient

WM = Weight of machinery used per hour HUM = Hours of machinery used

OA = Operation area, ha


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27452 27465 2853426882

35254

2256 2642268521543295

1557 2142 1423 2762

216405000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

3500040000

L a n d l e

s s

M a r g i n a

S m a l l

M e d i u

m

L a r g e

Cooking Lighting Miscelleeous domestic

Energy consumption in household activities (MJ/year/household)


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0 20 40 60 80 100

Utp to 3000

3000-6000

6000-12000

12000-18000

18000-above

Average

Soft coke (%) Kerosene (%)

Electricity (%) Non-commercial fuel (%)

Rural Area


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Energy use pattern

Rural Area

Most people depends on traditional fuels of wood, cowdung, crop

residues

Often using inefficient and primitive technology

Commercial fuels are used for lighting

Household activities consumes about 74.4% of the total energy

Cooking alone consumes around 85.5% of the total energy


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Organizational Structure of National Programmeon Biogas Technology in India

MNES

NABARD/RBI

National

banks

Statelead

banks

Bank

branches

Regionaltraining and

development

centers

Research

institutions

State offices/

co-operativesDistrict

offices

Block

offices

Turnkey

workers

NGOs

Turnkeys

/workers

NGOs

Support system Implementation

Autonomous

bodies

(KVIC/DIC)

Nodal agencies (state

departments/corporation)Training, feedback research

and development


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Fig 2 Share in achievement of targets by various agency

116352108181

115565125128125608

3642137666

47900

32868 33346

2746 3882 3594 2983 10887

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

Years

N u m b e r o f B i o g

a s p l a n t

State Nodal KVIC Others


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0

100200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

R u p e e s ( m i l l i o n

)

Reciept Expenditure

Receipt and expenditure of funding under NPBD in Selected States

(MNES, 2002)


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KVIC Model

Pragati Model

Ganesh Model

Ferro cement

FLOATING DRUM

Classification of Biogas Model

Batch Type Continuous typeSemi continuous type

Well mixed typePlug flow type

FIXED DOME

Janata Model

Deenbandhu Model

Janata – II Model

VINCAP Model

Ferro cement

Deenbandhu

Stage type


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Over View of Floating Type Biogas Plant


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Structural View of Digester of Floating Type Biogas Plant


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Biogas Plant in Rural Area of West Bengal (Kharagpur)


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6 MW MSW plant in Lakhnow, UP


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Schematic Presentation of Pragati Type of Biogas Plant


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Schematic Presentation of Janta Type Biogas Plant


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Schematic Presentation of Floating Type of Gas Holder


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Schematic Presentation of Deenbandhu Biogas Plant


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Plug flow digester


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Biogas Development in China


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Biogas Development in China

Initial phase

Mr. Luo Guorui founded the first Chinese company to disseminate

biogas technology in Shantou in the summer 1929

The company has developed along the Yangtse River and more then

10 provinces along the eastern and southern coast

The first specialized technology training material on desing andconstruction and operation of biogas technology was published in

1935


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Second Phase

Second upsurge for promoting the biogas technology in China

initiated in Wuchant City of Hubei province in 1958.

Although new hydraulic biogas digester they have developed

but still Guorui Biogas plant was mostly adopted

More then 100 thousand plants were dismantled due to poorscientific construction and blind construction.

Third Phase


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Third Phase

In the 70 and 80s the energy consumption and fuel supply was poor as

122 kg/capita. 66% of the stalks was used as farmers cooking fuel.

The central Govt. pointed out that dissipation of biogas technology in

rural area could effectively utilize agriculture resource and forest

protection

These leads to professional management organisation and leading groupof biogas development, and professional institute namely, Chengdu

Biogas Institute

Rural Energy Programme in China


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Rural Energy Programme in China

Rural household biogas digesters were widely disseminated some citiesand town in Northern China

Since 1983, China is emphasizing the policy of rural energy in every five

year development plan.

Rural energy development has been arranged into national economic

planning for 20 years. An unique way of China rural energy development

has been explored.


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175

440

160 160 150 160

125

50 55 6080

410

310

100

30 20 15 10 15 8 5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

j i a n g s u

f u j i a n

h u n a n

h e b e i

z h e j i a n g

j i a n g s i

h u b e i

g u a n g d o n g

a n h u i

l i a o n i n g

s

h a n g h a i

s h a n o n g

h e n a n

s i c h u a n

G u a n g s i

C h

o n g q i n g

H a i n a n

S h a n x i

B e i j i n g

J i l i n

T i a n j i n

Medium and large size biogas plant in different part of China


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32000

20000

1200010000

4000

3200

3000

2500

2200

20001200

800

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Sichuan

Guangdong

ChongdingZhejiang

Jiangsu

Fujian

Hunan

Jiangxi

Anhi

HubeiGuangxi

Shanghi

N o o f d e c o

n t a m i n a t i o n b i o g a s s y s t e m s

Cities

No of Biogas decontamination system in China, 2001


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coal , 32

electricity, 9.3

natural gas,

0.005

biogas, 0.40% firewood, 21.3

coal gas, 0.003

stalks, 33.42

LPG, 1.1

Oil, 2

Percentage contribution of energy sources utilized in Rural China

2001


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In 2000, population in China rural areas was 0.82 billion around 65%

of Chinese total population 1.26 billion. In 2001, China rural areas

were 9.57 million households having biogas digesters of which 8.57

million (90%) plants are working.

If those plants work properly they can produce yearly around 2.98

billion Cumec biogas amounting to standard coal 2.13 million tones.


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Positioning ofbottom

hemisphere and

out let for fixeddome type of

biogas plant


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Joining of two hemisphere of biogas plant


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Top view of fixed dome type of biogas plant


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Trainees of biogas training programme (Feb 12-17, 2004), Mechada, Indi


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Trainees with Mr. Pandey in Gadbeta Dairy Farm, Aug12-28, 2003, India


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Mr. Pandey, and Mossa Kareem, owner of a poultry biogasdigester, 26,

June, 2005


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Visit in a kusiari village, May, 2005


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Masson Training for biogas plant designing


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Speech for biogas in National level seminar for farmers, at IIT,

Kharagpur, Feb, 12, 2004


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Prof. T. Nejat Veziroglu, International Hydrogen President, with Mr.Pandey in his laboratery


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Dr. T. Kasturirangan, eminent space scientist, and Mr. Pandey


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Isolated bacteria for anaerobic digestion


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Small Scale biogas Digester

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