Small Engine Lubricants - Infineum Insight...•MA: indices from both MA1 and MA2 •MB: at least...

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Small Engine Lubricants

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SnowmobilesOutboards Garden Equipment

ChainsawsPersonal Water CraftPowered Two-wheelers

Small Engines are Diverse

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Bikes are Main Form of Transport for Many

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Traditional Four Stroke Engine (4T)

• The sump is oil filled and the oil recirculates• Inherently low emissions

Intake stroke Compressionstroke

Powerstroke

Exhauststroke

Intake valve

Exhaust valve

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Traditional Two Stroke Engine (2T)

• More power / less weight • Two stroke engines mix oil with fuel and consume the oil

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Conventional 2T Engines

Fuel/oil/air from crankcase

Conventional

Exhaust with unburnt fuel / oil

25-35% unburned fuel and oil

Conventional 2T engines have high hydrocarbons emissions due to unburned fuel

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Notice: Exhaust port is blocked, therefore reduced emissions

• 2T direct fuel injection (DFI) way to address emissions• Fuel injected when piston is top dead centre

Direct injection

Exhaust

Oil and air from crankcase

Fuel

2T direct fuel injection (DFI)

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Two Stroke and Four Stroke Oil Differences

Additive

Visc. Modifier

Base Stock

Four stroke Two stroke

Both type and amount of additive

are different

Solvent

PIB

Base Stock

Additive

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Two-Stroke Formulation

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2T Use Different Cooling Approaches

Air WaterCoolant

Outboards and personal water craft

Garden equipment and miscellaneous small engines

Powered 2-wheelers, snowmobiles and micro-light aircraft

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Approaches Require Different 2T Formulations

AshlessFormulations

Air WaterCoolant

Low Ash Formulations

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Low Ash Oils are Lower Cost

Air cooled engines run hotter than water cooled

Solvent

Lubricity agent(PIB or brightstock)

Base Stock

Additive

Mineral Oil / Ester, not PAO

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Water Cooled 2T Require Ashless

Water / cooled engines run cooler

Solvent

Additive SystemLubricity agent

usually included in the additive system


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Burnability Key for 2T Oils

Solvent

PIB


Additive

Pros Cons

Cleanliness Reduced burnabilityIncreased smokeIncreased blockingIncreased cost

LubricityBurns cleanlyReduced smokeImproved blocking

Increased cost

Miscibility FluidityBurns cleanlyReduced smokeReduced blocking

Reduced lubricity

Lubricity Increased smokeIncreased blocking Reduced cleanliness

Additive

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Two Stroke Land Equipment

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Two Stroke Land High power and low weight

Small Quad BikesScooters, mopeds, motorcycles

Many small companiesLawn and garden equipment –

strimmers, blowers etc.

Chainsaws Micro-light aircraft

Yamaha, Kawasaki, KTM, Husqvarna

Echo, Stihl, Husqvarna

Echo, Stihl, Husqvarna Rotax Snow mobilesYamaha, BRP, Polaris

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API TC

Category Application Examples Test ProceduresCritical

Lubrication Requirements

TAMopeds, lawn mowers,small generators/pumps OBSOLETE

TBMotorscooters, small (<250cc)motorcycles, some chainsaws OBSOLETE

TCLean oil/fuel ratio chainsaws, hi-performance motorcycles,

snowmobiles

Yamaha Y350M-2Piston deposits, ring sticking

Yamaha CE50STightening and pre-ignition

• Piston scuffing• Deposit induced

preignition• Ring sticking

TD Outboard motors OBSOLETE

API TC specification can be found in ASTM D4859 and SAE J2116

• API TC only API specification for 2T oil air-cooled applications

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Standards JASO M345 and ISO 13738

DetergencyJASO M 341-92

LubricityJASO M 340-92

SmokeJASO M 342-92

Exhaust BlockingJASO M 343-92

JASO

FAJASO

FBJASO

FCJASO

FD

Increasing Quality

Smokeless

ISO

EGCISO

EGDISO

EGB

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API TC Performance

Minimum for API TC

Ad

dit

ive

pac

kage

tr

eat

rate

FA

FB

FC

FD

• API TC performance requires more than minimum treat rates

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Two Stroke Outboard

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Two Stroke Outboard OEMs

Yamaha

Mercury Marine

BRP

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NMMA Two Stroke Outboard Standards

TC-W

1960s

1980s

TC-WIIS-xxxxx 1992

1996

2004TC-W33-xxxxx

RECERTIFIED

TC-W3R-xxxxx

RECERTIFIED

TC-W3RL-xxxxx

RECERTIFIED

TC-W3RL-xxxxxM

2016

NMMA TC-W3 is the only current

two stroke outboard standard

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TC-W3 Demonstration Program Comprehensive and expensive

Analytical Testing

KV40

Total acid number

Cloud point

Nitrogen

FTIR scan

Bench Testing

Fluidity @ -25°C

Miscibility @ -25°C

Rust

Filterability

Compatibility

Engine Testing

CE-50 lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc)

AF-27 lubricity (Honda Dio)

Pre-ignition (Yamaha 50cc)

General performance (OMC 40 HP)

Detergency/scuffing (Mercury 15 HP) x 2

Ring sticking/detergency (OMC 70 HP)

>$300k

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TC-W3 Read Across ProgrammesCut testing costs

Analytical Testing

KV40Total Acid NumberCloud PointNitrogenFTIR Scan

Bench Testing

Fluidity @ -25°CMiscibility @ -25°C

Engine Testing

Lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc)AF-27 Lubricity (Honda Dio)Detergency/Scuffing (Mercury 15 HP) x 2

Up to

$50kAdditive (+20% relative)

Solvent change/substitution (+/-20% relative)

PPD conc. change (+/-1%) and substitutions (0.5%)

PIB conc. change (+/-25% relative)

Brightstock conc. changes (+/-10%)

Base oil conc. changes (+/-25% relative) and supply changes

Additive reductions and addition of new components

Allowed:

Read Across Rules:

Not allowed:

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TC-W3 is Significant Improvement

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TC-W3 is Significant Improvement

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Field Trial Performance Also Shows Benefits

TC-WII TC-W3

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Four Stroke Outboards

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Marine Applications

Stringent emission regulations have driven marine engine OEMs to expand use of four stroke engines

BRP are only OEM that promotes just two stroke

Marine four stroke engines have different lubrication requirements compared to passenger car engines

• Majority of marine applications are four stroke

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Four Stroke Outboards Special requirements

Vertical crankshaft orientation• Requires exceptional bearing lubrication

Driving regime• Idle time: high fuel dilution and wear

• High engine speed: wear concerns

Operating conditions• Corrosive

• Longer than recommended oil changes

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NMMA Four Stroke Standard

NMMA FC-W standard introduced in 2004

Similar NMMA certification process and costs to the long established TC-W3

• Marketer obtains trademark license from NMMA

• Annual fee $1,600 per oil

Intended for all gasoline-powered four stroke marine applications

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NMMA FC-W Standard Requirements

HeritageMinimum SG quality

Performance Bench TestingFoam, Seq. I - III (Industry limits)Foam, Seq. IV (200/50 max)Shear Stability (Report)HTHS (3.3 cP min after shear)Mercury Rust Test (< Ref. Oil)Noack Volatility (Report)EOFT (50% max)

IdentificationKV40VISpecific gravityTBNTANElementals (Report all)SulphurNitrogenFTIR Spectrum

Visc. Grade Testing

KV100°C (Vis grade limits)

CCS (Vis grade limits)

MRV-TP1 (Vis grade limits)

Engine Testing

Yamaha 115 hp Gen. Perf

Required Testing for Basic Read-across Oil ProgramExpected Test Cost is $2K to $7k

Required Additional Testing for Complete FC-W ApprovalExpected Test Cost is $45K – $55k

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3 Main Engine Layouts

Outboard

Sterndrive(Inboard/Outboards)

M

M

M Inboard

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NMMA Standard FC-W catalyst compatible

NMMA “FC-W Catalyst Compatible” launched September 2009

FC-W Catalyst Compatible does not replace the original FC-W

FC-W Catalyst Compatible includes the original FC-W requirements plus additional requirements

• API SM quality minimum

• Phosphorus limit: 0.06 – 0.08%

• Silicon limit: < 0.002%

• Stay-in-grade viscosity per SAE J300

• Noack volatility: ≤ 22%

Oils meeting FC-W Catalyst Compatible can be used where the original FC-W is recommended

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Four Stroke Motorcycles

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Engines run hotter• Higher rpm than cars

• Small sumps

Oil must lubricate the clutch, gears and engine

• Requires balanced approach

4T Motorcycle Dedicated Oil Benefit

PCMO requirements continue to diverge from those needed for MCOs

Specification Min P % Max P %

API SM 0.06 0.08

API SN 0.08

JASO 0.08 0.12

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Motorcycle Oils

ENGINE: Wear Protection

CLUTCH: Shift Durability

GEARS:Pitting Protection

Requires a balanced formulation approach

Motorcycle oils depend on 3 lubrication functions

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JASO T903 Four stroke motorcycle standard

JASO: registering four stroke motorcycle oils since 1999• Introduction driven by OEM concern about suitability of some

conventional passenger car lubricants

Current specification: JASO T903:2016

Specification is relatively cheap

Next revision planned for 2023, may include:

• Tighter phosphorus limits

• Gear pitting test

• JASO SP and SN plus category

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JASO T903 Four stoke motorcycles specification evolution

1999 Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision 2016 Revision

API SE to SJ SG to SM SG to SN SG to SN

ILSAC GF-1, GF-2 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3

ACEA A1 to A3 A/B, C2, C3A1/B1, A3/B3,

A3/B4, A5/B5 C2, C3, C4

A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5 C2,

C3, C4

CCMC G-4/G-5 Eliminated -- --

Updated engine requirements

1999 Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision 2016 Revision

Phosphorus No Limits 0.08 – 0.12% 0.08 – 0.12% 0.08 – 0.12%

Phosphorus limit remains the sameJASO conflicts

with ILSAC

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Friction Performance Defines Product

• MA2: all three indices must be MA2

• MA1: all three indices must be MA1

• MA: indices from both MA1 and MA2

• MB: at least one index is in the MB range

Index / Classification MA2 MA1 MA MB

Dynamic Friction Index (DFI) 1.50 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.30 ≤ x ≤ 1.50 1.30 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.35

Static Friction Index (SFI) 1.60 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.45 ≤ x ≤ 1.60 1.45 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.45

Stop Time Index (STI) 1.60 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.60 1.40 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.40

MBFor scooters without

wet clutch

MA1

MA2

Fric

tio

n In

dex

Max

Min

MA

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Supporting Industry Claim

API SG, SH, SJ, SL, SM, SN

ILSAC GF-1, GF-2, GF-3

ACEA A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5, C2, C3, C4

Bench Testing

Sulphated ash [m%] 1.2 max JIS K 2272

Phosphorus [m%] ≥0.08 and ≤0.12 JPI-5S-38

NOACK volatility [m%] 20 max JPI-5S-41

HTHS150 [mPa.s] 2.9 cP max JPI-5S-36

Foaming Tendency [mL](foaming / settling)

Seq. I: 10 / 0 maxSeq. II: 50 / 0 maxSeq. III: 10 / 0 max

JIS K 2518

Shear stability [mm2/s](KV100 after 30 cycles)

xW-30: 9.0 minxW-40: 12.0 minxW-50: 15.0 minOther grades: stay in grade

ASTM D6278

JASO T903 Four stoke motorcycles specification (revised 2016)

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Summary

2T OutboardNMMA TC-W3Requires ashless technology

4T OutboardNMMA FC-W and FC-W Catalyst CompatibleRequires rust prevention technology

4T MotorcycleJASO T903 MA or MBRequires suitable friction and wear performance

2T Land JASO M345 and API TCRequire low-ash technology

Standards• JASO : www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso_e.htm

• NMMA : www.nmma.org/certification/oil/

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http://www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso_e.htm

http://www.nmma.org/certification/oil/



Small engines Special applications requiring special lubricants

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