Slumming Challenges n Solutions

8/3/2019 Slumming Challenges n Solutions

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Slumming related Challenges of

Them

Sustainable Cities- E-governance Meeting

,

Siddharth Agarwal [email protected]

r an ea esource en re, n a


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Presentation Outline C a enges ace y c t es ow ng to rap y ncreas ng s um/ur an poor popu at on

Million plus projected to increase to 50 by 2015

Under-counting of slums/poverty clusters

Sub-optimal access to essential services, living

Sub-optimal environment

Access gaps and service delivery gaps Under-nutrition and food insecurity

Wide health inequities

u nera es an a enges o um ommun es

Knowledge and awareness

Social strength and negotiating capacity

Struggle of subsistence and survival

Weak family support

How can cities address these challenges?

Mapping improved planning for sustainable cities

Urban Poor Communities as Active A ents of Chan e

Civil society engagement in cities to address challenges - Disaster preparedness

Smaller cities need optimal focus

Use relevant communication technology and transport

-

, ,

Capacity building of municipalities

2


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Urban Population Growth in India

th , .

Urban population projected to reach 535 million by 2026 (first quarter of 21st

century).


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Rapidly Growing Urban Poverty in IndiaRapidly Growing Urban Poverty in India

2 3 4 - 5All India Urban areas Large cities Slums

- .

India expected to be > 40% (550 million) urban by 20262.

Cities with > 1million inhabitants grew from 12 to 35 between 1981 and2001. This number ex ected to reach 50 b 2015

Urban poor estimated at 80.74 -100 million; projected to increase to202 million by 20204.

12.6 million children under-5 among urban poor (based on 100 million.

Estimated annual births among urban poor: 2.7 million6.

1-Projections for 2011 by Technical Group on Population Projections

- , , , -

3-Poverty Estimates 2004-2005 and 1999-2000

4-Planning Commission, Poverty Estimates for 2004-05 and National Population Policy, 2000; State of Worlds Cities, 2006/07

5- Calculated based on UNICEF-Demography-2007 data6-Based on CBR 27.5 for urban poor population and 100 million urban poor population


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poverty clusters/slums

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Large proportion of slums are uncounted, invisibleLarge proportion of slums are uncounted, invisible

967 Total slums

554 listed slums(population 12,76,062)

City No. of

Listed

No. of Un-

Listed

413 unlisted slums (population 7,27,332)

Agra 215 178

Dehradun 78 28

Bally 75 45

Jamshedpur 84 77

Meerut 102 85

Total 554 413

Besides unlisted slum settlements, urban poor also

include pavement dwellers, population residing in

66According to NSSO 58

th Round (2002) 49.4% slums are non-notified in India

o a

populationconstruction sites, brick and lime kilns, fringes of

the city, floating population etc


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Vulnerabilities in Un-listed Slums

Location / Physical Environment Usually squatters, face constant threat of eviction.

Hazardous locations: near drains, railway lines, dumping grounds

ccess to erv ces

Unlisted slums usually left out of slum improvement programs and

have poor access to basic services

Social Cohesion

Bein new habitations, unlisted slums have weaker social cohesion

and poorer negotiating capacity to demand better services.

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Un-notified Slums Far Worse

Poor environmentalsanitation in slums results in

70%85%

g n an ma nu r on n

slums1

15%

36%44%

54%,

majority of the dwellings are

made of solid/permanentmaterial while in non-notified

No Drainage Waterlogged Without

slums this is 30%.

Slums UndergroundSewage

1. Favin M, Yacoob M, Bendahmane D. Behavior First: A Minimum

Package of Environmental Health Behaviors to Improve Child

Notified Slums Un-notified slumsHealth, Applied Study No. 10, Arlington VA: EnvironmentHealth Project; 1999.

Source: Conditions in Urban Slums. NSSO 52 round. 2002.


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Proportion children receiving immunization in

slums of Meerut, India

25.8 24.825

30

. 17.3

10

15

20

0

5

Unlisted Listed

9

Source : Maternal and Child Health Survey in Slums of Meerut, 2007


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civic services, widedisparities in cities

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Poor Access to Toilet Facility

53% urban oor households in

India do not have a toilet

34% urban poorchildren in Delhi

do not have

Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06)by Wealth Index;UHRC,08

o e n ouse


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Poor Access to Piped Water SupplyPoor Access to Piped Water Supply

81.5% urban poor households in

n a o no ave access o

piped water supply

Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) byWealth Index;UHRC,08

piped water supply in house


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Sub-optimal Health Primary Care Services

Sub-optimally functioning Urban Primary Health centers - 1

Absenteeism, timings unsuitable to urban poor, lowmotivation of workers, apathy at public facilities

Greater focus and investment on curative services has

led to neglect of preventive, promotive and primary care

IIPS Study, MoHFW, Govt of India:: Shekhar and Ram


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Sub-optimal Health Primary Care Services

Uneven Distribution of primary level health

Across different cities e.g. Jaipur has 75 PrimaryHealth Facilities while Indore has 17, Agra 19

Certain areas within city left out e.g. Shahadra inDelhi, Trans Yamuna area in Agra, Khajrana in Indore


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Inequitable Access to Maternity ServicesInequitable Access to Maternity Services

67.4

78.5

60

7080

e(%)

28.9

20

30

40

P

ercenta

0

Institutional Deliveries

Rural Average Urban Average Urban Poor Urban Non-poor

Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) by Wealth Index;UHRC,08


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Disparities in Access to Childhood ImmunisationDisparities in Access to Childhood Immunisation

57.6

39.9

65.4

50

60

70

(%)

.

20

30

40

Percentag

0

10

Complete Immunisation




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Unacceptably High Child Undernutrition among Cities

Poor

Unacceptably High Child Undernutrition among Cities

Poor

45.647.1

50

32.7

26.230

3540

45

10

15

20

25

0

5

Nutritional Status

ura verageUrban Average Urban Poor Urban non-poor



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High Levels of Stunting Among Cities Poor

nta

ge%

Perce

58 % urban poor children under 5 in Delhi are stunted

Reflects high levels of Food Insecurity 50% hunger in a study in Delhi slums


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Opportunities for Early Childhood Stimulation

Only 36% urban poor children in Delhi have access to AWC

NFHS-3, 2005


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40 % urban poor children (6-17 years) not

attending school

40 % urban poor children (6-17 years) not

attending school

50% boy and 54% girl children among urban poor in Delhi attended school.

NFHS-3, 2005


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Low Child Survival among the Cities Poor

81.990

.

62.1

41.7

51.954.6

.

35.5 41.840

50

60

70

rce

ntage(%)

0

10

20

30P

Infant Mortality Under-5 Mortality




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Neglected despite Contribution to National Economy

Almost 90% of urban poor are involved in urban informal sector.1

Urban sector contributes 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).2

n orma sec or s con r u on o non a r cu ura s .

. . a ng c es wor , n a r an ro e.

2 Chaudhary O. New vistas in financing for development of real state. National Real Estate Summit. FICCI-3rd September 2004

3 International Labour Office.2002.Women and Men in Informal Economy.


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Vulnerabilities and Challenges ofVulnerabilities and Challenges of


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Urban Slums Face Social Exclusion

Illegal/ Non-citizen status of Urban Poor

This compromises their access to basic services

(water, sanitation) and to entitlements e.g TPDS, JSY

BPL cards held by less than half of urban poor1

. .

1-Analaysis of data on PDS access; NSSO, 2004-05


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Struggle for Subsistence and SurvivalStruggle for Subsistence and Survival

Preoccupied with struggle for livelihood

,

Constant threat of eviction, insecure land tenure

Sense of resignation about their surroundings and

livin conditions


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Lack of health awareness

Low awareness about services and provisions

ow awareness a ou ea y e av ours

Sub-optimal household health, nutrition and hygiene

practices

Tem orar and recent mi rants face reaterdifficulties in accessing services, difficult to track

for follow-up health services


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Social strength/ solidarity lackingSocial strength/ solidarity lacking

Weak community organization and social

cohesion

Lack of slum level socially responsible leaders

,

Weak negotiation capacity

Low level of trust in public sector services owing

to irregularity and low quality.


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Gender inequity

Low awareness and compromised confidence

among women to assert for needed health care

Many women face family violence; widespreadalcoholism

Lack of family support to Mother/care giver

Pressing need of mother to resume wage earning


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How Can Cities Address theseHow Can Cities Address these


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Spatial Mapping: An effective tool fornc us on o n s e

Slums/vulnerable clusters inProgram Planning and Intervention

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Mapping Helps Inclusion of Unlisted Slums/Clusters

SLUM NUMBER POPULATION

LISTED 102 455923

UNLISTED 85 216935

TOTAL 187 672858

Crucial for

measurement,

better planning

and

implementation

MeerutCity 31

M i h l i l i f li d l / l


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Mapping helps inclusion of unlisted slums/ clusters

Contd.

LOCATIONOFSLUMS

Slum Number PopulationListed 215 538322Unlisted 178 303251Total 393 841573AgraCity 32


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Neighborhood Mapping

Community groups in slums prepare maps to

a) Ensure that no family is left out from lists used for housing, food

,

b) Track access to services e.g. Immunization and ANC, toiletsc) Help identifying and providing services/linkage to recent and seasonal

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Smaller Cities-

sized and in Smaller Cities


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Higher Proportion of Poverty in Smaller Cities

City / Town Size % poor (1999-2000)

.

Medium towns (50,000 to 1 20.4

m on popu a on

Small Towns (Less than 24.2

All Urban Areas 19.9

Rural Areas 23.9

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Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 1999-2000


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U5 MR among Urban Poor Across Different City Sizes

Under-five Mortality Rate Among the Urban Poor Across Different Size

- , , .

61.3

74.7

70

80

.

40

50

60

0

10

20

Large / Capital cities Small cities Towns

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ource : a ona am y ea urvey, -

Large city - more than 1 million; Small City 100,000 to 1 million; Town - less than 100,000

The category of large city / capital city includes all capital cities of Indian States

Differential Access of Urban Poor to Water and


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Differential Access of Urban Poor to Water and

Sanitation Across Different City Sizes

% Households havin no

% Households having pipedwater su l

62.3

60

70

toilet facility

68.1

55.4 57.160

70

80

34.1

47.2

30

40

50

30

40

50

0

10

20

0

10

20

Large /Capital City

Small City Town Large /Capital City

Small City Town

37Source : National Family Health Survey, 2005-06


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Healthcare services by private doctors

Socially Committed Private Doctor[honorarium collected by community]The doctor provides subsidized neonatal

Services Provided: Treatment Referral to higher level

care serv ces to t e ur an poor osp a or severe y s crequiring hospitalization

luster

Slum

2nd tierGovt./Private

oc a o za on y

Builds linkage between community,and private doctorsEarly identification of sickness

Facility

Health Care Services by Private Hospitals


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Health Care Services by Private Hospitals

erv ces rov e : Management of sick newborns at theurban health center of the hospital Referral for high risk cases to the MainHospital

u s ze ranspor r ngs s cnewborns to hospitalSubsidized services and

PrivateHospital

agnost cs prov e

um us ers

Social Mobilization by CBOPromotes essential newborn care among urban poor

Identifies sick newborns and mobilizes mothers/families to avail servicesDevelops linkage between community and private hospitals

Helps arrange transport though local transport service providers


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Using Telecommunication, available services

Prompt transport

And Neonatal Care benefit

for the poor

Health Facility

UHC with newborn care

facility

Socially committed private doctors

Approx 2,25,000 births take place every month among the urban poor in India.

Civil Society Organizations Can Play Important Roles


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Civil Society Organizations Can Play Important Roles

Civil Society Groups Improve Enumeration

identif in Unlisted Clusters

Encourage and enable slum communities

Help slum communities in disaster preparednessFacilitate Inter-sectoral coordination

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CSOs Facilitate Coordination Among Civic Agencies at WardCSOs Facilitate Coordination Among Civic Agencies at Ward


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CSOs ac l tate Coo d at o o g C v c ge c es at Wa d

Level for Accountable Services: Indore

CSOs ac l tate Coo d at o o g C v c ge c es at Wa d

Level for Accountable Services: Indore

NGOs &Corporation(Zonal office)Health

Ward level

Core Grou

s

Charitable Electedorganizations

epresen a ves

Urban

DevelopmentLocal Resources(Local Clubs, Schools)

Total Coverage: 70, 000 slum population in 2 wards in Indore, being replicatedin 5 additional wards of Indore, 3 Wards of Bhopal and 1 UHC zone of Agra

Engage with Political Representatives and Build Municipal


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Engage with Political Representatives and Build Municipal

Capacity

Engage political constituency- Ward members,

MLAs, MPs

Help them better serve their constituenceies

Discuss issues of inequity in cities, sustainable

cities, public provisions Important to build capacity of Urban Local

Bodies most weak

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Agents of Change

44

G Ci il S i E h D d d A bili f S i


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Grassroots Civil Society Enhance Demand and Accountability of Services

Health Facility

Strong CommunityOrganization

Increased

demand for

services

Improvedaccountability of

health services

Improved Health Care

Suraksha, Bangalore, IHMP Pune , UHRC, Indore & Agra, Nairobi, Brazilenhance access in similar manner

Institutional and Negotiation Capacity Among


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g p y g

Slum Communities

Federation

(10-30 slums perNGOs

(Derive inspiration,

Federation] support and Build capacity)

Communit

Slum-CBOSlum-CBO Slum-CBOSlum-CBO

Federated slum-community groups negotiate and improve access toentitlements such as food subsidy cards:

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a orma e ers o au or es,b) Collective representation to authorities,

c) Use of legal tools Right to Information Act

Grassroots Civil Society as Active Agents Towards


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Improved Urban Health Governance

Grassroots Civil Society engage with Health Administratorsto present potential solutions to challenges in slums and ask

for action.

respond to challenges

levels with Policy Makers to inform policy dialogue

Share lessons with Media

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Translate Words into Action


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Translate Words into Action

Let us not forget the realities:

Urban oor constitute the most ra idl rowin

segment of populations of developing countries

Approx 27 crore births take place among the

urban poor every year in India)

me s o essence; e us ac w urgencyme s o essence; e us ac w urgency

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Let us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementto help the urban poor contribute moreto help the urban poor contribute more

effectively towards sustainable citieseffectively towards sustainable cities

to help the urban poor contribute moreto help the urban poor contribute more

effectively towards sustainable citieseffectively towards sustainable cities

Slumming Challenges n Solutions

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