Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and Disposal

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Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and DisposalAuthor(s): Paul T. Bowen, Victor S. Magar, Walter R. Lagarenne, Anita M. Muise andJacqueline R. DeBernardiSource: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1990:Literature Review (Jun., 1990), pp. 425-433Published by: Water Environment FederationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043853.

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_Wastewater Treatment

Sludge treatment,utilization, and disposalPaul T. Bowen, Victor S.Magar,Walter R. Lagarenne, Anita M. Muise,Jacqueline R. DeBernardiGENERAL

Actual sludge production rates in 26 activated sludge plantswere higher than predicted using design kinetic values.1 Useof empirical sludge production coefficients from existing plantsprovided more realistic values. Treatment approaches used tomanage sludge were described ingeneral reviews of wastewatersolids processes.2-3 Recent advances inmunicipal and industrialsolid/liquid separation treatment technology were related toimplications for sludge management.4 Regional approaches tosludge management were successful in Vermont5 and Pima

County (Ariz.).6Several innovative technologies for handling and treatingsludges have been developed inEurope.7 Treatment, disposal,and utilization of Japan's 1.2 million tons (dry solids) of sludgeper year was described byMurakami.8 Using computer spreadsheets and cost data from four large treatment plants inOntario,unit solids handling costs were approximately 67% of plantcosts.9

Screw pumps, centrifugal pumps with VFD controls, andprerotation pump systems for pumping sludge were compared.10 A 58-km pipeline was constructed to pump sludgeacross England via five pumping stations.11REGULATIONS

Reviews12-14 of the sludge regulations included brief histories, details of technical components, and assessments of impacts on current disposal methods. An evaluation of theassumptions behind the regulations provided a framework forcomments on the sludge regulations.15 The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) peer review panel recommended revised application limits toallow continued beneficialuse of sludges.16 Comments on the sludge rule were reviewedand evaluated by EPA.17

Proposed sludge regulations were the driving force for alternative treatment and disposal methods to be considered bycities and counties.18 Composting and codisposal of sludgesfaced elimination with implementation of new regulations.19Impacts of the sludge regulations were assessed for six sludgeutilization and disposal practices.20 Three regulatory optionswere evaluated for their impact on these sludge disposal tech

nologies and practices.

SLUDGE PROPERTIESCapel et al21 proposed examining landfills for data on specific pollutants. The presence of specific chemicals in sludge

only landfills reflected historical use of certain pollutants.Microbiological. Ruthenium red dye adsorption to bacterial

floes appeared to fit a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isothermmodel and provided a nondestructive method of measuringextracellular polysaccharides inactivated sludge floes.22 Of fivebacterial extracellular polymer extraction methods tried on digested sewage sludge, an ion exchange procedure was the leastdestructive and most effective recovery technique.23 Polymerattachment sites in three types of sludge were identified fordifferent molecular weight and charge density polymers bylabeling anionic charged sites with categorized ferritin (CF).24

Polymer attachment was observed to decrease with increasingpolymer molecular weight. Bowen andTyagi25 found thatwasteactivated, primary sedimentation, and anaerobic-digested sludgesresponded differently to CF staining, varying in attachmentpatterns and degree of CF attracted.

Physical. Physical parameters such as sludge volume indexand capillary suction were useful inmonitoring sludge properties and in improving understanding of physical sludge behavior.26 The cause of the doubly concave flux curve was notchannelling but incorrect data interpretation.27 Thermal con

ductivity of the settled sludge layer deposited on thawing sludgeof freezing beds decreased with increasing solids concentration.28A hot air furnace was used by Schwarz29 to determinethe flash point and self-ignition temperature of dried sewagesludge for two municipal and two industrial sludges. The application was useful for design of sludge combustion dryersand in understanding sludge storage.Chemical procedures. A computer program was developedfor interpretation and statistical analysis of results from sludgeanalytical results.30 Analytical testing of sludge was moved inhouse, increasing accuracy of testing and reducing costs at theDowners Grove, 111., sanitary facility.31 A patented sewagesludge digestion procedure was compared with conventionalnitric acid digestion and proved favorable with regard to precision, accuracy, and labor.32

A comparison of several extraction methods for analysis ofbase-neutral and acid organic contaminants by Webber andLesang33 found that relative standard deviations ranged from20% to 50% for techniques used, providing variable results.Cation-active surfactants and alkyl benzenesulfates were isolated from sewage sludge using aluminum oxide as the ionexchange media.34 Eiceman et al35 developed methods forrapid determination of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate inmunicipalsludge and sludge-soil mixtures using selected ionmonitoringwith isotope dilution techniques. A rapid, reproducible procedure for determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds(PACs) in sludges and sludge-applied soils was used to identifya wide range of PACs and quantify PAC concentrations.36 NoPAC accumulation was determined in agricultural soil afterthree years of compost application.

Organics. Sources and fates of trialkylamines (TAMs) wereidentified and were used to trace the pathways and transportof urban sewage.37 Twelve United Kingdom sludges from varying treatment processes were analyzed for eleven chlorobenzenes plus eis and frans-peimethrin.38 In most domestic sludges,the ratio of eis and trans was similar to sludges from industrialapplications.

Heavy metals. Metal binding characteristics of raw, activated, and anaerobically digested sludges with cadmium, copper, and lead were studied by Lake et al.39 The treatmentprocess influenced the fate of themetals and controlled theirvmobility and dispersion into the environment. Procedures for

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Wastewater Treatment

separating sludge into principle components (particular, biofloc, colloid, and soluble) provided a framework for computer

modeling of the fate of metals within each component.40 Environmental conditions, such as UV lighting and soil composition, affected motility of metals released from urban sludgeinto the environment.41 In raw and digested sludges, metals

were more strongly associated with small particle size fractions,less than 20 jxm, than other fractions.42Mevissi etal.43 assessed variability, degree ofmagnification,and generation rates of heavy metals and nutrients on six sludgestreams to determine associations between metal concentrationsand type of sludge. A system was developed tomeasure dissociable cyanide, total cyanide, and total cyanide plus thiocyanate in raw wastewater, treated effluent, and sludge.44Thiocyanate increased with industrial loads. Complex cyanideaveraged about 90% of total cyanide in sludge. A new methodwas developed to meet EPA-mandated quality control requirements because EPA SW 846 Method 3050 did not reproduciblyrecover antimony or silver from soil or sludge samples.45 Anacid treatment process to remove heavy metals from sludge

was reviewed.46Pathogens. Methodologies were developed to assess risksfrom microorganisms during sludge disposal for developmentof management criteria.47Radtke andGist48 isolated 84 bacteriafrom wastewater sludge and tested them for antibiotic resistanceand R-plasmid transfer. Almost 62% of these bacteria were

resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. Organic extracts fromsewage sludge were bioassayed for microbial mutagenic response as well as chemically analyzed by high resolution gaschromatography.49

Storing sludge ina silo for four months resulted inan increasein ammonia nitrogen and in the rate of pathogen inactivation.50

The types, sources, and stability of viruses in wastewater sludgewere identified.51 Viral inactivation was best achieved by thermal exposure, evaporative drying, microbial antagonism, exposure tohigh pH, and irradiatin.Mesophilic anaerobic digestion,cold anaerobic digestion, pasteurization, and aerobic thermophilic digestion reduced viability of eggs in cysts of Globoderaby 100%.52Other processes did not achieve this level of inactivation. Samples of air, wet, and dry sludge, and plant watercollected in a dewatering facility were analyzed to determineworker exposure to airborne bacteria.53 Seasonal variations insludge stabilization and reduction of pathogens in aerobic digesters were overcome with simple process modifications.54

CONDITIONINGB?chner test results were related to net solids yield, whichwas used to optimize conditioner dose.55 An equation relating

polymer dose tomixing time and shear raised to a power (jc)was developed.56 The value of jcwas a measure of a sludge'sresistance to shear. Control of polymer doses was achieved byuse of an on-line, real-time sludge monitor and polymer flowrate controller.57 This unit incorporated sludge rheological characteristics into the control scheme. New makeup and incorporation methods helped to improve polymer utilization.58

High quality cake was obtained by using powdered seed ofMoringa ole?fera and was comparable to using ferric chlorideconditions.59 Diatomite was used as a belt filter press aid andresulted in increased solids content of the sludge.60 Surfactants

added to sludge increased the final solid content of electroosmotic dewatered sludges.61 Electroacoustic energy interactedwith solids and liquids to increase sludge separation.62 Mechanisms for this process were described. Prototype electroacoustic dewatering (EAD) units were tested on four mixedundigested sludges to assess their viability for application withbelt presses.63 EAD improved solid and liquid separation forbelt pressing of sewage sludge.Martel64 reviewed data from sludge-freezing operations andfound convection the controlling mechanism for heat transfer.Thawing rates were dependent on solar radiation, ambient airtemperature, and thermal conductivity of the settled sludgelayer over the frozen sludge. Freeze-thaw conditioning waseffective for water and wastewater treatment plant sludges forup to 2.0 m of sludge depth.6566 Mechanical removal of thesesludges was possible after they drained. Natural sludge freezethaw operations were found to be themost effective form ofexisting freezing technology.67

THICKENING, DEWATERING, DRYINGContemporary thickening practices were reviewed by Okey,68

including case studies of capital and operating costs of threetreatment plants. Possible effects of new sludge managementregulations and higher incineration temperature requirementson thickening practices were appraised. Activated sludge wasthickened in aerobic reactors by turning off the air supply anddecanting the supernatant.69 Several modifications were developed and applied to attain the highest quality of effluent.

Centrifuges. Marzhenko70 examined the effects of sludgestructure on centrifugal sedimentation. Particle differentiationdid not occur during sedimentation. Centrifuge performancewhen processing high purity oxygen-activated sludge was compared to units processing conventional oxygen-activated sludgefor thickening and dewatering applications.71 Cake solids wereimproved through centrifuge upgrades and development of newprototypes.72 New centrifuge models that achieved very drycake solids were procured by several facilities. High-capacitythickening centrifuges were tested at the Los Angeles Hyperion

Treatment Plant for comparison with two manufacturers' highcapacity centrifuges.73 Comparisons were based on operationalparameters, performance, energy efficiency, and maintenance.Presses. Filter press selection was based on the type of filterplate, filter cloth, mechanization, and modern control techniques tomake themodern filter press less labor intensive.74Key considerations in selecting optimum dewatering processeswere based on simplicity of operation, performance capabilities, plant size, and sludge disposal methods.75 Dewateringcosts were reduced by replacing vacuum filters with belt filterpresses to prepare the sludge for incineration in multi-hearthincinerators.76 Costs reductions were for sludge conditioning,electric power and natural gas usages, incinerator ash production, and sludge feed rates.Models and theory. Badgujar and Chiang77 analyzed filterpress dewatering for actual shear and compressive pressuresacting on the cake. They attempted to identify andmeasure the

major dewatering forces in belt filter presses. The relationshipbetween filtration conditions and subsequent dewatering kinetics were compared to available theoretical models.78 Deviations between theoretical models and actual measurementswere documented in terms of pore structure.

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Wells and Dick79 derived a numerical and analytical modelof cake filtration from solid continuity and momentum equations. The model was able to predict the suspended solids cakeprofile against time, whether or not the average cake porositywas constant. Fundamental sludge characteristics required inmodelling compressible cake filtration dewatering were the suspended solids concentration, permeability, and effective stress.Dick80 examined basic mechanisms influencing filtration dewatering of water and wastewater compressible sludges. Experiments conducted to determine characteristic filtration valuesas functions of the applied pressure included procedures forobtaining the average and local void ratio and the average andlocal specific filtration resistance.81Methods were developed to determine the ratio of wet to drycake mass and the average specific filtration resistance forpower-law nonNewtonian fluids-solids mixtures. Murase et al}2used these procedures to evaluate compression permeabilitycharacteristics within compressible filter cakes on the basis ofoverall filtration characteristics obtained under a variety of filtration pressure conditions. Comparisons

of the continuum approach to filter evaluation and existing modelling approachesto filter processes indicated that the continuum approach increased attention to the cake and medium interaction.83

Drying. InChicago, asphalt concrete pads enhanced sludgedrying efficiency and lowered maintenance over previouslyused claylined sites contained by earth dikes.84 The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago has required contractors to use auger tractors to enhance the drying speed of theirwastewater sludge.85 Freeze-bed applications were used to improve drying-bed operation in theMadison Sewerage District,(Wis.).86 Decanting water was separated from solids duringthawing and the air-dried sludge was used a topsoil substitute.Tractor-mounted augers used in the sludge drying process improved sludge management practices in Florida's Miami-DadeCounty area.87

THERMAL PROCESSESUsing external solar collectors to add supplementary heat to

sludge drying beds provided only marginal improvement todrying times.88 Sludge containing large amounts of organicnitrogen was effectively used for in-furnace abatement of NOx.89Approaches to sludge volume reduction using subcritical andsupercritical water oxidation were described and evaluated.90

Using a solvent, atmospheric pressure, and 200? to 300?C,sludge organic matter was converted to an incinerable oil.91 Agas and oil, both with significant calorific value, were producedby pyrolysis of digested, dried sludge.92 Metals in the sludgewere bound in the charred residue. Conversion selectivity togas, oil, or tarwas dependent on temperature of the fluidizedbed.93 Production also was influenced by sludge particle size,heating rate, and gas phase reactions. A slag produced by cokebed furnace reduction of sludge was used for road subbase orconcrete aggregate.94

Regulations formetals from sewage sludge incineration weredeveloped based on riskmethodology.95 Air dispersion modelswere used to predict emission levels and compliance approaches. A computer model calculated criteria for incinerationof sludge under proposed regulations.96 Strop97 evaluated multilevel and fluidized-bed furnaces for treatment of a variety ofsludges.

STABILIZATIONFor the literature review on biological stabilization by anaerobic digestions, refer to the section in Anaerobic Pro

cesses in this issue.Aerobic digestion. Martin et al. examined the effects of

temperature modifications and aeration effectivenesson mi

crobial densities, volatile solids, and COD reduction efficiencies in sludge. Two aerobic digesters were studied inparallel, one uncovered and one covered. The covered digester, having consistently higher temperatures, demonstratedsubstantial improvements in enterovirus and indicator densityreductions. Krishnamoorthy and Loehr discussed solidsdegradation during aerobic sludge stabilization, focusing onthe effects of pH, activated sludge age, temperature, initialsolids concentration, and the rate of solids degradation. Aerobic thermophilic digestion and a combination of aerobic ther

mophilic and anaerobic digestion were reviewed for applicationfor communities of 5000 to 50 000 people. 10?Bomio et al.,01investigated enzymatic activities of aerobic thermophilic microorganisms in batch and fed-batch sludge treatment cultures. Reaeration tanks were used to improve sludge-settlingcharacteristics by using small amounts of dilution water ina modified process approach.102The behavior and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus duringaerobic digestion with intermittent aeration were similar to continuous aeration.103During aerobic digestion of activated sludge,complete removal of the biodegradable matter of the activatedsludge was a prerequisite for initiation of nitrification.104

Composting. The Fort Lauderdale Compost Facility usedvarious material-handling devices, and the process control system was a remote terminal unit programmable controller.105 Astatic aerated pile composting process for dewatered activatedsludge cake-straw mixtures reduced the bulk volume of thesludge, producing an environmentally acceptable and stabilizedsludge.106 Sludge quality compared with that of peat. Composting and recycling vegetable-tannery sludge by applying astaticwindrow technique with forced air and temperature feedback was investigated.107 Physicochemical, microbiological,and phytotoxicological aspects were studied. Bulking agenttype ratios, moisture content, free air space, volatile solidsreduction, and pile temperatures of municipal sludge compostwere important to the composition of sludge.108 The fate oftwo representative organic contaminants during composting of

municipal sludge was examined under a laboratory compostingapparatus.109 Newman et al. discussed land treatment, pelletization, and composting of Clayton County (Ga.) municipalsludge.

ULTIMATE DISPOSALGeneral. Chemical stabilization and composting had the leastenvironmental impacts of disposal alternatives investigated forthe city of Los Angeles.111 Current sewage sludge landfilling

practices, risk assessment methodology, and risk-based limitswere used to establish siting limitations andmanagement practices required by regulations.U1 Codisposal of sludge and refuseenhanced anaerobic decomposition in landfills compared torefuse-only and sludge-only disposal.113 The codisposal optionhad the least detrimental effect on leachate quality and quantity.Reclaimed wastewater and pulverized sludge ash were used

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Wastewater Treatment_

in concrete without influencing the segregation, shrinkage, wateradsorption, bulk density, or setting time of the concrete.114Crushed, graded sludge ash had the required properties forproduction of concrete.115 The resulting product met all thephysical requirements for lightweight concrete. Compressivestrength-testing of eight mortars containing sludge ash showedthem suitable for exterior load-bearing walls, pavements, andsewers.116 The addition of sludge ash adversely affected thestrength of mortars.117 Strength was less than that of control

mortars containing sand.The partitioning of metal species in sludge dumped into theocean was influenced by digestion and floe size.118Differenceswere observed between the fates of oxidizable and reduciblemetal concentrations and between digested and undigestedsludges. Undigested, small floes contained the maximum concentrations of organic-bound metals. Blocks composed of dewatered sludge, fly ash, gypsum, lime, and Portland cementincreased in compressive strength with time after submergencein seawater.119 Some metals were absorbed on the surface ofthese blocks.

Dried activated sludge was fed to pigs for 12weeks withoutadverse effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass quality,or meat quality.120 Gamma irradiation of digested sludge removed the inhibitory effects of unirradiated sludge on the growthof chickpeas.121 Although protein content increased, no othergrowth factor was influenced by the irradiated sludge. Use of

municipal wastes as sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to meet agricultural demands required innovative solidliquid separation.122

Reclamation. Water transfer rates in sludge and clay shalemixtures were adequate for piping of the mixture, stacking,and reclamation uses.123 Sludge added to an acid lake formedan anoxic sediment that helped neutralize the incoming acidwaters.124 Nutrients from the sludge only lasted two years before depletion by increased algal growth. Mixtures of sludge,fly ash, lime, and potash were used to revegetate a forested areadamaged by sulfur dioxide and particulate metal emissions.125Sewage sludge amended topsoil substitutes were productive ingrowing loblolly pines.126Reclamation of a strip-mined site with sludge did not increase

metal concentrations in vegetation, soil, or voles.127 Organicmaterial from sludge was used to bind iron inmine-spoil reclamation operations.128 Investigations of an old field community treatedwith sludge for 10 years found the site unaffectedby sludge disposal.129 Findings were compared to control andcommercially fertilized plots. An acidic coal refuse site wastreatedwith sludge, lime, and gypsum.130 Vegetation improvedon plots receiving lime or sludge. Percolate water compositionvaried with respect to constituent and plot amendment.Land application. Risk assessment models for land application of municipal sludge were collected into a single computerprogram.131 Risk assessment methodology for developing limits was based on assumptions included in these computer mod

els.132 Limitations and practices required by the regulationswere justified by these assumptions. Conclusions regardingasbestos in sludge and the health risk associated with landapplication were made from a nationwide study.133 Long-termenvironmental effects of sludge land application were examinedin terms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, trace

metal accumulation, organic chemical degradation, and pathogen survival.134 Aggregates of soil and sewage sludge were

examined for biological stability.135 Fungi were important inthis process.An expert system was developed to provide the informationneeded to prepare a land application permit.136 Site-specificsludge and soil characteristics, a regulatory database, and cropidentification were used by a computer-based design proceduretodetermine land application rates.137Application rates of sludgeto agricultural landhas been based on nitrogen loading.138However, phosphorus buildup in soil and in surface runoff werelimiting when considered in calculating application rates. Phosphorus-31 content and solubility in sludge and sludge-amendedsoil were evaluated with Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.139140 Application of sludge reduced surfacerunoff and sediment losses when applied in a no-till operation.141 Nutrient uptake was greater in conventionally tilledapplication to plots.Ammonification rateswere higher than controls for four yearsafter sludge application.142 Application over an eight-year period reduced nitrification potential of the soil. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates increased with sludge applicationrates for three years after the last application.143 Ammonification rates were related to sludge and clay content of the soilmixture.144 Nitrogen volatilization was a function of sludgecontent and cation exchange capacity.

Concentrations of several aromatic surfactants in a sludgetreated soil decreased over a 1-year period.145 PCB concentration did not change over the same period. Concentrations oftoxic organics in sludge were low, and agricultural land application diluted these levels.146 Plant uptake of these constituents was minimal. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) wassuccessfully degraded in sludge-amended soils.147 The fate ofLAS in sludge-amended soils was monitored for a range of soiltypes and sludge-application frequencies and rates.148 An adequate safety margin existed between LAS concentrations ofsludge-amended soils and those likely to affect the plant growth.

Sludge applications to soil increased the metal saturation ofindigenous humic acid complexes.149 Organic constituents werenot affected by application. Long-term field investigations ofsludge application showed apparent metal losses from the applied residues.150 Trace metals in sludge were coprecipitatedwith other metals occurring in the soil at higher concentrations.151 Sludge metals had a low bioavailability that did notchange after the first year of application. Metal uptake by plantsfrom sludge-treated soils indicated that maximum levels ofapplication did not cause problems.152

Legume roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes andgrown in sludge-amended soils assimilated cadmium.153 Vegetables grown in sandy loam with a single sludge applicationcontained low levels of cadmium.154 Metal concentrations insoils 10 years following sludge application were examined.155

Tobacco leaf metal accumulations from two growing seasonsat these sites also were studied. Copper and zinc were takenup by corn and soybean grown on soil treated with sludge.156Distribution of these metals in these crops was examined.After one year of applying dried digested sludge and decantwater from drying beds, no harmful levels of metals were foundin the soil or plants.157 Physical properties of the soil improved.Five application rates showed different effects on crop growth,yield, and heavy metal content.158 Cotton plants exhibited stresscharacteristics when exposed to sludge-amended soil.159Tree seedlings grown in sand receiving sludge amendments




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responded with improved growth over control plots.160 Sludgeapplications to tree plantations increased the growth of sycamore and loblolly pine.161 Soils, soil solutions, and surfacerunoff showed evidence of sludge contamination. Sludge application decreased rust infection and increased survival andgrowth of pine seedlings.162

Case histories. Lime stabilization of sludge allowed for efficient land application.163 Sludge compost was applied to plotsfor four years, followed by 10 years of crop growth.164 Longterm effects on soil chemical characteristics were examined.

Nitrogen management formed the basis of a sludge applicationprogram for Ft. Collins, Colo.165The European Commission Directive on sludge disposal toagricultural landwas reviewed.166 A French government agencyextensively promoted land application of sludge.167 UnitedKingdom practices of sludge application were well establishedand voluntary guidelines followed.168 Use of treated effluentsand excess sludge for agricultural application have been successful inGermany.169 Development of more stringent sludgeregulations for agricultural application and

reuse has impactedsludge disposal in theNetherlands.170

WATER TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGESAcceptable application rates for water treatment sludges tovarious soil types were related phosphorus fixation capacity ofthe sludge.171 Alum sludges produced pH reductions, low dissolved oxygen, high levels of suspended solids, and aqueousalum concentrations thatwere toxic tofish.172 Suspended sludge

particles were toxic to invertebrates.Norfolk, Va.,173 selected a diaphragm filter press for sludge

dewatering. New sludge handling facilities for theCrown WaterPlant (Cleveland, Ohio) included gravity thickeners and plateand frame filter presses.174 Porous fabric tubes were installedat a water treatment plant for sludge dewatering and comparedwell with conventional sludge dewatering processes due to theirhigh Alteration rate, relatively low capitol costs, ease of operation, and good cake and filtrate quality.175

Crystal size distribution was related to settling rate of softening plant sludges.176 Size of the crystals was due to changesin calcite crystal structure, not magnesium incorporation. Organic matter incorporated into aluminum hydroxide sludgeshindered dewaterability by decreasing the floe size and density.177 A technical resource book on water treatment sludgecontained numerous articles on handling and disposal.178

Paul T. Bowen is an associate/staff consultant; Victor S.Magar is a staff engineer; Walter R. Lagarenne is project

engineer; Anita M. Muise is a librarian; and Jacqueline R.DeBernardi is a library assistant at Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.Correspondence should be addressed to Paul T. Bowen, Metcalf & Eddy, P.O. Box 4043, Woburn, MA 01888-4043.

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ondary Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Int., 14, 29(1988).2. Sewage Sludge Disposal. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage.(G. B.), 3, 208 (1989).3. Cheremisinoff, P. N., et al Management of Wastewater Solids. Pollut. Eng., 21, 9, 69 (1989).

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8. Murakami, K., Treatment, Disposal and Utilization of SewageSludge in Japan?Current Practice and Future Direction. Proc.Third WPCFIJSWA Joint Tech. Seminar on Sew. Treat. Technol, Water Pollut. Control Fed./Japan Sewage Works Assoc.,384 (1988).

9. Evans, B., ' 'Getting a Handle on Solids Handling Costs. ' 'WaterPollut. Control (Can.), 127, 3, 24 (1989).

10. Nogaj, R. J., and Berg, M. C, Prerotation Concept WorksWell for Return Sludge. Water Eng. Manage., 136, 38 (1989).

11. Daley, A., Control and Automation of the Manchester to Liverpool Sludge Pipeline of the North West Water Authority. Part1, Part 2. Power Eng. J., 3, 225, 267, 1989).

12. WPCF Residuals Management Committee, Review of EPASewage Sludge Technical Regulations. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 1206(1989).

13. Morse, D., Sludge In The Nineties. Civil Eng., 59, 8, 47(1989).14. Kuchenrither, R. D., Sludge: A Case of Regulations Without

Representation. Water Eng. Manage., 136, 12, 20 (1989).15. Kuchenrither, R. D., Assessment of Sludge Regulation As

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BioCycle, 30, 7, 80 (1989).17. Goldstein, N., EPA Tackles Sludge Rule Comments. BioCycle,30, 9, 56 (1989).18. Edeburn, M., and Hunt, P., Seeking the Sludge Solution.

Am. City County, 104, 1, 6 (1989).19. Jones, A., et al, Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed

Regulations for Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal. U. S. EPA,Econ. Anal. Div., Washington, D. C. (1989).20. Bingenheimer, K., Sludge Re-use Said Threatened by Regu

lation. Waste Tech. News, 1, 17, 11 (1989).21. Capel, P. D., et al, The Use of Sludge-Only Landfills as His

torical Records of Persistent Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metalsin Sewage Sludge. Water Res. (G. B.), 23, 525 (1989).

22. Figueroa, L. A., and Silverstein, J. A., Ruthenium Red Adsorption Method for Measurement of Extracellular Polysaccharides in Sludge Floes. Biotechnol Bioeng., 33, 941 (1989).

23. Karapanagiotis, N. K., and Rudd, T., Extraction and Characterization of Extracellular Polymers inDigested Sewage Sludge.

' 'J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 44, 2, 107 (1989).

24. Tyagi, U. N., and Bowen, P. T., Polymer Characteristics andAttachment Sites in the Sludge Matrix. Water Sei. Technol(G. B.), 33, 941 (1989).

25. Bowen, P. T., and Tyagi, U. N., Surface Charge on Wastewater Sludges. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.:Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.),Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 256 (1989).

26. Dick,R. I.,andRipley, J. P., Physical Properties of Sludges.Proc. Third WPCFIJSWA Joint Tech. Seminar on Sew. Treat.Technol., Water Pollution Control Federation/Japan Sewage WorksAssociation, 292 (1988).

27. Vesilind, P. A., and Jones, G. N., Channelling and the DoublyConcave Flux Curve in Batch Thickening. In Proc. 1989 Int.Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement,H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 3(1989).

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29. Schwarz, S., et al, Determination of the Ignition Temperaturesof Sewage Sludge. Environ. Technol. Letters(G. B.), 10, 629(1989).

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31. Lacina, J., Getting aMove on Sludge Data. Environ. Technol Letters(G. B), 10, 629 (1989).

32. Gustafson, D. E., Ten-Minute Digestion. In Proc. 1989 Int.Symp.-Solid?Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement,H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 110(1989).

33. Webber, M. D., and Lesang, S., Organic Contaminants inCanadian Municipal Sludges. Waste Manage. Res.,1,63 (1989).

34. Hellmann, H., Aluminum oxide as Ion Exchanger in Analysisof Cation-active Surfactants and Alkyl Benzenesulfates (LAS)in Sewage Sludge. J. Water Wastewater Res.(W'. Ger.), 22, 4(1989).

35. Eiceman, G. A., et al, Sources of Error in Analysis of Municipal Sludges and Sludge-Amended Soils for Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. J. Environ. QuaL, 18, 374 (1989).

36. Gonzales-Vila, F. J., Determination of Polynuclear AromaticCompounds in Composted Municipal Refuse and CompostAmended Soils by a Simple Clean-up Procedure. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrometry, 16, 423 (1989).

37. Vails, M., et al, Use of Trialkylamines as an Indicator ofUrban Sewage in Sludges, Coastal Waters and Sediments. Nature, 337, 722 (1989).

38. Rogers, H. R., et al, The Occurrence of Chlorobenzenes andPermethrins in Twelve U. K. Sewage Sludges. Water Resour.,23, 913 (1989).

39. Lake, D. L.,etaL, Heavy Metal Solids Association in SewageSludges. Water Resour., 23, 285 (1989).

40. MacNicol, R. D., and Beckett, P. H. T., The Distribution ofHeavy Metals Between the Principal Components of DigestedSewage Sludge. Water Resour., 23, 199 (1989).

41. Campanella, L., et al, Effect of Speciation in Sludges on theAdsorption of Leached Metals in Soil. Sei. Total Environ., 79,233 (1989).

42. Yeoman, S., et al, Particle Size Fractionation and Metal Distribution in Sewage Sludges. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 45, 27(1989).

43. Mevissi, A. E., et al, Heavy Metal Variability of DifferentMunicipal Sludges as Measured by Atomic Adsorption and Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy. J. Environ.Sei. Health-Environ. Sei. Eng., 23, 823 (1989).

44. Kelada, N. P., Automated Direct Measurements of Total Cyanide Species and Thiocyanate, and Their Distribution inWastewater and Sludge. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 350(1989).

45.Kimbrough,

D. E., and Wakakuwa, J. R., Acid Digestion forSediments, Sludges, Soils, and Solid Wastes. A Proposed Alternative to EPA SW 846 Method 3050. Environ. Sei. Technol, 23, 898(1989).

46. Heavy Metal Removal From Sewage Sludge: Practical Experiences with Acid Treatment, Pretreatment in Chemical Waterand Wastewater Treatment.'' In Proc Third Gothenburg Symp.,Pretreat. Chem. Water Wastewater Treat., 327 (1988).

47. Fradkin, L., et al, Municipal Wastewater Sludge. J. Environ. Health, 51, 148 (1989).

48. Radtke, T. M., and Gist, G. L., Wastewater Sludge Disposal. J. Environ. Health, 52, 102 (1989).

49. Wright, C. W., et al, Fractionation of Mutagens from Municipal Sludge and Wastewater. EPA/600/1-89/001, U. S. EPA,Cincinnati (1989).

50. Barron, D.,etaL,''The Effects of Storage on the Physio-Chemical Microbiological and Parasitological Characteristics of Bio

logical Sludges. Environ. Technol Letters.(G. B.), 10, 731(1989).51. Hurst, C. J., Fate of Viruses During Wastewater Sludge

Treatment Processes. Critical Rev. Environ. Control, 18, 317(1988).52. Spaull, A. M., et al, Effects of Various Sewage Sludge Treat

ment Processes on the Survival of Potato Cyst-Nematodes (Globodera spp.) and the Implications for Disposal. Water Sei.TechnoKG. B.), 21, 909 (1989).

53. Seyfried, P. L., et al, Potential Health Risks Among SewageWorkers due to Airborne Microorganisms, Parasites, and Endotoxins. In Proc. Wastewater Treat. 11th Int. Sym., Montreal,149 (1989).

54. Martin, J. H., Reductions of Enteric Microorganisms DuringAerobic Sludge Digestion: Comparison of Conventional and AutoheatedDigesters. EPA/600/2-88/072, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati(1989).

55. Rebhun, M., et al, Net Sludge Solids Yield as an Expressionof Filterability for Conditioner Optimization. J. Water Pollut.Control Fed., 61, 52(1989).

56. Novak, J. T., and Bandak, N., Chemical Conditioning and theResistance of Sludges to Shear. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.,61, 327 (1989).

57. Crawford, P. M., Optimizing Polymer Consumption in SludgeDewatering Applications. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 32 (1989).

58. Connor, D. J., Polymers Do the Dirty Work. Water Eng.Manage., 136, 12, 32(1989).

59. Ademiluyi, J. O., Sludge Conditioning with Moringa Seed.Environ. Int., 14,59(1988).

60. Schiba, M., Diatomite for Drier Sludge. Oper. Forum, 6,11, 13(1989).61. Van Diemen, A. J. G., et al, Influence of Surfactants on

Electro-osmotic Dewatering of Sludges. Colloids Surf., 35, 57(1989).62. Senapati, N., Ultrasonic Interactions During Sludge Dewater

ing. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press,Columbus, Ohio, 498 (1989).

63. Chauhan, S. P., and Johnson, H. W., Scale-up of Electroacoustic Dewatering of Sewage Sludges. In Proc 1989 Int.Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement,H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 504(1989).

64. Martel, C. J., Development and Design of Sludge FreezingBeds. J. Environ. Eng. Div., Proc Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 115,799 (1989).

65. Martel, C. J., Dewaterability of Freeze-thaw ConditionedSludges. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 237 (1989).

66. Martel, C. J., Sludge Dewatering by Natural Freeze-thaw.In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage.

Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press,Columbus, Ohio, 115(1989).

67. Knocke, W. R., and Trahern, P., Freeze-Thaw Conditioningof Chemical and Biological Sludges. Water Res.(G. B.), 23,35 (1989).

68. Okey, R. W., The Evolution of Sludge Thickening Practice.Environ. Eng. Proc 1989 Specialty Conf, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.,Austin Tex., 507 (1988).

69. Young, D. R., and Armstrong, G., Cost Reduction in SludgeProcessing with Innovative Sludge Thickening Technology. J.Tex. Civ. Eng., 59, 1, 13(1989).

70. Marzhenko, V. M., Dewatering Municipal Wastewater SludgesUsing Batch Centrifuges. Soc. J. Water Chem. Technol. (USSR)11, 1, 89(1989).71. McKinney, D. E., et al, Comparison of Centrifuge Perfor




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manee on Oxygen Activated Sludge.' 'Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989

Specialty Conf, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 523 (1989).72. Albertson, O.E., Improved Centrifuge Designs for High Cake

Solids. Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989 Specialty Conf, Am. Soc.Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 531 (1989).

73. MacConnell, G. S., et al, Centrifuge Thickening: Full ScaleTesting and Design Considerations. In Proc 1989 Int. Symp.SolidlLiquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S.

Muralidhara (Ed.), Batteile Press, Columbus, Ohio, 84 (1989).74. Gribbins, J., Filter Press Technology. Water Serv., 93, 1116,48 (1989).75. Smith, J. E., and Semon, J. A., ' 'Dewatering Municipal Sewage

Sludges, Selecting a Process. Environ. Eng. Proc 1989 Specialty Conf, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 515 (1989).

76. Donovan, K., City Cuts Sludge Dewatering Costs. PublicWorks, 119, 8, 106 (1989).77. Badgujar, M. N., and Chiang, S. H., An Analysis of Belt

Filter Press Dewatering Mechanism. Filt. Sep., 26, 5, 364(1989).78. Rushton, A., and Arab, M. A. A., Internal Pressure Variations

During the Filtration and Dewatering of Thick Cakes. Filt.Sep., 26, 3, 181 (1989).79. Wells, S. A., and Dick, R. I., Mathematical Modeling ofCompressible Cake Filtration. Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989 Specialty Conf, Am. Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 788 (1989).

80. Dick, R. I., Mechanisms in Compressible Cake Filtration.NSF/ENG?89054, Nati. Sei. Foundation, Washington, D.C.(1989).

81. Murase, T., et al, Determination of Filtration CharacteristicsBased Upon Filtration Tests Under Step-Up Pressure Conditions. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 22, 373 (1989).

82. Murase, T., et al, Determination of Filtration Characteristicsof Power-Law Non-Newtonian Fluids-Solids Mixtures underConstant-Pressure Conditions. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 22, 65(1989).

83. Chase, G. G., et al, Sludge and Wastewater Filtration: AContinuum Analysis. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/LiquidSep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara(Ed.), Batteile Press, Columbus, Ohio, 18 (1989).

84. Owen, C. V., ' 'Chicago Water Reclamation District Makes SludgeProcessing Easy with Asphalt Drying Pads. Asphalt, 3, 2, 11(1989).

85. Chicago Speed Dries its Sludge. Oper. Forum, 6,4, 27 (1989).86. Barnes, D., Metrogro Sludge Program Boosts Farm Profits.

BioCycle, 30, 2, 30 (1989).87. ' 'Auger Drying Reduces Sludge Problem for Populous County.

''Water Eng. Manage., 136, 3, 41 (1989).

88. Turner, R. H., et al, Solar Sludge Drying. Solar Energy1989?Proc. Eleventh Annu. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Solar Energy

Conf, New York, 47 (1989).89. Arai, N., et al, In-furnace Reduction of NOx During the Par

allel-flow Moving-bed Combustion of Surplus Activated SludgeChar by an Active Use of Self-evolved Ammonia. Fuel, 68,591 (1989).

90. Hartmann, G., et al, Water Oxidation of Sludges and ToxicWastes. Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989 Specialty Conf., Am. SocCiv. Eng., Austin, Tex., 804 (1989).

91. Millot, N., et al, Sludge Liquefaction by Conversion to Fuels.Water Sei. Technol.(G. B.), 21, 917 (1989).

92. Kaminsky, W., and Kummer, A. B., Fluidized Bed Pyrolysisof Digested Sewage Sludge. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 16, 27(1989).

93. Stammbach, M. R., et al, Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge in aFluidized Bed. Energy Fuels, 3, 255 (1989).

94. Takeda, N., et al, Sewage Sludge Melting Process by Cokebed Furnace: System Development and Application. Water Sei.TechnoliG. B.), 21, 925 (1989).

95. ' 'Incineration of Sewage Sludge: Technical Support Document.' '

U. S. EPA, Off. Water Regulations Stand. Washington, D.C.(1989).96. Crumpler, G., Sludge Incineration Model (SIM). EPA/SW/

DK-89/028, U. S. EPA, Washington, D.C. (1989).97. Strop, K., Incineration of Surplus Sludge and Hazardous Waste:

Rehabilitation of Inherited Pollution. Filtr. Sep., 26, 2, 100(1989).

98. Martin Jr., J. H., etal, Improved Microbial, Volatile Solids,and COD Reductions in an Autoheated Aerobic Digester. Proc.Third WPCFIJSWA Joint Tech. Seminar on Sew. Treat. Technol, Water Pollut. Control Fed./Jpn. Sewage Works Assoc,309 (1988).

99. Krishnamoorthy, R., and Loehr, R. C, Aerobic Sludge Stabilization?Factors Affecting Kinetics. J. Environ. Eng. Div.,Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 115, 2, 283 (1989).

100. Kelly, H. G. Aerobic Thermophilic Digestion or Liquid Composting of Municipal Sludges. Environ. Eng. Proc 1989 Specialty Conf., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 650 (1989).

101. Bomio, M., et al, Growth and Biocatalytic Activities of Aerobic Thermophilic Populations in Sewage Sludge. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (W. Ger.), 32, 3, 356 (1989).102. Aerobic Treatment on the Ascent. Water Qual Int.(G. B.),1,25(1989).

103. Maesuda, A., et al, Behavior of Nitrogen and PhosphorusDuring Batch Aerobic Digestion of Waste Activated SludgeContinuous Aeration and Intermittent Aeration by Control ofDO. Water Res.{G. B.), 58, 57 (1989).

104. Bhargava, D. S., and Datar, M T., An Analysis of NitrificationDuring the Aerobic Digestion of Secondary Sludges. Environ.PollutXG. B), 58, 57 (1989).

105. Cunningham, G. N., Use of Yard Waste in Sludge Composting. BioCycle, 30, 3, 28 (1989).

106. Lopez-Real, J. M., et al, Evaluation of Composted SewageSludge/straw Mixture for Horticultural Utilization. Water Sei.Technol(G. B.), 21, 889 (1989).

107. Vallini, G., et al, Compost Detoxification of Vegetable-tannery Sludge. Waste Manage. Resour., 7, 227 (1989).

108. Carmichael, R. C, and Collins, M. A., Experimental Studyof Windrow Composting of Sludge Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989Specialty Conf., Am. soc. Civ. Eng., Austin, Tex., 663 (1989).

109. Racke, K. D., and Frink, C. R., Fate of Organic ContaminantsDuring Sewage Sludge Composting. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol, 42, 526(1989).

110. Newman, M. L., et al, Closing the Water and Sludge LoopBioCycle, 30, 2, 51 (1989).

111. Kasparian, A. J., and Burke, R. E., Environmental Analysisof Sludge Disposal Options. Environ. Eng. Proc. 1989 Specialty Conf, Am. Soc Cov. Eng., Austin, Tex., 796 (1989).

112. ''Landfilling of Sewage Sludge: Technical Support Document.' '

U. S. EPA, Off. Water Regulations Stand., Washington, D.C.(1989).113. Stamm, J. W., and Walsh, J. J., Pilot Scale Evaluation of

Sludge Landfilling: Four Years of Operation.' 'EPA600/S-2/027,

U. S. EPA, Cincinnati (1989).114. Tay, J., Reclamation of wastewater and sludge for concrete

making. Resour. Conserv. Recycling, 2, 211 (1989).115. Tay, J., and Yip, W., Sludge Ash as Lightweight Concrete

Material. J. Environ. Eng. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.,115,56(1989).116. Lisk, D. J., Compressive Strength of Cement Containing Ash

from Municipal Refuse or Sewage Sludge Incinerators. Bull.Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 42, 540 (1989).

117. Bhatty, J. I., and Reid, K. J., Compressive Strength of Municipal Sludge as Mortars. Am. Concrete Inst. Mater. J., 86,394 (1989).118. Gibbs, R. J., and Angelidis, M., Effect of Sludge Digestion

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Wastewater Treatment_

on Metal Segregation during Ocean Dumping. Mar. Pollut.Bull, 20, 10, 503 (1989).119. Shieh, C., and Roethal, F. J., Physical and Chemical Behavior

of Stabilized Sewage Sludge Blocks in Seawater. Environ. Sei.Technol, 23, 121 (1989).120. Ekpenyong, T. E.,etal, Utilization of Dried Activated Sludgeas a Feed Supplement for Pigs. Resour. Conserv. Recycling,2, 287 (1989).121. Pandya, G. A., et al, Potential of Recycling Gamma-irradi

ated Sewage Sludge for use as a Fertilizer: A Study on Chickpea(Cicer arietinum). Environ. Pollut.(G. B.), 56, 101 (1989).

122. Velagaleti, R., and McClure, T., Using Waste ManagementProducts as an Alternative to Depleting Nonrenewable FertilizerSources. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste

Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), BatteilePress, Columbus, Ohio, 417 (1989).

123. Dusseault, M. B., et al, The Development of Shear Strengthin Sludge/Clay ShaleMixes for Oil Sands Tailings Disposal.Proc. Heavy Crude Tar Sands Int. Conf, Edmonton, 2, 16(1988).

124. Davison ,W.,etal, Reclamation of Acid Waters using SewageSludge. Environ. Pollut.(G. B), 57, 251 (1989).125. Oyler, J. A., Reclamation of Site near a Smelter Using Sludge/Fly ash Amendments: Herbaceous Species. Proc Mine Drainage & Surface Mine Reclamation Conf., Pittsburgh, Pa., 2, 22(1988).

126. Moss, S. A., et al, Pitch x Loblolly Pine Growth in Organically Amended Mine Soils. J. Environ. QuaL, 18, 110(1989).

127. Alberici, T. M., et al, Trace Metals in Soil, Vegetation, andVoles from Mine Land Treated with Sewage Sludge. J. Environ. QuaL, 18, 115(1989).

128. Pichtel, J. R., et al, Binding of Iron from Pyritic Mine Spoilby Water-Soluble Organic Materials Extracted from SewageSludge. Soil Sei., 148, 140 (1989).

129. Levine, M. B.,etal. Heavy Metal Concentrations During TenYears of Sludge Treatment to an Old-Field Community. J.Environ. QuaL, 18, 411 (1989).

130. Pietz, R. L, et al, Application of Sewage Sludge and OtherAmendments to Coal Refuse Material: II. Effects of Re vegetation., III. Effects on Percolate Water Composition. J. Environ.QuaL, 18, 169, 174(1989).

131. Risk Assessment Models for Land Application of MunicipalSludges (RAMMS Version 3.0). Volume 1. Draft CompleteDocumentation of the System/User Manual. U. S. EPA, Off.Water Regulations Stand., Washington, D.C. (1989).

132. Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge: Technical Support Document. U. S. EPA, Off. Water Regulations Stand., Washington, D.C. (1989).

133. Naylor, L. M., Asbestos in Sludge?A Significant Risk?

BioCycle, 30, 1, 51 (1989).134. Chang, A. C, and Page, A. L., Long-Term EnvironmentalEffects Associated with Land Application of Municipal Sludges:A Review. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste

Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), BattellePress, Columbus, Ohio, 439 (1989).

135. Kinsbursky, R. S., et al, Role of Fungi in Stabilizing Aggregates of Sewage Sludge Amended Soils. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J.,53, 1086 (1989).

136. Jantrania, A. R., and White, R. K., Expert System for DesignAnalysis of Municipal Sludge Land Application. Proc. 21stSoutheast. Symp. Syst. Theory, Inst. Electr. Electronics Eng.,Tallahassee, Fla., 666 (1989).

137. White, R. K., and Jantrania, A., Computer Program Designfor Land Treatment Systems. BioCycle, 30, 10, 66 (1989).

138. Gavaskar, A. R., et al, Sewage Sludge Application to Agricultural Land. In Proc. 1989 Inc. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.:

Waste Manage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.),Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 429 (1989).

139. Hinedi, Z. R., et al, Phosphorus-31 Magic Angle SpinningNuclear Magnetic Resonance of Wastewater Sludges and SludgeAmended Soil. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 53, 1053(1989).

140. Hinedi, Z. R., and Change, A. C, Solubility and Phosphorus31 Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Phosphorus in Sludge-Amended Soil. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 53,1057 (1989).

141. Mostaghimi, S., et al.,''Impact of Land Application of Sewage

Sludge on Runoff Water Quality. Trans. Am. Soc. Agrie Eng.,32, 491 (1989).142. Boyle, M., and Paul, E. A., Nitrogen Transformations in Soils

Previously Amended with Sewage Sludge. Soil Sei. Soc. Am.J., 53, 740(1989).

143. Boyle, M., and Paul, E. A., Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics in Soils Previously Amended with SewageSludge. Soil Sei. Soc Am. J., 53, 99 (1989).

144. Mingelgrin, U., and Feigin, A., Incubation Studies of the Fateof Organic Nitrogen in Soils Amended with Activated Sludge.Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 534, 444 (1989).

145. Marcomini, A., et al, Behavior of Aromatic Surfactants andPCBs in Sludge-Treated Soil and Landfills. J. Environ. Qual,18, 523 (1989).

146. O'Connor, G. A., etal, Sludge Organics Bioavailability. InProc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod.Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 407 (1989).

147. Ward, T. E., and Larson, R. J., Biodegradation Kinetics ofLinear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Sludge-Amended AgriculturalSoils. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 17, 119 (1989).

148. Holt, M. S., et al, The Concentrations and Fate of LinearAlkylbenzene Sulphonate in Sludge Amended Soils. Water Resour., 23, 749(1989).

149. Senesi, N., et al, Chemical Properties of Metal-humic AcidFractions of a Sewage Sludge-Amended Aridisol. J. Environ.Qual, 18, 186(1989).

150. McGrath, S. P., and Lane, P. W., An Explanation for theApparent Losses of Metals in a Long-Term Field Experimentwith Sewage Sludge. Environ. Pollut.(G. B.), 60, 235(1989).

151. Logan, T. J., Sludge Metal Bioavailability. In Proc. 1989Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: Waste Manage. Prod. Enhance

ment, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio,399 (1989).152. Webber, M. D., Waste Metals: The Canadian Approach to

Limiting Metals on Land from Municipal Sludges (What's NewinWastewater Technology?) Environ. Can./Can. Water Wastewater Assoc. Rep., 107 (1988).

153. Tepfer, L., et al, Uses of Roots Transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes inRhizosphere Research: Applications in Studies

of Cadmium Assimilation from Sewage Sludge. Plant Molecular Biol, 13,295(1989).

154. Singh, R. N., and Keefer, R. F., Uptake of Nickel and Cadmium by Vegetable Grown on Soil Amended with DifferentSewage Sludges. Agrie Ecosyst. Environ., 25, 27 (1989).

155. Adamu, C. A., et al, Residual Metal Concentrations in Soilsand Leaf Accumulations in Tobacco a Decade Following Farmland Application of Municipal Sludge. Environ. Pollut.(G. B), 56, 113(1989).

156. Reddy, M. R., et al, Uptake and distribution of Copper andZinc by Soybean and Corn from Soil Treated with Sewage Sludge.

' '

Plant Soil, 113,271 (1989).157. Gillies, J. A., et al, Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Crops432 Research Journal WPCF, Volume 62, Number 4



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from Applications of Anaerobically Digested Sludge. Res. J.Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 1673 (1989).

158. Day, A. D.,etaL, Crop Response to Sludge Loading Rates.BioCycle, 30, 8, 72 (1989).

159. Chakrabarti, C, and Chakrabarti, T., Effect of Sewage andSludge Application on the Growth, Yield, Enzyme Activity and

Micronutrient Uptake of Cotton Crop Plants. Int. J. Environ.Stud.{G. B.), 34, 169 (1989).160. Couillard, D., and Grenier, Y., Forest Management: Trees

Response toWastewater Sludge Fertilization. J. Environ. Manage^. B), 28, 235 (1989).

161. Van Miegroet, H., et al, Environmental and Plant Effects ofSewage Sludge Application to Forests and Pastures. 12th Annu.

Madison Waste Conf., Madison, Wis., 27 (1989).162. Stone, D. M., and Powers, H. R., Sewage Sludge Increases

Early Growth and Decreases Fusiform Rust Infection of NurseryRun and Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine. South. J. Appl For.,13, 2, 68 (1989).

163. Hunt, D. B., and Sandina, J., Lime Stabilization and LandApplication: A Cost-Effective Sludge Management Alternative. Oper. Forum, 6, 11, 16 (1989).

164. Mays, D. A., and Giordano, P. M., Landspreading MunicipalWaste Compost. BioCycle, 30, 3, 37 (1989).

165. Putnam, S., et al, Down on the Farm. Civ. Eng., 59, 3, 60(1989).166. Ramsay, R. C.,etaL, Sewage Sludge Disposal to Agricultural

Land after the European Commission Directive. Proc. Inst.Civ. Eng., Part 1(G. B), 86, 843 (1989).

167. Merillot, J. M., *'Recycling Organic Municipal Wastes in France.' *

BioCycle, 30, 7, 30 (1989).168. Davis, R. D., Agricultural Utilization of Sewage Sludge: A

Review. Inst. Water Environ. Manage. J.(G. B.), 3, 351(1989).169. Kayser, R., The Use of Biologically Treated Wastewater To

gether with Excess Sludge for Irrigation. Proc. Treat, and Useof Sew. Effluent for Irrigation, FAO Seminar, Nicosia, Cyprus,175 (1989).170. Meijer, H. A., State of Wastewater Treatment Industry in the

Netherlands. in Proc. 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: WasteManage. Prod. Enhancement, H. S. Muralidhara (Ed.), BattellePress, Columbus, Ohio, 65 (1989).

171. Heil, D. M., and Barbarick, K. A., Water Treatment SludgeInfluence on the Growth of SorghunvSudangrass. J. Environ.QuaL, 18,292(1989).

172. Hall, W. S., and Hall, L. W., Toxicity of Alum Sludge toCeriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Bull. Environ.Contam. Toxicol, 42, 791 (1989).

173. Bulman, K. O., State-of-the-art Facility toHandle Alum WaterTreatment Sludge. Public Works, 120, 3, 76 (1989).174. Heuer, D. J., and Schwartzwalder, R. O., Operating an AlumSludge Press. Oper. Forum, 6, 11, 26 (1989).

175. Treffry-Goatley, K., and Buchan, M. I., The Application ofa Newly Developed Tubular Filter Press to the Dewatering of AWaterworks Sludge. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage. (G. B.),2,376(1988).

176. Peters, G. H., et al, Effects of Various Parameters on theThickening of Softening Plant Sludge. J. Am. Water WorksAssoc, 81, 3, 74(1989).

177. Dulin, B. E., and Knocke, W. R., The Impact of IncorporatedOrganic Matter on the Dewatering Characteristic of AluminumHydroxide Sludges. J. Am. Water Works Assoc, 81, 5, 74(1989).

178. Sludge: Handling and Disposal. Am. Water Works Assoc,Denver, Colo. (1989).

On-site alternatives fortreatment and disposalStephen M. Pause

An annual report providing an overview of technologicalprogress and emerging issues in the conveyance and treat

ment of municipal wastewater was published.1 As the successor to the U. S. EPA's ''Innovative and AlternativeTechnology Progress Reports, the publication covered issues such as toxics, conveyance and treatment technology,and operation and maintenance. Cairncross2 described sanitation systems in countries overseas and developing countries. Information on selection, design and construction ofthese systems was included.

SMALL SYSTEMSAn overview of on-site wastewater disposal was presented.3

Design, construction, and maintenance was detailed for conventional individual treatment systems. A step-by-step approach was discussed in order to optimize the processes of siteselection, system design, construction and installation, and system operation and maintenance. Setback distance estimates werecalculated in two ways.4 Given a setback distance, the probabilities that the level of viruses would be within acceptablelimits were calculated. Also, the desired probability level wasspecified and the setback distances required to achieve the levelof confidence that the water would be free of virus contamination was calculated

Kilduff5 reviewed the procedures used to design subsurfacesewage disposal systems in emplaced fill in order to illustratethe importance of fill permeability and its relationship tosystem performance and economy. Procedures were suggested to identify and verify suitable material and for placingfill tomeet design specifications. A method to improve soilabsorption systems using a capillary seepage trench (CST)was proposed.6 The CST, having an impermeable liner atthe bottom of the trench and partially up the sidewalls, wouldallow wastewater to collect along the entire length of thetrench and move upwardly and horizontally by capillary action prior to downward percolation. This system could usea larger mass section of the unsaturated soil and more evendistribution of wastewater.

A study was performed to design and monitor an experimental on-site wastewater disposal system with nitrogen-reducing capacity.7 Using two fixed-film reactors (a nitrification/denitrification tank and a polishing filter), total nitrogen reduction was 70% and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids werereduced 87, 80, and 84%, respectively.A review of construction and operation of septic systems inIraqwas performed.8 This study provided recommendations tocorrect construction defects, upgrade performance, and to ascertain the importance of providing a city with a seweragesystem.

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Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and Disposal

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