Slope Stability Monitoring · Initial & final electrode positions & slope profile from RTK GPS 1)...

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Slope Stability Monitoring Impedance Imaging through Alistair Boyle, Paul Wilkinson, Jonathan Chambers, Nolwenn Lesparre, Andy Adler a collaboration between &

Transcript of Slope Stability Monitoring · Initial & final electrode positions & slope profile from RTK GPS 1)...

Page 1: Slope Stability Monitoring · Initial & final electrode positions & slope profile from RTK GPS 1) uniform initial σ est. based on best-fit, also used as fixed background σ 2) apparent

Slope Stability Monitoring

Impedance Imagingthrough

Alistair Boyle,Paul Wilkinson,Jonathan Chambers,Nolwenn Lesparre,Andy Adler

a collaboration between

&

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Spain 1998:Los Frailes Tailings Dam, Minas de Aznalcóllar1.5M m³ tailings solids + 5.5M m³ acidic tailings water

Image: http://www.cerm3.mining.ubc.ca/Images/LosFrailes.jpg

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Provost, AB, Canada (2013)CP Rail freight train; 17 potash cars derailed, ~100m track destroyed.

Image & report: http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2013/r13e0069/r13e0069.asp

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$&

Slope Stability can represent

effective mitigation: a monetary benefit

an environmental risk

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σ watercontent

slope stability

Predictive: (?)

1) conductivity σ – water content:● Archie's Law (sandstone)● Waxman-Smits Equation (clay)

2) water content – slope stability:● Static Slope Stability Analysis based on soil types and water content

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σ + ∂Ω

slope stability

Direct Monitoring: 1) Direct movement estimate from reconstruction

● Online, remote monitoring

● Cost effective equipment vs. Laser range finding

σ watercontent

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A Test SiteHollin Hill, UK: A Slow Moving Landslide

March 2009

September 2008

[Paul Wilkinson et al.,”Geoelectrical Landslide Tracking”, EAGE2010]

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Absolute SolutionMeasurements & Reconstruction

● 32 electrode, linear array, downslope

● Initial & final electrode positions & slope profile from RTK GPS

1) uniform initial σ est. based on best-fit, also used as fixed background σ

2) apparent resistivity = measurements scaled for geometry and stimulus • improved numeric stability by normalizing magnitudes

3) log σ: conductivity Jacobian (negativity constraint)

4) movement Jacobian by perturbation; alternate electrode sites in model

5) 2.5D: fine 3D fwd model, coarse 2D inv model, fitted to electrode pos.

6) absolute iterative Gauss-Newton solution

RTK: Real Time Kinematic; a differential GPS technology (± 1 - 4 cm absolute, 5mm relative to base station)

J ln σ=∂σ=∂b

∂ lnσ=

∂b∂σ

∂σ∂ lnσ

=∂b∂σ

σ=Jσ σ

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J=.

Absolute SolutionJacobian & Regularization Terms

Jσ σ J vJ u

scaled adjointJacobian calculation

In conductivity

electrode perturbationdownslope

electrode perturbationcross-slope

Ju J vJσ σ

x=[ lnσ u v ]T

u

v

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Absolute SolutionForward Solver Time

● Movement perturbation is computationally slow (a fine mesh),one forward solution per Gauss-Newton iteration

● Developed a generalized stim/meas improvement routine that rearranges stimulus and measurements to minimize matrix operations, skip redundant results, providing a transparent (to the user) optimization.

● Forward solution in 45 minutes becomes3.75 minutes for rearrangement + 15 seconds per solution ... run times were two orders of magnitude faster

PM=N elDDoF Porig

N el=32,DDoF=2, PM≈37000

Timings on an Intel Xeon 2.6GHz, 8 cores, 64GB memory

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ReconstructionReasonable Agreement with “Ground Truth”

20− 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18040

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

y [m] background=32.1 Ohm.m

z [m

]

resistivity + electrode movement (U: down slope, scaled x10) at time B −

15

30

45

60

Ohm.m

WMFSSF

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● Resistivity distribution agrees with geological evidence

● Estimated movement is in reasonable agreement with GPS measurements

● Further Refinement:– Regularization and constraints for movement

– Conjugate Gradient solver versus Gauss-Newton

– Better iterative solver line search

Discussion

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Thank You

Alistair Boyle,Paul Wilkinson,Jonathan Chambers,Nolwenn Lesparre,Andy Adler

a collaboration between

&

Slope Stability Monitoring

Impedance Imagingthrough

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Potash – water soluble potassium saltsMain use: fertilizer largest producer: CAN worldwide 30M tons/yr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PotashImage: http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/photogallery/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash
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Geology

WMF: Whitby Mudstone Formations

SSF: Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone

[Chambers et al. “Three-dimensional geophysical anatomy of an active landslide in Lias Group mudrocks, Cleveland Basin, UK” Geomorphology 125 (4) Feb 2011, p472–484]

Hand Drilling & Auguring


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