[Slideshare](adab)lesson#7 relationship[following madzhab]

1

LESSONS ON LESSONS ON ISLAMIC ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF ADABCONCEPT OF ADABBy: Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail

Insha’Allah -This is a follow-up course, after completionof 18 weeks course on the kitab “Ta’lim al-Muta’allimTariqit Ta’allum ” of Sheikh Tajuddin Nu’man Zarnuji

( 30 November 2011 )Every Wednesday night @ 8pmWisma Indah 448 Changi Rd,#02-00(Next to Masjid Kassim),

Arabic (plural) of Adab : meanings – “good breeding, decency, nurture, good manners, refinement, cultured, decorum, courteous, etiquette, propriety, social grace, to educate, discipline, the humanities, etc.” sense of proportion and knowledge of their rightful place in the order of things, the absence of which indicates injustice

LESSON# 7LESSON# 7 IN THE NAME OF ALLAHMOST COMPASSIONATEMOST MERCIFUL.

All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011)All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011)

2ND RUN OF THE MODULE

Relationship with the Parents and TeacherRelationship with the Parents and Teacher

Yet, we are born helpless and have to be cared, Yet, we are born helpless and have to be cared,

nurtured, to be inculcated with discipline, taught and nurtured, to be inculcated with discipline, taught and

developed by a developed by a Murabbi’Murabbi’ (EDUCATOR) – the first of (EDUCATOR) – the first of

whom are our PARENTS.whom are our PARENTS.

RECAP PREVIOUS LESSON

All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011)

Islam: to submit the entire self (body, tongue, heart and Mind) – Freeing it from desire which needs to always be guided to the Will of Allah. THE WORLDTHE WORLD

TIMETIME

SELFSELFBODY

TONGUE

MINDDESIRE

HEART

Obedience to Parents and teachersObedience to Parents and teachersBeginning of education:[1] Tarbiyya pertains to training of the soul still attached to desires, etc.

Teacher/Educator:[1] Parent[2] Teacher

Although ultimate isKnowledge, (boththeoretical and practical) – initial disciplining, rote learning, memorization, etc. may be crucial.

PARENTSPARENTSTEACHERSTEACHERS

KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE



Islam: to submit the entire self (body, tongue, heart and Mind) – Freeing it from desire which needs to always be guided to the Will of Allah. THE WORLDTHE WORLD

TIMETIME

SELFSELFBODY

TONGUE

MINDDESIRE

HEART

Obedience to Parents and teachersObedience to Parents and teachersBeginning of education:[1] Tarbiyya pertains to training of the soul still attached to desires, etc.

Teacher/Educator:[1] Parent[2] Teacher

Although ultimate isKnowledge, (boththeoretical and practical) – initial disciplining, rote learning, memorization, etc. may be crucial.

KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE


PARENTSPARENTS


TEACHERSTEACHERS

““[O man] be grateful towards Me and towards thy parents, [O man] be grateful towards Me and towards thy parents,

[and remember that] with Me is all journeys’ end.”[and remember that] with Me is all journeys’ end.”

((Qur’an: Luqman: 31: 14Qur’an: Luqman: 31: 14))



These are the rules as listed by Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazalie r.a.

as well as from other traditional sources.




TO PROCEED ... LESSON # 7TO PROCEED ... LESSON # 7

8

““He is not from my Ummah (community),He is not from my Ummah (community),

One who do not respect our elders, orOne who do not respect our elders, or

One who is not merciful (kind) to our young, and One who is not merciful (kind) to our young, and

one who do not know (and respect the rights of) one who do not know (and respect the rights of)

our our ‘Ulama’ ‘Ulama’ (Islamic scholars).”(Islamic scholars).”

((Hadith of our Prophet s.a.w. Reported by TabranyHadith of our Prophet s.a.w. Reported by Tabrany))

Prophet Muhammad s.a.a.w. said:


EXCERPTS FROM MY PREVIOUS MODULEEXCERPTS FROM MY PREVIOUS MODULE““INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FIQH”INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FIQH”

““The pursuit of knowledge is not carried on without six The pursuit of knowledge is not carried on without six things which I shall inform you through words that are clear: things which I shall inform you through words that are clear: [1] Ingenious acumen, [1] Ingenious acumen, [2] fervent desire, [2] fervent desire, [3] patience, [3] patience, [4] sufficient sustenance, [4] sufficient sustenance, [5] guidance of a teacher, [5] guidance of a teacher, and and [6] length of time.”[6] length of time.”


10

””Verily this is knowledge (contains the rules) of the Verily this is knowledge (contains the rules) of the DEENDEEN

(Religion), so look thoroughly into (Religion), so look thoroughly into

the person from whom you acquire the person from whom you acquire

(the knowledge of) your (the knowledge of) your DEENDEEN (Religion).” (Religion).”

Imam Muhammad ibnu Sirrin (rhm.a) advices and warns us Muslims:Imam Muhammad ibnu Sirrin (rhm.a) advices and warns us Muslims:


““An immoral man of learning is a great evil,An immoral man of learning is a great evil,yet a greater evil is an ignoramus leading a ‘godly’ life.yet a greater evil is an ignoramus leading a ‘godly’ life.Both are a great trial everywhere,Both are a great trial everywhere,to whomever depends to them both, to whomever depends to them both, in holding on to his religion”in holding on to his religion”

REFLECTIONREFLECTION:: We would indeed be afflicted with this We would indeed be afflicted with this FitnahFitnah (trial). Only with appropriate (trial). Only with appropriate knowledge and knowledge and irshaadahirshaadah, and more importantly , and more importantly Taufiq wal-Hidaa-ya Taufiq wal-Hidaa-ya from from Allah SWT. would we be saved from its evil.Allah SWT. would we be saved from its evil.


All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011))

PREVIOUSLY EXPLAINED PREVIOUSLY EXPLAINED

EXCERPTS FROM MY PREVIOUS MODULEEXCERPTS FROM MY PREVIOUS MODULE““INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FIQH”INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FIQH”


STRATEGIC LOCATION OF THE NUSANTARA



ACHEHACHEH

PREVIOUSLY EXPLAINED PREVIOUSLY EXPLAINED



PATTANIPATTANI



CHAMPACHAMPA



SULUSULUMINADANAOMINADANAO



MELAKAMELAKA



DEMAK AND CIREBONDEMAK AND CIREBON( AFTER MAJAPAHIT JAVA)( AFTER MAJAPAHIT JAVA)



A early 18th century map of Java. Note that only major trading ports on the northern coast were known to the European. From west to east: * Banten* Jayakarta* Cirebon * Tegal * Demak * Jepara * Tuban* Sedayu, now near Gresik * Surabaya

DEMAK AND CIREBONDEMAK AND CIREBON( AFTER MAJAPAHIT JAVA)( AFTER MAJAPAHIT JAVA)


HOPE TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THIS HOPE TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THIS IN SEPARATE SESSION – IN SEPARATE SESSION – INSH-ALLAH!INSH-ALLAH!

Presentation by: Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (Singapore)

AHMAD AL-MUHAJIR

Ibrahim Zeinuddin al-Akbar(Ibrahim Asmoro – ‘As-Samarqandi’)

Ahmad RahmatullahSUNAN AMPEL

Maulana Ishaq‘Ali Murtadho

Maulana ‘Ainul YaqeenSUNAN GIRI

IbrahimSUNAN BONANG

HashimSUNAN DRAJAT

Ja’far SodiqSUNAN QUDUS

Jamaluddin Hussain al-Akbar

’Ali Nurul ‘Alam

’Abdullah

Sharif HidayatullahSUNAN GUNUNG JATI

Zein al-’Alam Barakat( SHARIF AWLIYA’ )

Maulana Malik IbrahimSUNAN GERISIK

Raden ShahidSUNAN KALIJAGA

Raden ‘Umar Sa’idSUNAN MURIA

Son-in-law


Ahmad Jalal Shah ‘Abdullah Khan Abdul Malik ‘Alwi Muhammad(Shohib Mirbat)

‘Ali (Khali’ Qasam)‘AlwiMuhammad‘Alwi‘Ubaydullah

Grandfather to Adzamat Khan family of Hind (India)

““Behold! verily on the (Behold! verily on the (AWLIYA’AWLIYA’) friends of Allah ) friends of Allah there is no fear, nor shall they grieve” there is no fear, nor shall they grieve”

((Qur’an: Yunus: 10: 62Qur’an: Yunus: 10: 62))

AHMAD AL-MUHAJIR‘ISA ‘Ubaydullah ‘Alwi Muhammad

‘Alwi‘Ali

(Khali’ Qasam)

Muhammad(Shohib Mirbat)

‘Ali

IMAM MUHAMMAD(al-Faqih al-Muqaddam)

‘Alwi

Abdul Malik

MUHAMMAD

IMAM ‘ALI AL-URAIDHI IMAM JA’FAR SODIQ IMAM MUHAMMAD AL-BAQIR

IMAM ‘ALI ZEIN AL-’ABIDIN

IMAM ‘ALI BIN ABI TOLIB

IMAM HUSSAYN

FATIMAH AL-ZAHRA’

MUHAMMAD (RASULULLAH) S.A.A.W.

Descent lineage to Wali Songo

THE LINEAGE OF THE BA-’ALAWI OF HADHRAMAWT( AND THE ISLAMIZATION OF THE NUSANTARA )

FOUNDER OF TARIQAH ‘ALAWIYYAHFOUNDER OF TARIQAH ‘ALAWIYYAHFOUNDER OF TARIQAH ‘ALAWIYYAHFOUNDER OF TARIQAH ‘ALAWIYYAH


SHEIKH ABU MADYAN His spiritual chain(silsilah – khirqa)

linked


ZABID (Yemen)

TARIM (Yemen)

SURAT (India)

PASAI (Acheh)

MELAKA (Malaya)

PATTANI (Siam)

DEMAK (Java)

PALEMBANG (Sumatra)

BANDJARMASIN (Kalimantan)

KELANTAN (Malaya)

HARAMAINHARAMAIN( Makkah & Madinah( Makkah & Madinah)

DAMASCUS (Syria)

BAGHDAD (Iraq)

ADEN (Yemen)

PENYENGAT (Bintan-Riau)

SEIYWUN (Yemen)

BAYT AL-MAQDIS (Palestine)

CAIRO (Egypt)ISTANBUL (Turkey)

BUKIT TINGGI (Sumatra)

MULUKUMAKASARSULAWESI

QARAWIYIN (Morroco)

TERENGGGANU

BASRAH

TO PROCEED ... LESSON # 7TO PROCEED ... LESSON # 7


““O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and

those charged with authority from among you (those charged with authority from among you (ulil-’amri ulil-’amri

min-kummin-kum).”).”

((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59))


““... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the ... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the

remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“

((Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43))


“ “Nor should the Believers all go forth together: if a Nor should the Believers all go forth together: if a

contingent from every expedition remained behind, they contingent from every expedition remained behind, they

could devote themselves to studies in religion (could devote themselves to studies in religion (faqih fid-faqih fid-

deendeen) and admonish the people when they return to them ― ) and admonish the people when they return to them ―

that thus they (may learn) to guard themselves that thus they (may learn) to guard themselves

(against evil).”(against evil).”

((Qur’an: Taubah: 9: 122Qur’an: Taubah: 9: 122))


““Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of you Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of you

who believe and who have been granted Knowledge : who believe and who have been granted Knowledge : and Allah is and Allah is

well-acquainted with all that ye dowell-acquainted with all that ye do.“.“

((Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11))


““(Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful towards them!.” (Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful towards them!.”

He was asked: “Who are your successors O Messenger of Allah?” And he He was asked: “Who are your successors O Messenger of Allah?” And he

said: “They are those who revive my Sunnah and teaches them to the said: “They are those who revive my Sunnah and teaches them to the

servants of Allah.”servants of Allah.”

((Hadith of the Prophet s.a.wHadith of the Prophet s.a.w.).)


38

““(‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What are we to (‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What are we to

do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no (explicit) indication do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no (explicit) indication

regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah from you regarding them regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah from you regarding them

(regarding its ruling)?’(regarding its ruling)?’

(The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned (The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned

((‘ulama‘ulama) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers () amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers (‘abideen ‘abideen ) )

from amongst the Believers” – “Convene with them from amongst the Believers” – “Convene with them shurashura (mutual (mutual

consultations to derive a collective decision) in regard to religious rulings. Do consultations to derive a collective decision) in regard to religious rulings. Do

not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of) only one (singular) person’s not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of) only one (singular) person’s

thought.”thought.”

((Hadith reported by Ibnu Abdil BarrHadith reported by Ibnu Abdil Barr))All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011)

““If anyone contends with the Messenger even after If anyone contends with the Messenger even after

guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and follows guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and follows

a path other than that becoming to men to Faith, We shall a path other than that becoming to men to Faith, We shall

leave him in the path he has chosen, and land him in Hell, leave him in the path he has chosen, and land him in Hell,

what an evil refuge.” what an evil refuge.”

((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 115)Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 115)


““Thus have We made of you an Ummah justly balanced That Thus have We made of you an Ummah justly balanced That

ye might be witnesses over the nations and the Messenger a ye might be witnesses over the nations and the Messenger a

witness over yourselveswitness over yourselves.”.”

((Qur’an: Baqarah: 2: 143Qur’an: Baqarah: 2: 143))


““My ummah (community) will never agree My ummah (community) will never agree

upon matters which are erroneous”upon matters which are erroneous”

((Hadith reported by Tirmidzi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah & DaruqutniHadith reported by Tirmidzi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah & Daruqutni))


"Verily Allah does not remove knowledge from the (hearts of the) Verily Allah does not remove knowledge from the (hearts of the)

people, rather he takes away knowledge by taking away its people, rather he takes away knowledge by taking away its

people (the true scholars – people (the true scholars – ‘ULAMA‘ULAMA), until there are no more ), until there are no more

scholars, the people then take leaders that are ignorant, and scholars, the people then take leaders that are ignorant, and

when they are asked, and give when they are asked, and give fatwas fatwas – religious rulings, (they – religious rulings, (they

give) without knowledge, so they misguide and are misguided.“give) without knowledge, so they misguide and are misguided.“

((Hadith reported by Ashaab as-Sunnan from Ibnu ‘Umar r.aHadith reported by Ashaab as-Sunnan from Ibnu ‘Umar r.a.).)


““When a trust (When a trust (AMANAHAMANAH)is neglected, )is neglected,

then wait for the time (of its destruction).” then wait for the time (of its destruction).”

Somebody ask: Somebody ask:

‘‘How shall this be neglected O Messenger of Allah?’ How shall this be neglected O Messenger of Allah?’

He the replied: “When a matter (affair) is given over, He the replied: “When a matter (affair) is given over,

not to its rightful (legitimate) person (not to its rightful (legitimate) person (AHLIHAAHLIHA), ),

then wait for its time (of destruction).”then wait for its time (of destruction).”

((Hadith reported by BukharyHadith reported by Bukhary) )


““If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah

and His Messenger and His Messenger ** if ye do believe in Allah and the Last if ye do believe in Allah and the Last

Day: that is best, and most suitable for final determination.”Day: that is best, and most suitable for final determination.”



** This is especially referring to the Islamic scholars and This is especially referring to the Islamic scholars and

jurists (jurists (mujtahidmujtahid), who are competent to refer back to ), who are competent to refer back to

these two primary sources – not just any one.these two primary sources – not just any one.

The general Muslims must rely upon those jurists The general Muslims must rely upon those jurists

and scholars (and scholars (mujtahidmujtahid of a of a madzhabmadzhab) decisions by ) decisions by

TaqlidTaqlid. .

Differences of opinions amongst Differences of opinions amongst madzaahibmadzaahib termed termed

““khilafiyyahkhilafiyyah ” are to be respected with Adab which is ” are to be respected with Adab which is

expected of Muslim students towards all our Islamic expected of Muslim students towards all our Islamic

teachers and scholars (teachers and scholars (ulama’ulama’.).)

IMPORTANT CLARIFICATIONIMPORTANT CLARIFICATION


From “Qa-la-da” – to adorn with a necklace;

to entrust authority to someone; to follow, imitate, etc.


In Islamic legal theory, the scholars define “In Islamic legal theory, the scholars define “TAQLIDTAQLID” ” asas : :

“ “Accepting the view of someone (who is a qualified jurist – Accepting the view of someone (who is a qualified jurist –

termed : termed : FAQIHFAQIH / / MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID) without a proof” ) without a proof”

((qabuu-lu qaw-lil-ghayr min ghay-ri -Hujjah).”qabuu-lu qaw-lil-ghayr min ghay-ri -Hujjah).”11

1 – Imam al-Ghazalie r.h.m. Al-Mustasfå min ‘Ilm al-Usul (Cairo: Maktabah al-Tijariyyah, 1356), 2:387.


Those who are not qualified scholars (termed Those who are not qualified scholars (termed

‘‘FAQIHFAQIH’ - one who are competent to do “’ - one who are competent to do “IJTIHADIJTIHAD “ “

also called “also called “MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID”) , are ”) , are the ordinary Muslim the ordinary Muslim

(still technically regarded as a “(still technically regarded as a “MUQOLLIDMUQOLLID” ) , it is ” ) , it is

obligatory to “obligatory to “TAQLIDTAQLID” to opinions of a ” to opinions of a mujtahidmujtahid..


From “Ja-ha-da” – to strive; effort;

exertion, endeavour, labour, etc.


In Islamic legal theory, scholastic method referred to In Islamic legal theory, scholastic method referred to

as “as “IJTIHADIJTIHAD” ” means simplymeans simply,, ‘ ‘exertionexertion’,’,

Religiously speaking, it refers to a competent jurist Religiously speaking, it refers to a competent jurist

((FAQIHFAQIH) “) “expending every possible effort to examineexpending every possible effort to examine” ” the the

textual evidences, so as to arrive at a ruling of the Sacred textual evidences, so as to arrive at a ruling of the Sacred

Law. Law.

CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION


The point here is that “The point here is that “IJTIHADIJTIHAD is not just one of is not just one of

scholarly exertion, but of exhaustion.scholarly exertion, but of exhaustion.” ” Fathoming the Fathoming the

intent of the Lawgiver, and inferring new rulings from the intent of the Lawgiver, and inferring new rulings from the

primary sources extensively - so as to reach a sound legal primary sources extensively - so as to reach a sound legal

conclusion - is indeed a most arduous and demanding task conclusion - is indeed a most arduous and demanding task

not for just any or everyone.not for just any or everyone.



In Islamic legal theory, such a scholar is called In Islamic legal theory, such a scholar is called

““MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID” – and has many levels, those of the highest ” – and has many levels, those of the highest

category, whose juristic methods and decisions are widely category, whose juristic methods and decisions are widely

followed termed – “followed termed – “MUJTAHID MUTLAQ MUJTAHID MUTLAQ ” – became as a ” – became as a

school of jurisprudence called “school of jurisprudence called “MADZHABMADZHAB” (singular) or ” (singular) or

““MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB”(plural).”(plural).



The well-known The well-known MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB that survived are : that survived are :

[1] [1] JA’FARIJA’FARI – Imam Ja’far ibn Muhammad as-Sodiq – Imam Ja’far ibn Muhammad as-Sodiq

[2] [2] HANAFIHANAFI – Imam Abu Hanifah Nu’man ibn Tsabit – Imam Abu Hanifah Nu’man ibn Tsabit

[3] [3] MALIKIMALIKI – Imam Malik bin Anas – Imam Malik bin Anas

[4] [4] SHAFI-’IESHAFI-’IE – Imam Muhammad Idris as-Shafi-’ie – Imam Muhammad Idris as-Shafi-’ie

[5] [5] HANBALIHANBALI – Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal – Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal



Imam al-Qurtubi rhm. says: “No difference exists Imam al-Qurtubi rhm. says: “No difference exists

among the scholars that, the laymen are to perform among the scholars that, the laymen are to perform taqlidtaqlid

of their scholars (of their scholars (MUJJTAHIDMUJJTAHID)).” .” **

Ibn Qudamah explicitly states: “As far as Ibn Qudamah explicitly states: “As far as taqlidtaqlid in the in the

details of the Sacred Law (details of the Sacred Law (FURU‘FURU‘) is ) is concerned, it is concerned, it is

allowed by consensus (allowed by consensus (IJMAIJMA’’).”).”++


* Al-Jami‘ li Ahkam al-Qur’an (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah),

+ Al-Rawdatu’l-Nazir wa Jannat al-Manazir (Riyadh: Maktabah al-Rushd),


Contemporary scholar, Imam al-Shanqiti rhm.wrote: Contemporary scholar, Imam al-Shanqiti rhm.wrote:

“ “The prescribed taqlid, which none of the Muslims contest, is the The prescribed taqlid, which none of the Muslims contest, is the

layman’s performing taqlid of a scholar qualified to issue fatwa on layman’s performing taqlid of a scholar qualified to issue fatwa on

various matters. This type of taqlid was in vogue during the time of the various matters. This type of taqlid was in vogue during the time of the

Prophet, peace be upon him, and there was no contention about it. The Prophet, peace be upon him, and there was no contention about it. The

layman asked whosoever he wished from the Companions of the layman asked whosoever he wished from the Companions of the

Prophet, may Allah be pleased with them, about the ruling for a given Prophet, may Allah be pleased with them, about the ruling for a given

case. Whenever a fatwa was given, he simply complied with it.” case. Whenever a fatwa was given, he simply complied with it.” **


* Adwa’ al-Bayån, 7:318


“What are the requirement and necessary qualification for a Mujtahid ?”


– literally means “an effort or an exercise to arrive at

one’s own judgement” – technically it is used in regards

to “the exertion by a (mujtahid) qualified Islamic scholar

in (istinbat) extracting legal rulings from the primary

sources.”

IJTIHADIJTIHAD


Knowledgeable about the religion of Islam, the Sunnah

(Ways or traditions of the Prophet s.a.a.w.), Fiqh

(Jurisprudence) and Usul-al-Fiqh (Principles of

Jurisprudence) especially:

[A] He must be so very well versed in the study of Qur’an,

that he must know its sciences, the reason why and when

the verses and chapters of the Qur’an were revealed

(Asbab-al-Nuzul), the eloquence, the commentaries etc.;

REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT


[B] He must be well versed in the study of the traditions of

the Prophet Muhammad s.a.a.w. That is, he must know

the distinction between authentic Hadith from the

spurious and the various other technical categories of

Ahadith – viz. Mutawwatir, Shahih, Hasan, Dho’if,

Maudhu’ etc.;



[C] He must know the principles of Ijma’ (scholarly

consensus) very well;

[D] He must know the injunctions of Qiyas (jurisdistic

analogy).



Apart from his qualification, he must posses good Islamic

character apart from academic excellence. Among the

moral qualities are:

(a) He must be a good Muslim. That he must not be a

nominal Muslim; rather, must be a practising one.

OTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIAOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA





(b) He must be very pious and law-abiding to all the

injunctions of the Holy Qur’an.






(c) He must not be influenced by any heretical influences.






(d) He must be just, reliable, trustworthy and pure from

iniquitous practices.



– – These were those who did These were those who did ijtihadijtihad in the matter of in the matter of

Shari’ahShari’ah amongst the companions of the Prophet till the amongst the companions of the Prophet till the

third century of Islam.third century of Islam.

AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-SHARI-’AHAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-SHARI-’AH

(reference from “Shariah: The Islamic Law” by Abdur Rahman I. Doi)


– – these are those who did these are those who did ijtihadijtihad after the companion after the companion

((SahabiSahabi)) era and later found schools of jurisprudence. era and later found schools of jurisprudence.

There are today 5 main surviving schools of Jurisprudence, There are today 5 main surviving schools of Jurisprudence,

viz. Ja’fari, Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi’ie and Hanbaliviz. Ja’fari, Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi’ie and Hanbali

AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MADZHABAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MADZHAB



– – these are those who follow them (these are those who follow them (mujtahid fi-al-Madzhab mujtahid fi-al-Madzhab ) )

i.e. the present day i.e. the present day mujtahidsmujtahids who give Fatwa (or Juristic who give Fatwa (or Juristic

opinions) on religious matters when required.opinions) on religious matters when required.

AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MASAA-ILAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MASAA-IL



AL-QUR’ANAL-QUR’AN The Revealed Book

AS-SUNNAHAS-SUNNAH The Way of the Prophet

IJMA’ Consensus

QIYAS Analogous deduction

Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.

What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....




Istidlal and Istishab

deduction by logic and reasoning; and relying on presumption; deduction by logic and reasoning; and relying on presumption;

continuation of a rule for a certain situation in a circumstance continuation of a rule for a certain situation in a circumstance

where it is not known whether or not the original situation still where it is not known whether or not the original situation still

existsexists




Istihsan

preference

Maslahah al-mursalah

for public interest




al-‘Urf

Customs or norms

Sadd-uz-zara-’i

“closing the door of mischief”




‘Amal ahl-al-madinah

“practices of the people of Madinah”

Ash-shar-’u manqablana

the path traversed by those before us – i.e. the jurists (mujtahidun)




‘Madzhab Sahaabiy

opinions of Companions of the Prophet


“The learned and wise among Muslims must use constant vigilance in

detecting erroneous usage in language which impinges upon semantic

change in major key elements and creates general confusion and error in

the understanding of Islam and of its worldview.”

Prof. Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas


““TaqlidTaqlid is is haramharam (forbidden)” (forbidden)”

““Following Following MadzhabMadzhab is is Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ! ” (innovation) ! ”

““I want to follow only the I want to follow only the MadzhabMadzhab of the Prophet s.a.w. ! ” of the Prophet s.a.w. ! ”

““We should not follow any We should not follow any MadzhabMadzhab, we must all follow only the , we must all follow only the

Qur’an and Sunnah ! ”Qur’an and Sunnah ! ”

““There is no priesthood in Islam, so why must we obey the There is no priesthood in Islam, so why must we obey the ‘ulama’. ‘ulama’.

After all each one of us can now easily access the Qur’an and After all each one of us can now easily access the Qur’an and

Ahadith ! ” etc.Ahadith ! ” etc.

Some people carelessly argues:Some people carelessly argues:

Allow me to respond and clarify..Allow me to respond and clarify..


TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who ” (obligatory) for every Muslim who

are non-are non-MujtahidMujtahid. .

This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since ) of Islamic scholars since

the Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and

the Qur’anic basis are many viz:the Qur’anic basis are many viz:

““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid is is HaramHaram (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1








““ask of those who possess the Message, ask of those who possess the Message,

in matters which you do not know.” in matters which you do not know.”

((Qur’an: An-Nahlu: 16:43Qur’an: An-Nahlu: 16:43))








““Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of

you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge”you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge”

((Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11))








““O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger

and those charged with authority among you”and those charged with authority among you”



Study in the lives of the Study in the lives of the Khulafa’ RashidunKhulafa’ Rashidun, Ibn Mas’ud, , Ibn Mas’ud,

Mu’adz, Ibn ‘Abbas, Ibn ‘Umar, A’ishah, Umm Salamah, etc. Mu’adz, Ibn ‘Abbas, Ibn ‘Umar, A’ishah, Umm Salamah, etc.

show that they not only convey show that they not only convey AhadithAhadith, but also give , but also give

““iftahiftah” religious rulings on certain matters. ” religious rulings on certain matters.

This is where This is where MadzhabMadzhab has its beginnings – i.e. during the has its beginnings – i.e. during the

Prophet’s time – “Prophet’s time – “Madzhab SahabyMadzhab Sahaby”” (juristic opinions of the (juristic opinions of the

Companions). And the Prophet s.a.w. knew and even Companions). And the Prophet s.a.w. knew and even

sanctioned this practice.sanctioned this practice.



Some scholars advocate “it-tiba’ “ i.e. “following ” by also

understanding the basis (dalil) for a decision. This is to

prevent laziness and cult-like blind adherence (ta’assub)

merely towards personalities and their charisma.

Howbeit, this “it-tiba’ “ is still regarded as “Taqlid ” because

the person (muttabi’) still has to rely upon whatever the

scholars have presented, for he (who obviously is not

mujtahid) has no competency to adequately assess the

basis from its sources independently.



His knowing of the basis is not compulsory, but only

encouraged as a learning process i.e. as encouragement to

aspire to upgrade himself towards becoming knowledgeable

of the Deen; as well as for him to appreciate and learn the

methodology.

It is only in matters of AQEEDAH or in matters that outwardly

opposes known principles and teachings of Islam, that

“Taqlid “ (in the sense of following blindly) is Haram

(forbidden) i.e. for those who can think and who can verify.



Some erroneously assumed that this reliance upon the

authority whose competency can be generally ascertained to

be forbidden, while they conveniently forget that this itself is

in fact complying to Allah’s commandment:



““... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the ... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the

remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“

((Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43))

WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lam

If by “Bid’ah “ we mean strictly to refer to any “ innovation”

i.e. something which has not been done by the Prophet

s.a.a.w. himself ” - then yes, of course it is “Bid’ah “.

This was because there was no necessity for the Prophet

s.a.a.w. to be following any one else’s opinion on religious

matter.

““Is following Is following MadzhabMadzhab is is Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ? ” (innovation) ? ” # 2


Yet, amongst the Companions of the Prophet, there are

those whom he specifically pointed out to be referred by

others, because these were acknowledged by him as

competent scholars and teachers in the Prophet’s absence.

So if by “madzhab “ we mean “school of thoughts in matters

of juristic, Qur’anic interpretations”, then this is clearly

already advocated by the Prophet s.a.w. himself during his

life-time.



So, if some practices occur which is known to the Prophet

s.a.w. and he consented (by not forbidding it) then,

technically it is to be regarded as a Sunnah (Taqririyya).

Here, then the argument in fact supports that following

“madzhab ” is not a “Bid’ah ” but rather is actually a

“Sunnah ”.



As to the concern of varieties of views, yes, there were

already “ikhtilaaf ” (differences) in the opinions amongst

the companions themselves, although few, but it was

wisely tolerated by the Prophet s.a.w. himself even during

that period, to teach us how we are supposed to regard

differences of opinions with Adab, amongst the learned.

These differences are even regarded as a mercy.

WaAllaahu a’lam.



Although the slogan “Let’s go back to Al-Qur’an and As-

Sunnah” may be correct and in vogue, yet it is a general

statement which must be read with a caveat – i.e. “for

those knowledgeable and who truly are competent to do

so” – which therefore is not a licence for just everyone.

The general Muslims are required to refer to Islamic jurists

and scholars whose opinions, explicitly or implicitly as a

rule, must be founded upon the Qur’an and As-Sunnah.

“ “Why must we follow Why must we follow MadzhabMadzhab when we can go when we can go to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”

# 3


So the obvious response to the above is crucially with a

question – “Are you a ‘Mujtahid’? “

The claim of one’s ability to “going back to Al-Qur’an and

Ahadith” must first be ascertained and verified . Without

which one still has to rely upon those who can.

And all “Madzaahib” are in fact a body or collegiate of

competent Islamic scholars whose task are to refer matters

to the Qur’an and As-Sunnah.


# 3


Today those whose advocacy is : “We do not follow any

Madzhab” are spewing a contradiction because they are in

fact setting up a new “Madzhab” i.e. technically it is still

“a madzhab of those who reject traditional Madzhab”,

except that they may not even be learned themselves.

Thus, it is a misguidance of the misguided. May Allah

safeguard us all from every kinds of misguidance.

WaAllaahu a’lam.


# 3


No! Madzaahib in Islam is not the same as

‘denomination’ or ‘sects’ as in Christianity because:

[1] Muslim scholars of every Madzhab adhere to similar

principles – Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah, Ijma’, Qiyas, etc. – they

differ only in some few secondary matters of

interpretations, but are generally in agreement in most

fundamental issues.

“ “Would not following Would not following MadzhabMadzhab a form of sectarianism a form of sectarianism like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”

# 4




[2] Whereas in Christianity, ‘denominations’ amongst them

differ in regard to fundamentals and primary sources viz.

the Bible, their dogmas, their rites , etc.


# 4




[3] All Muslims is to aspire to become ‘Ulama (scholars) to

some degree, and they can re-check whatever opinions

with other scholars - whereas in Christianity, most of

their Church cleric has almost an excusive authority, and

are unquestionably followed by the ordinary

congregation.


# 4


WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lam

Every one should begin following only one Madzhab first.

It is not only following the final juristic decision, but also to

learn the principles, methods and approaches to its juristic

interpretation.

“ “Must we follow only one Must we follow only one MadzhabMadzhab? Can we not move ? Can we not move to the opinion of other to the opinion of other MadzaahibMadzaahib ?” ?”

# 5


Because, there are difference in the methodological

preferences used between Madzaahib – viz. what is

stressed strictly (‘azeemah), what can be given dispensation

(rukhshah), etc. therefore, changing or mixing opinions of

Madzaahib before knowing each of the basis, is forbidden

as it can lead to confusion for novice.

This is to prevent ‘hybrid’ opinion which strictly speaking is

neither of this madzhab nor of that – termed ‘talfiq’.


# 5


However, for those advanced in following a Madzhab, are

known to adopt views or juristic opinions from other

Madzaahib after comparing the basis used, as well as to

consider which opinions can offer the best solution to an

issue at hand (but avoiding the error of ‘talfiq’) .

Yet even so, they do not have to declare, nor necessary to

regard themselves to have changed Madzhab.

WaAllaahu a’lam


# 5


MAIN RIVER SOURCE

DISTRIBUTARIESDISTRIBUTARIES


All distributaries emanates from the main river source.All distributaries emanates from the main river source.

The nearer it is to the source, the purer will be the water.The nearer it is to the source, the purer will be the water.

None of the distributaries alone can claim to represent the None of the distributaries alone can claim to represent the

entire main river, yet as long as they are connected to the entire main river, yet as long as they are connected to the

main source, they are all part of the river system (no main source, they are all part of the river system (no

doubt).doubt).


It may even merge into one another. Or some may It may even merge into one another. Or some may

completely disappear from the earth’s surface. Or pure completely disappear from the earth’s surface. Or pure

water from the sky may be added to it.water from the sky may be added to it.

Each distributaries could also be affected by the soil upon Each distributaries could also be affected by the soil upon

which it flows through, or impurities may have been thrown which it flows through, or impurities may have been thrown

into them, or other pollutants inadvertently introduced as into them, or other pollutants inadvertently introduced as

when irrigation or dam have to be constructed etc..when irrigation or dam have to be constructed etc..


Thus, the concern is for users of each distributaries to be

cautious when drinking from it, lest it may be harmful,

although one has to still drink from it- or else die from

thirst.


To deprive any one from the available water that they

already can access to, with the excuse that it has become

polluted is foolish, just as long as the stream they are

drinking from, still contain the water which is from the main

source.


Similarly foolish is to argue “my distributaries is better

than your distributaries” when both actually possesses

life-sustaining water (H2O).


Those who have collected for themselves clean water may

share them with others – but, it would be sheer arrogance

to ‘incite or instigate’ common people who have always

relied upon these distributaries for their sustenance, to

abandon benefitting from the abundant flow of these

streams, for the sake of ‘small insignificant cisterns and

tanks’ being offered.


It is equally foolish, nay irresponsible, to confuse – or

rather to “scare and confound”- the common people

whose need for water does not necessarily require him to

be expert chemists themselves – only for them to heed

whatever advises of the medical experts amongst them as

well as from the “water authority”.

WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lam..


““O ye who believe! if you are conscious of and fear Allah O ye who believe! if you are conscious of and fear Allah

((TAQWATAQWA), He will grant you a criterion (), He will grant you a criterion (FURQANFURQAN-to judge -to judge

between right and wrong), remove from you (all) evil (that may between right and wrong), remove from you (all) evil (that may

afflict) you, and forgive you: for Allah is the Lord of grace afflict) you, and forgive you: for Allah is the Lord of grace

unbounded.”unbounded.”

((Qur’an: Anfaal: 8: 29Qur’an: Anfaal: 8: 29))

REMEMBER THIS IMPORTANT COMMANDREMEMBER THIS IMPORTANT COMMAND


ALLAA-HUM-MA – ARI-NAL-HAQ-QA - HAQ-QANWAR- ZUQ-NAT - TI-BAA- ’A

WA-ARI-NAL – BAA-TWILA – BAA-TWI-LAANWAR-ZUQ-NAJ – TI –NAA - BAH

““O Allah! Make me see the Truth to be true O Allah! Make me see the Truth to be true

and grant me ability to follow it.and grant me ability to follow it.

And make me see Falsehood to be false And make me see Falsehood to be false

and grant me the ability to reject it.”and grant me the ability to reject it.”

IMPORTANT DU’AIMPORTANT DU’A


"Our Lord, do not impose blame upon us if we have "Our Lord, do not impose blame upon us if we have

forgotten or erred. forgotten or erred.

Our Lord, and lay not upon us a burden like that which Our Lord, and lay not upon us a burden like that which

You laid upon those before us. You laid upon those before us.

Our Lord, and burden us not with that which we have no Our Lord, and burden us not with that which we have no

ability to bear. And pardon us; and forgive us; and have ability to bear. And pardon us; and forgive us; and have

mercy upon us. You are our protector, so give us victory mercy upon us. You are our protector, so give us victory

over the disbelieving people."over the disbelieving people."


“O Allah, make my speech be guidance, inspire me with

reverential fear, give me success in that which is most

pure, and employ me in what is most pleasing to Thee!

O Allah, let me tread the most exemplary path and make

me live and die in Thy creed!

O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household, give me to

enjoy moderation, make me into one of the people of

right behaviour, the proofs of right conduct, and the

servants of righteousness,"



O Allah! Make faith (O Allah! Make faith (iimaniiman) dear to us and beautify it in our hearts ) dear to us and beautify it in our hearts

and make disbelief (and make disbelief (KufrKufr), sinning (), sinning (FusuqFusuq) and rebelliousness () and rebelliousness (`isyan`isyan) )

hateful to us, and make us among the rightly guided (hateful to us, and make us among the rightly guided (Raa-shi-duunRaa-shi-duun).).


O Allah! Allow us to die as Muslims, live as Muslims O Allah! Allow us to die as Muslims, live as Muslims

and join us with the ranks of the righteous ones, and join us with the ranks of the righteous ones,

without tasting humiliation or turmoil.without tasting humiliation or turmoil.


‘‘And (may AllAnd (may Allaah send) salutations and prayers upon Muh send) salutations and prayers upon Muhhammad ammad

and upon the household and companions of Muand upon the household and companions of Muhhammad ammad

(the pure ones of his family and all the loyal followers).(the pure ones of his family and all the loyal followers).


““Glory to thy Lord the Lord, of Honour and Power! Glory to thy Lord the Lord, of Honour and Power!

(He is free) from what they ascribe (to Him)! (He is free) from what they ascribe (to Him)!

And Peace on the Messengers! And Peace on the Messengers!

And praise to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher of the Worlds.” And praise to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher of the Worlds.”

http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/

http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/

http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/

http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/

http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/ http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/

http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/

http://with-the-truthful.blogspot.com/ http://with-the-truthful.blogspot.com/

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All welcome to visit my web-blog:All welcome to visit my web-blog:

125All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2011)

[Slideshare](adab)lesson#7 relationship[following madzhab]

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