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SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT Software Quality
Lect. Nguyn Ngc T [email protected]
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Quality is never an accident; it is always the
result of intelligent effort.
John Ruskin
SQM - (C) NNTu
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CONTENTS
Five Views of Software Quality
McCalls Quality Factors and Criteria Quality Factors
Quality Criteria
Relationship between Quality Factors and Criteria
Quality Metrics
ISO 9126 Quality Characteristics
ISO 9000:2000 Software Quality Standard ISO 9000:2000 Fundamentals
ISO 9001:2000 Requirements
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5 VIEWS
Transcendental View can be recognized through experience
User View Meets user needs and expectations. It is fit for use
Manufacturing View quality is seen as conforming to requirements
Process plays a key role
Product View good internal properties good external properties
Value-Based View
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Garvin
right the first time
uniformity
excellence and worth how much a customer is willing to pay for a certain level of quality
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5 VIEWS MEASURE
Measurement allows us to establish baselines for qualities. Developers must know the minimum level of quality they must deliver for a
product to be acceptable.
Organizations make continuous improvements in their process modelsand an improvement has a cost associated with it. Organizations need to know how much improvement in quality is achieved
at a certain cost incurred due to process improvement.
The present level of quality of a product needs to be evaluated so the need for improvements can be investigated.
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MEASUREMENT OF USERS V
encompasses a number of quality factors functionality, How much
reliability,
Usability learnability, understandability, and operability
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Gilbs technique:
The quality concept is broken down into component parts until each can be stated in terms of directly measurable
attributes
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MEASUREMENT OF MANUFACTURERS V
obtaining measures of the following two different quantities Defect Count How many defects have been detected?
Rework Cost How much does it cost to fix the known defects?
can analyze the defects identify the development phase in which it was introduced and the phase in
which it was discovered
Categorize the defects based on modules.
To compare defects across modules and products in a meaningful way, normalize the defect count by product size.
Separate the defects found during operation from the ones found during development.
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MCCALLS QUALITY FACTORS
Product operation
Correctness Reliability Efficiency Integrity Usability
Product revision
Maintainability Testability Flexibility
Product transition
Portability Reusability Interoperability
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MCCALLS QUALITY FACTORS
A quality criterion is an attribute of a quality factor that is related to software development.
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MCCALLS QUALITY CRITERIA
Access audit
Access control
Accuracy
Communication commonality
Completeness
Communicativeness
Conciseness
Consistency
Data commonality
Error tolerance
Execution efficiency
Expandability
Generality
Hardware independence
Instrumentation
Modularity
Operability
Self-documentation
Simplicity
Software system independence
Software efficiency
Traceability
Training
......
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QUALITY EFFECTIVE FACTORS
Categories Product complexity
Product visibility
Product development and production process Product development
Product production planning
Manufacturing.
[SQA-TI][s1.2]p07
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SQ High complexity, as compared to other industrial products Invisibility of the product Opportunities to detect defects (bugs)are limited to the product development phase
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Q/A ?!
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QUALITY METRICS
The high-level quality factors cannot be measured directly
A quality metric is a measure that captures some aspect of a quality criterion. One or more quality metrics should be associated with each criterion.
The degree of subjectivity varies significantly from question to question in spite of the fact that all the responses are treated equally.
It is difficult to combine different metrics to get a measure of a higher level quality factor
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QUALITY METRICS
Ex. measure the testability by the following metrics: simplicity,
instrumentation, self-descriptiveness,and modularity
Ex. Is all documentation written clearly and simply such that procedures,
functions, and algorithms can be easily understood? Is the design rationale behind a module clearly understood?
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ISO 9126 QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
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Functionality
Suitability Accuracy Interoperability Security
Reliability
Maturity
Fault Tolerance Recoverability
Usability
Understandability
Learnability Operability
Efficiency
Time behavior
Resource behavior
Maintainability
Analyzability
Changeability Stability Testability
Portability
Adaptability Installability Conformance Replaceability
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ISO 9000
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MIL-Q-9858
(1959)
NATO AQAP (1969)
BS 5750
(1974)
ISO 9000: 1987
ISO 9000: 1994
ISO 9000: 2000
ISO 9000: 2008
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ISO 9000
ISO 9000 describes fundamentals of a QMS.
ISO 9001 specifies the requirements for a QMS.
ISO 9004:2009 - Managing for the sustained success of an organization A Quality Management Approach
ISO 19011:2011 Guidelines for Auditing Management Systems
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ISO 9000:2000 FUNDAMENTALS - QM PRINCIPLES
Customer focus
Leadership
Involvement of people
Process Approach
System approach to management
Continual Improvement
Factual approach to decision making
Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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ISO 9001:2008 SECTIONS
1.0 Scope
2.0 Normative referenced
3.0 Terms and definitions - ISO 9000:2005
4.0 Scope (the way we run our business structure)
5.0 Management Responsibility (management supports the structure)
6.0 Resource Management (people, buildings, machines, software)
7.0 Product Realization (the way we make our product)
8.0 Measurement, Analysis, & Improvement (product & process)
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ISO 9001 ELEMENTS
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Customer Satisfaction
Continual Improvement Of
The Quality Management System
Customer Requirements
Output Input
Resource
Management
Management
Responsibility
Measurement,
Analysis and
Improvement
Product
Realization Product
Key
Value-adding activities
Information Flow
QMS MODEL
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4. Quality Management System 4.1 General requirements 4.2 Document requirements
5. Management Responsibility
5.1 Management commitment
5.2 Customer focus 5.3 Quality policy 5.4 Planning 5.5 Responsibility, authority,
communication 5.6 Management review
6. Resource Management 6.1 Provision of resources 6.2 Human resources 6.3 Infrastructure 6.4 Work environment
7. Product realization 7.1 Planning of product realization 7.2 Customer-related processes 7.3 Design and development 7.4 Purchasing 7.5 Production and service provision 7.6 Control of monitoring and
measuring devices
8. Measurement, Analysis & Improvement 8.1 General 8.2 Monitoring and measurement 8.3 Control of nonconforming product 8.4 Analysis of data 8.5 Improvement
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ISO 9001:2000 REQUIREMENTS
FIVE major parts Part 4: Systemic Requirements
Part 5: Management Requirements
Part 6: Resource Requirements
Part 7: Realization Requirements
Part 8: Remedial Requirements
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ISO 9001 SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS
Document the organizational policies and goals. Publish a vision of the organization.
Document all quality processes and their interrelationship.
Implement a mechanism to approve documents before they are distributed.
Review and approve updated documents.
Monitor documents coming from suppliers.
Document the records showing that requirements have been met.
Document a procedure to control the records.
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Clear documentation is key to understanding how one process is influenced by another.
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ISO 9001 MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
Generate an awareness for quality to meet a variety of requirements, such as customer, regulatory, and statutory.
Develop a QMS by identifying organizational policies and goals concerning quality, developing mechanisms to realize those policies and goals, and allocating resources for their implementations.
Develop a mechanism for continual improvement of the QMS.
Focus on customers by identifying and meeting their requirements in order to satisfy them.
Develop a quality policy to meet the customers needs, serve the organization itself, and make it evolvable with changes in the marketplace and new developments in technologies.
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ISO 9001 MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
Deal with the quality concept in a planned manner by ensuring that quality objectives are set at the organizational level, quality objectives support quality policy, and quality objectives are measurable.
Clearly define individual responsibilities and authorities concerning the implementation of quality policies.
Appoint a manager with the responsibility and authority to oversee the implementation of the organizational QMS. Such a position gives clear visibility of the organizational QMS to the outside world, namely, to the customers.
Communicate the effectiveness of the QMS to the staff so that the staff is in a better position to conceive improvements in the existing QMS model.
Periodically review the QMS to ensure that it is an effective one and it adequately meets the organizational policy and objectives to satisfy the customers.
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ISO 9001 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
Identify and provide resources required to support the organizational quality policy in order to realize the quality objectives. Allocate quality personnel resources to projects. Put in place a mechanism to enhance the quality level of personnel. The effectiveness of the training program must be evaluated on a
continual basis. Provide and maintain the means, such as office space, computing needs,
equipment needs, and support services, for successful realization of the organizational QMS. Manage a work environment, including physical, social, psychological,
and environmental factors, that is conducive to producing efficiency and effectiveness in people resources.
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ISO 9001 REALIZATION REQUIREMENTS
Develop a plan to realize a product from its requirements
much interaction with the customer is necessary to understand and capture the requirements
Review the customers requirements before committing to the project
Once requirements are reviewed and accepted, product design and development take place
Follow a defined purchasing process by evaluating potential suppliers based on a number of factors
Put in place a mechanism and infrastructure for controlling production
Identify the monitoring and measuring needs and select appropriate devices to perform those tasks
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ISO 9001 REMEDIAL REQUIREMENTS
to develop methods and procedures for measuring and tracking the customers satisfaction level on an ongoing basis.
needs to plan and perform internal audits on a regular basis to track the status of the organizational QMS.
be monitored using a set of key performance indicators
need to ensure that such products are not released to the customers IF a product does not meet its requirements
the data collected in the measurement processes are analyzed for making objective decisions.
efforts must be made to improve the processes
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ISO 9000
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ISO 9000 ADVANTAGES
Creates a more efficient & effective operation
Raises customer satisfaction & retention
Enhances marketing
Improves employee motivation, awareness, and morale
Promotes international trade
Increases profit & productivity
Reduces waste
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QS DOCUMENTATION
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Quality
Manual
Level 1 Defines
Approach and Responsibility
Procedures
Level 2 Defines
Who, What, When
Work/Job
Instructions Level 3 Answers
How
Records/Documentation
Level 4 Results: shows that
the system is operating
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Q/A ?!