Slides on Military Radars

8/2/2019 Slides on Military Radars

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MILITARY RADARS


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INTRODUCTION

RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is the useof electromagnetic waves at sub-opticalfrequencies (i.e., less than about 1012 Hz) to sense

objects at a distance.

Hundreds of different RADAR systems have beendesigned for various purposes, military and other.

RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is the useof electromagnetic waves at sub-opticalfrequencies (i.e., less than about 1012 Hz) to senseobjects at a distance.

Hundreds of different RADAR systems have beendesigned for various purposes, military and other.


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RADAR systems are essential to the navigation andtracking of craft at sea and in the air, weather

prediction, and scientific research of many kinds.

Military radar should be an early warning, alteringalong with weapon control functions.


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RADAR PRINCIPAL :

In basic RADAR, radio waves are transmitted from anantenna. These outgoing waves eventually bounce offsome distant object and return an echo to the sender,where they are received, amplified, and processed

electronically to yield an image showing the object'slocation. The waves sent out may be either shortoscillatory bursts (pulses) or continuous sinusoidalwaves. If a RADAR transmits pulses it is termed a pulse

RADAR, whereas if it transmits a continuoussinusoidal wave it is termed a continuous-waveRADAR.


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OPRETION


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RADAR SYSTEM

The use of radio waves, reflected or automaticallyretransmitted, to gain information concerning adistant object. The information consists of range,direction, and radial velocity relative to the radar. TheRF (radio frequency) spectrum used by radar normallylies between 30 MHz and 100 + GHz.


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OPERATING THE RADAR

The operators main task is to watch the PPI (PlanPosition Indicator) display, which presents onlymoving targets in the normal mode (MTI-MODE).Detected target can be assigned with the joystickcontrolled order marker to initiate target tracking.


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Data flow in a typical military

radar system:

Detection AutomaticTargetTracking

IdentificationInterrogation of a targetdetected.Decoding IFF responses.Display of the decoded IFFresponses on the PPI.

Reporting Functionto External TerminalEquipment


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Radar signal processing

Pulse Radar
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Sonar radar
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Data flow at weapon systems

Target Decoding

Parallax Correction

Threat Evaluation
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MILITARY RADAR System
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THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Radargroup:The radargroup consists of antenna,mast unit, remote control, high tension unit, LO/AFC(Local Oscillator/Automatic Frequency Control) unit,

radar transmitter, radar receiver, video processor,waveguide drier and IFF interrogator.

Shelter:Shelter contains display unit, processor unit,TV monitor, colour PPI (Plan Position indicator), IFF

control unit, air conditioner, battery charger withbattery, Radio set with antenna for data link, radio set with antenna for voice transmission i.e.communication, filter box for radios.
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Motor generator:The motor generator supplies thepower to the whole radar system.
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SETS OF TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

TDR (Target Data Receiver):The TDR is eitherconnected to a VHF-FM radio receiver or to a LCA toreceive transmitted target data.

Radio Receiver or LCA (Line Connection Adapter):A radio receiver or LCA (with standard 2 wiretelephone line) can be used to receive target data. Inprinciple any VHF-FM radio receiver can be used as apart of the terminal equipment set.
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RADAR AND THE NEW COMMERCIAL

MARKET IN

MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGIES

There are four particularly active product areas inthe emerging commercial microwave marketrelevant to military microwave products that

exhibit great technological dynamism:
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Land-based wireless communications.

Television Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS), andHigh Definition TV (HDTV).

Automotive sensors.

Mobile communications satellite systems.


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WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Dramatic growth is expected to continue in the wireless communications sector. High growth in thedemand for cellular phones and PCS is expected todrive this increase worldwide cellular phonesubscribers are projected to rise from under 90 millionin 1995 to almost 700 million in 2003. At the end of1997, the worldwide digital subscriber base

outnumbered the analog subscriber base for the firsttime. By 2003, digital technologies are expected toaccount for over 91 percent of the market.


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LOW-EARTH ORBIT MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES

Although the commercial future of many of thesesystems appears to be in doubt, the new generation ofMEO and LEO mobile communications satellitesystems are pushing commercial microwavetechnology up the microwave spectrum closer totechnology areas of interest for fire-control radars. Ifsuccessful, these satellite systems could open up a

major new commercial market for active phasedarrayradar technologies.
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ADVANCED FEATURES AND

BENEFITS

All-weather day and night capability.

Multiple target handling and engagement capability.

Short and fast reaction time between target detectionand ready to fire moment.

Easy to operate and hence low manning requirementsand stress reduction under severe conditions.


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Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain.

Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited numberof single air defence weapons can be provided withtarget data.

High resolution, which gives excellent targetdiscrimination and accurate tracking.


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Advantages:

Because the missile is tracking the target, and themissile is typically going to be much closer to thetarget than the launching platform during the

terminal phase, the tracking can be much moreaccurate and also have better resistance to ECM. Activeradar homing missiles have some of the best killprobabilities, along with missiles employing track-via-

missile guidance.
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Because the missile is totally autonomous during theterminal phase, the launch platform does not need tohave its radar enabled at all during this phase, and inthe case of a mobile launching platform like an

aircraft, can actually exit the scene or undertake otheractions while the missile homes in on its target. This isoften referred to as fire-and-forget capability and is agreat advantage that modern air-to-air missiles have

over their predecessors.
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Disadvantages

Since the missile has to contain an entire radartransceiver and electronics, it was until recentlydifficult to fit all of this into a missile without

unacceptably increasing its size and weight. Even withtoday's miniaturization making this possible, it isquite expensive to make these missiles since thesophisticated electronics within the missile are

inevitably destroyed upon impact.


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There is very little chance that targets with any sort ofdecent radar warning receiver would be unaware thatan incoming missile is approaching them. This givesthem sufficient time to take evasive action and deploycountermeasures. However, given the accuracy of thishoming method, unless the target is especiallymaneuverable or the missile is not, there may not bemuch they can do to avoid being intercepted. Thesetypes of missiles with this mounted equipment areonly effective in long range confrontations.


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APPLICATION OF MILITARY RADAR

The information provided by radar includes thebearing and range (and therefore position) of theobject from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many

different fields where the need for such positioning iscrucial.
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In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devicesthat warn of obstacles in or approaching their pathand give accurate altitude readings. They can land infog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-

controlled approach (GCA) systems, in which theplane's flight is observed on radar screens whileoperators radio landing directions to the pilot.
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Marine radars are used to measure the bearing anddistance of ships to prevent collision with other ships,

to navigate and to fix their position at sea when withinrange of shore or other fixed references such as islands,buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbor, vesseltraffic service radar systems are used to monitor and

regulate ship movements in busy waters.

Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speedson the roads.


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Radar has invaded many other fields. Meteorologistsuse radar to monitor precipitation. It has become theprimary tool for short-term weather forecasting and to

watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms,tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc.
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