Slides 77 Bioprocess
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Transcript of Slides 77 Bioprocess
BIOCHEMICAL ENGG
AND
BIOPROCESSES
COMPILED Notes
2012
Biochemical engineering is the process
engineering component of biotechnology and is
an emerging area of importance. It contributes
significantly to many economic activities of our
country such as agricultural productivity,
production of biologicals, antibiotics, bioenergy
and environmental protection through
biological waste water treatment and
bioremediation of contaminated solids or land.
Over the years India has developed strengths in
biotechnology in public sector institutions. The graduation
from Biotechnology Development Board to Department of
Biotechnology in late eighties was a decisive step to
address a wider canvas in biotechnology. In these years
DBT has emerged as a major force to direct biotechnology
developments in India. Further, the involvement of various
agencies dealing with this technology has further helped
in developing technology capability at various levels. The
size of the industry is estimated to have grown to $1.5 to
$2.5billion between 1999 and 2002.
The task of biochemical engineering
R & D is to integrate and develop the
new tools for the industrial applications.
Traditionally, bioprocessing activities
were called
• upstream,
• reaction and
• downstream processing, respectively,
are expected to become more
integrated.
PERIODS OF BIOPROCESSES
• Pre-1800: Early applications & speculation
• 1800-1900: Significant advances in basic
understanding of biosciences
• 1900-1953: Genetics
• 1953-1976: DNA research, science knowledge
explodes
• 1977 – present modern technology
Knowledge of Life sciences is needed for a chemical engineer who has
to manage bioprocesses as a team may be better off to solve process
problems….
Microbiology is a science that deals with the study of living organisms
that cannot be seen by the naked eye. These can be seen with the aid
of microscopes, which magnify objects.
Microbiology: Study of structures and activities of microorganisms.
• Form, Structure, Reproduction, Physiology, Metabolism and
Identification.
• Distribution in Nature
• Relationship to each other and to other living things.
• Beneficial and detrimental effects on humans, animals, plants.
• Physical and chemical changes they make in the environment
• Microorganisms are unicellular or consist of same kind of cells held
together.
• Higher Organisms have a hierarchy of organization: Cells > Tissues
> Organs > Organ systems > Organism.
BIOCHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Penicillin – Sorona –
High – Fructose corn syrup
•
Bioprocessing includes the bioreactor and a subsequent
section for product recovery. The particular separation
techniques useful for any given bioprocess depend not
only on the size, charge and solubility of the product, but
also on the size of the process and product value.
For example, various forms of gel filtration, gel
chromatography and ion exchanger are used to purify
highly valuable pharmaceutical biological compounds
such as hormones, antibiotics and enzymes.
The ultimate challenge is to select the best combination
of substrate, enzyme or organism, bioreactor and
separation of the specific product. Each separation
needed depends on initial broth characteristics such as
viscosity, product concentration, impurities and undesired
particulates, and final product concentration needed for
crystallization, concentrated liquid product or dried
powder. If the product stays inside the cells, the cells
must be ruptured, so freeing intracellular enzyme, after
which extraction or purification is performed to recover
the valuable product. The fermentation broth has to be
processed, and pass through several stages for
separation and purification. The product requires a
sequence of operations for high purification.
TEXT BOOKS.
1. M.L. Shuler and F. Kargi," Bio-process Engineering", 2nd Ed.,
Prentice Hall of India, N. Delhi, 2005
2 J.E. Bailey and D.F. Ollis," Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals",
2nd Edn., McGraw Hill, Publishing Co. New York., 1985.
3. P. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall "Principles of Fermentation
Technology" 2nd Edn., Aditya Books (P) Ltd, N. Delhi.1997.
4. Biochemical Reaction Engineering, R. Lovitt and M. Jones, Chapter 5
in Chemical Engineering Vol 3, (third Edition), Richardson and Peacock,
1994, Asian Books (pvt) Ltd, N. Delhi.
5. Bioprocess Engineering: Systems Equipment and Facilities, Edited
by B.K.Lederson, N.A.D’elia and K.L.Nelson (1994), John Wiley and
Sons, N.Y.
Additional useful Reference books: Biosciences:
1. Fundamentals of biochemistry by J. L. Jain, S. Jain
and N. Jain [6th Ed.] S. Chand & Co, N. Delhi
2. Textbook of Biochemistry [Fourth Ed.], by Staunton-
Todd – Mason –Bruggen, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co
(Pvt) Ltd. N. Delhi.
3. Molecular Biology (Second Ed.) by David Freifelder,
Narosa Publishing House, N. Delhi.
Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering, Rajiv Dutta,
2008, Springer, Ane Books India
Additional useful Reference books:
Biochemical Engineering:
1. Chemical Reaction Engineering, O. Levenspiel, Third Ed.
Part V, Biochemical Reaction Systems, pages 609 – 654,
chapters 27 to 30. Enzyme fermentation, Microbial
Fermentation, Substrate limiting fermentation, Product
limiting microbial limitation.
2. Biochemical Engineering, by Gummadi, Sathyanarayana
N. and Doble, Mukesh, Published by P H I, N. Delhi.
3. Biochemical Engineering: Principles and Concepts by
Inamdar and Syed Tanveer Ahamed. Published by P H I,
2007 New Delhi.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles, by Pauline M. Doran, 1995,
Elsevier Science & Technology Books
The primary aim of this book is to present the principles of bioprocess
engineering in a way that is accessible to biological scientists. It does not
seek to make biologists into bioprocess engineers, but to expose them to
engineering concepts and ways of thinking.
The chapters are organized around broad engineering sub-disciplines
such as mass and energy balances, fluid dynamics, transport phenomena
and reaction theory, rather than around particular applications of
bioprocessing. That the same fundamental engineering principle can be
readily applied to a variety of bioprocess industries is illustrated in the
worked examples and problems.
Govt. Depts. Supporting research in biotechnology in India