Slide 1 THE VIETNAM WAR, 1946- 75 (the 10,000 Day War) Mr. Buttell AMH Honors WBHS.
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Transcript of Slide 1 THE VIETNAM WAR, 1946- 75 (the 10,000 Day War) Mr. Buttell AMH Honors WBHS.
Slide 1
THE VIETNAM WARTHE VIETNAM WAR, 1946-, 1946-75 75
(the (the 10,000 Day War10,000 Day War))
Mr. ButtellMr. ButtellAMH HonorsAMH HonorsWBHSWBHS
Slide 3
French Rule in VietnamFrench Rule in Vietnam Late 1800s—WWII, France Late 1800s—WWII, France
rules most of Indochinarules most of Indochina Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh—leader of —leader of
Vietnamese independence Vietnamese independence movementmovement– Creates Indochinese Communist Creates Indochinese Communist
PartyParty 1940, Japanese take control of 1940, Japanese take control of
Vietnam (WWII)Vietnam (WWII) VietminhVietminh—organization that —organization that
aims to rid Vietnam of foreign aims to rid Vietnam of foreign rulerule
Sept. 1945, Ho Chi Minh Sept. 1945, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an declares Vietnam an independent nationindependent nation
French troops move back in; French troops move back in; French fight to regain cities in French fight to regain cities in SouthSouth
1950, U.S. gives econ. aid to 1950, U.S. gives econ. aid to France to stop communismFrance to stop communism
Slide 4
Vietminh Drive Out the FrenchVietminh Drive Out the French Domino Theory in Domino Theory in
actionaction Colonial war raged Colonial war raged
from 1946-54, from 1946-54, culminating in the culminating in the French defeat at French defeat at DienbienphuDienbienphu
France surrenders and France surrenders and calls for peace conf.calls for peace conf.
Geneva Accords divide Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at 17Vietnam at 17thth parallel; parallel; Communists get northCommunists get north
Election to unify Election to unify country is called for in country is called for in 19561956
Slide 5
Diem Cancels ElectionsDiem Cancels Elections Ho – popular for land Ho – popular for land
distribution, but distribution, but repressiverepressive
Diem refuses national Diem refuses national electionelection
U.S. promises military U.S. promises military aid for Southaid for South
Diem corrupt, stifles Diem corrupt, stifles opposition, restricts opposition, restricts BuddhismBuddhism
VietcongVietcong (communist (communist opposition group in opposition group in South) kills officialsSouth) kills officials
Ho sends arms to Ho sends arms to Vietcong along Vietcong along Ho Chi Ho Chi Minh TrailMinh Trail
Slide 6
Kennedy and VietnamKennedy and Vietnam Like Eisenhower, JFK Like Eisenhower, JFK
backs Diem financially; backs Diem financially; sends “military advisers”sends “military advisers”
Diem’s popularity Diem’s popularity plummets from plummets from corruption/lack of land corruption/lack of land reformreform
Diem presses attacks on Diem presses attacks on Buddhism; monks burn Buddhism; monks burn themselves in protestthemselves in protest
U.S. supported military U.S. supported military coup topples govt.; Diem coup topples govt.; Diem assassinatedassassinated
Slide 7
South Grows More UnstableSouth Grows More Unstable
Succession of military Succession of military leaders rule S. leaders rule S. Vietnam; country Vietnam; country unstableunstable
LBJ thinks U.S. can LBJ thinks U.S. can lose international lose international prestige if communists prestige if communists winwin
Slide 8
The Tonkin Gulf ResolutionThe Tonkin Gulf Resolution Alleged attack in Gulf of Alleged attack in Gulf of
Tonkin; LBJ asks for Tonkin; LBJ asks for power to repel enemypower to repel enemy
1964 1964 Tonkin Gulf Tonkin Gulf Resolution Resolution gives him gives him broad military powersbroad military powers
1965 8 Americans killed, 1965 8 Americans killed, LBJ orders sustained LBJ orders sustained bombing of Northbombing of North
U.S. combat troops sent U.S. combat troops sent to S. Vietnam to battle to S. Vietnam to battle VietcongVietcong
Slide 10
Support for ContainmentSupport for ContainmentLBJ hesitates LBJ hesitates
breaking promise to breaking promise to keep troops out; keep troops out; works withworks with– Sec. of Defense Sec. of Defense
Robert McNamaraRobert McNamara, , Sec. of State Sec. of State Dean Dean RuskRusk
Congress, majority Congress, majority of public support of public support sending troopssending troops
Slide 11
““Americanization” AcceleratesAmericanization” Accelerates
Gen. Gen. William William WestmorelandWestmoreland—U.S. —U.S. commander in South commander in South VietnamVietnam
Thinks southern Thinks southern Army Army of the Republic of of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Vietnam (ARVN) ineffectiveineffective
Requests increasing Requests increasing numbers; by 1967 numbers; by 1967 500,00 U.S. troops500,00 U.S. troops
Slide 12
An Elusive EnemyAn Elusive Enemy
Vietcong use hit-and-Vietcong use hit-and-run, ambush tactics, run, ambush tactics, move among civiliansmove among civilians
Tunnels help Tunnels help withstand airstrikes, withstand airstrikes, launch attacks, launch attacks, connect villagesconnect villages
Terrain laced with Terrain laced with booby traps, land booby traps, land mines laid by U.S., mines laid by U.S., VietcongVietcong
Slide 13
Battle for “Hearts and Minds”Battle for “Hearts and Minds” U.S. wants to stop Vietcong U.S. wants to stop Vietcong
from winning support of rural from winning support of rural populationpopulation
Weapons for exposing tunnels Weapons for exposing tunnels often wound civilians, destroy often wound civilians, destroy villagesvillages– NapalmNapalm: gasoline-based bomb : gasoline-based bomb
that sets fire to junglethat sets fire to jungle– Agent OrangeAgent Orange: leaf-killing toxic : leaf-killing toxic
chemicalchemical Search-and-destroy missions Search-and-destroy missions
move civilian suspects, destroy move civilian suspects, destroy propertyproperty
Villagers go to cities, refugee Villagers go to cities, refugee camps; 1967, over 3 million camps; 1967, over 3 million refugeesrefugees
Slide 14
Sinking MoraleSinking Morale
Guerilla warfare, jungle Guerilla warfare, jungle conditions, lack of conditions, lack of progress, lowers progress, lowers moralemorale
Many soldiers turn to Many soldiers turn to alcohol, drugs; some alcohol, drugs; some kill superior officerskill superior officers
Govt. corruption & Govt. corruption & instability lead S. instability lead S. Vietnamese to Vietnamese to demonstratedemonstrate
Slide 15
Fulfilling a DutyFulfilling a Duty
Most U.S. soldiers Most U.S. soldiers believe in justice of believe in justice of halting communismhalting communism
Fight courageously, Fight courageously, take patriotic pride in take patriotic pride in fulfilling their dutyfulfilling their duty
Slide 16
The Great Society SuffersThe Great Society Suffers
War grows more costly War grows more costly with more troops; with more troops; inflation rate risinginflation rate rising
LBJ gets tax increase LBJ gets tax increase to pay for war, check to pay for war, check inflationinflation– Has to accept $6 billion Has to accept $6 billion
funding cut for Great funding cut for Great SocietySociety
Slide 17
The Living-Room WarThe Living-Room War
Combat footage on Combat footage on nightly TV news shows nightly TV news shows stark picture of warstark picture of war
Critics say Critics say credibility credibility gap gap between between administration reports administration reports and eventsand events
Sen. J. William Sen. J. William Fulbright’s hearings Fulbright’s hearings add to doubts about add to doubts about warwar
Slide 19
A “Manipulatable” DraftA “Manipulatable” Draft
Selective Service Selective Service System, System, draftdraft, calls men , calls men 18-26 to military service18-26 to military service
Thousands look for Thousands look for ways to avoid the draftways to avoid the draft
Many—mostly white, Many—mostly white, affluent—get college affluent—get college defermentdeferment
80% of U.S. soldiers 80% of U.S. soldiers come from lower come from lower economic levelseconomic levels
Slide 20
African Americans in VietnamAfrican Americans in Vietnam
A.A. serve in A.A. serve in disproportionate disproportionate numbers in ground numbers in ground combatcombat
Defense Dept. corrects Defense Dept. corrects problem by instituting problem by instituting draft lottery in 1969draft lottery in 1969
Racial tensions high in Racial tensions high in many platoons; add to many platoons; add to low troop moralelow troop morale
Slide 21
Women Join the RanksWomen Join the Ranks
10,000 women serve, 10,000 women serve, mostly as military mostly as military nursesnurses
Thousands volunteer: Thousands volunteer: American Red Cross, American Red Cross, United Services United Services OrganizationOrganization
Slide 22
The New LeftThe New Left
New Left—youth New Left—youth movement of 1960s, movement of 1960s, demand sweeping changesdemand sweeping changes
Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Free Society (SDS), Free Speech Movement (FSM):Speech Movement (FSM):– Criticize big business, Criticize big business,
government; want greater government; want greater individual freedomindividual freedom
New Left ideas spread New Left ideas spread across collegesacross colleges
Students protest campus Students protest campus issues, Vietnam warissues, Vietnam war
Slide 23
Movement GrowsMovement Grows In 1965, protest marches, In 1965, protest marches,
rallies draw tens of rallies draw tens of thousandsthousands
1966, student deferments 1966, student deferments require good academic require good academic standingstanding– SDS calls for civil SDS calls for civil
disobedience; counsels disobedience; counsels students to go abroadstudents to go abroad
Small numbers of Small numbers of returning veterans returning veterans protest; protest songs protest; protest songs popularpopular
Slide 24
From Protest to ResistanceFrom Protest to Resistance
Antiwar Antiwar demonstrations, demonstrations, protests increase, protests increase, some become violentsome become violent
Some men burn draft Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to cards; some refuse to serve; some flee to serve; some flee to CanadaCanada
Slide 25
War Divides the NationWar Divides the NationDoves strongly Doves strongly
oppose war, believe oppose war, believe U.S. should withdrawU.S. should withdraw
Hawks favor sending Hawks favor sending greater forces to win greater forces to win the warthe war
1967 majority of 1967 majority of Americans support Americans support war, consider war, consider protesters disloyalprotesters disloyal
Slide 26
Johnson Remains DeterminedJohnson Remains Determined
LBJ continues slow LBJ continues slow escalation, is escalation, is criticized by both criticized by both hawks and doveshawks and doves
Combat stalemate Combat stalemate leads Defense Sec. leads Defense Sec. McNamara to resignMcNamara to resign
Slide 28
Tet OffensiveTet Offensive
1968 villagers go to cities 1968 villagers go to cities to celebrate theTet holiday. to celebrate theTet holiday. (Vietnamese New Year)(Vietnamese New Year)
Vietcong among crowd Vietcong among crowd attack over 100 towns, 12 attack over 100 towns, 12 U.S. air basesU.S. air bases
Tet Offensive lasts 1 month Tet Offensive lasts 1 month before U.S., S. Vietnam before U.S., S. Vietnam regain controlregain control
Westmoreland declares Westmoreland declares attacks are military defeat attacks are military defeat for Vietcongfor Vietcong
Slide 29
Tet Changes Public OpinionTet Changes Public Opinion
Before Tet, most Before Tet, most Americans hawks; after Americans hawks; after Tet, hawks, doves both Tet, hawks, doves both 40%40%
Media criticizes warMedia criticizes war LBJ appoints Clark Clifford LBJ appoints Clark Clifford
as Sec. of Defenseas Sec. of Defense Clifford concludes war is Clifford concludes war is
unwinnableunwinnable LBJ’s popularity drops; LBJ’s popularity drops;
60% disapprove his 60% disapprove his handling of the warhandling of the war
Slide 30
Johnson WithdrawsJohnson Withdraws
Sen. Eugene McCarthy Sen. Eugene McCarthy runs for Dem. runs for Dem. Nomination as doveNomination as dove
Sen. Robert Kennedy Sen. Robert Kennedy enters race after LBJ’s enters race after LBJ’s poor showing in NHpoor showing in NH
LBJ announces will LBJ announces will seek peace talks, will seek peace talks, will not run for reelectionnot run for reelection
Slide 31
Violence and Protest in NationViolence and Protest in Nation
Riots rock over 100 Riots rock over 100 cities after MLK, Jr. is cities after MLK, Jr. is killedkilled
Kennedy wins CA Kennedy wins CA primary; is fatally shot primary; is fatally shot for supporting Israelfor supporting Israel
Major demonstrations Major demonstrations on over 100 college on over 100 college campusescampuses
Slide 32
Turbulent Race for PresidentTurbulent Race for President
VP Hubert Humphrey wins VP Hubert Humphrey wins Democratic nominationDemocratic nomination
Over 10,000 demonstrators Over 10,000 demonstrators go to Chicagogo to Chicago
Mayor Richard Daley Mayor Richard Daley mobilizes police, National mobilizes police, National GuardGuard
Protestors try to march to Protestors try to march to convention; police beat convention; police beat them; riotingthem; rioting
Delegates to convention Delegates to convention bitterly debate antiwar bitterly debate antiwar plankplank
Slide 33
Nixon TriumphsNixon Triumphs
Nixon works for party for Nixon works for party for years, wins 1968 years, wins 1968 Republican nominationRepublican nomination
Campaign promises: Campaign promises: restore law and order, end restore law and order, end war in Vietnamwar in Vietnam
Gov. George Wallace is Gov. George Wallace is third-party candidatethird-party candidate
Champions segregation, Champions segregation, states’ rights; attracts states’ rights; attracts protest weary whitesprotest weary whites
Nixon wins presidencyNixon wins presidency
Slide 35
““Vietnamization”Vietnamization”
Nixon finds Nixon finds negotiations not negotiations not progressingprogressing
National Security National Security Advisor, Henry Advisor, Henry Kissinger works on new Kissinger works on new planplan
Vietnamization—U.S. Vietnamization—U.S. troops withdraw, S. troops withdraw, S. Vietnam troops take Vietnam troops take overover
Slide 36
““Peace with Honor”Peace with Honor”
Nixon calls for “peace Nixon calls for “peace with honor” to maintain with honor” to maintain U.S. dignityU.S. dignity
Orders bombing of N. Orders bombing of N. Vietnam, Vietcong Vietnam, Vietcong hideouts in Laos and hideouts in Laos and CambodiaCambodia
Slide 37
Troubles Continue on Troubles Continue on HomefrontHomefront
Silent Majority—Silent Majority—moderate, mainstream moderate, mainstream people who support people who support warwar
News breaks that U.S. News breaks that U.S. platoon massacred platoon massacred civilians in My Lai civilians in My Lai villagevillage
Lt. William Calley, Jr., Lt. William Calley, Jr., in command, is in command, is convicted, imprisonedconvicted, imprisoned
Slide 38
Invasion of CambodiaInvasion of Cambodia
1970, U.S. troops invade 1970, U.S. troops invade Cambodia to clear out Cambodia to clear out enemy supply centersenemy supply centers
1.5 million protesting 1.5 million protesting college students close college students close down 1,200 campusesdown 1,200 campuses
National Guard kill 4 at National Guard kill 4 at Kent State Univ.Kent State Univ.
2 killed during confrontation 2 killed during confrontation at Jackson State in MSat Jackson State in MS
100,000 construction 100,000 construction workers rally in NYC to workers rally in NYC to support govt.support govt.
Slide 39
The Pentagon PapersThe Pentagon Papers
Nixon invades Nixon invades Cambodia; Congress Cambodia; Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf repeals Tonkin Gulf ResolutionResolution
Papers show plans to Papers show plans to enter war under LBJenter war under LBJ
Confirm belief of many Confirm belief of many that govt. not honest that govt. not honest about intentionsabout intentions
Slide 40
America’s Longest War EndsAmerica’s Longest War Ends
1971, 60% think U.S. 1971, 60% think U.S. should withdraw from should withdraw from Vietnam by end of yearVietnam by end of year
1972 N. Vietnamese 1972 N. Vietnamese attack; U.S. bomb attack; U.S. bomb cities, mines Haiphong cities, mines Haiphong harborharbor
Kissinger announces Kissinger announces “peace is at hand”“peace is at hand”
Slide 41
Fall of SaigonFall of Saigon
S. Vietnam rejects S. Vietnam rejects Kissinger plan; talks Kissinger plan; talks break off; bombing break off; bombing resumesresumes
Congress calls for end Congress calls for end to war; peace signed to war; peace signed Jan. 1973Jan. 1973
Cease-fire breaks Cease-fire breaks down; South down; South surrenders after North surrenders after North invades 1975invades 1975
Slide 42
Vets back HomeVets back Home
58,000 Americans, 58,000 Americans, over 2 million North, over 2 million North, South Vietnamese die South Vietnamese die in warin war
Returning veterans Returning veterans face indifference, face indifference, hostility at homehostility at home
About 15% develop About 15% develop PTSDPTSD
Slide 43
Further Turmoil in SE AsiaFurther Turmoil in SE Asia
Communists put Communists put 400,000 S. Vietnamese 400,000 S. Vietnamese in labor camps; 1.5 in labor camps; 1.5 million fleemillion flee
Civil war breaks out in Civil war breaks out in Cambodia; Khmer Cambodia; Khmer Rouge seize powerRouge seize power
Want to establish Want to establish peasant society; kill at peasant society; kill at least 1 million peopleleast 1 million people
Slide 44
Legacy of VietnamLegacy of Vietnam
Govt. abolishes military Govt. abolishes military draftdraft
1973 Congress passes 1973 Congress passes War Powers Act: War Powers Act: – President must inform President must inform
Congress within 48 hours of Congress within 48 hours of deploying troopsdeploying troops
– 90 day max deployment 90 day max deployment without Congressional without Congressional approvalapproval
War contributes to cynicism War contributes to cynicism about govt., political about govt., political leadersleaders