Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter.
-
Upload
silas-dowse -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter.
Slide 1 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3 Cycles of Matter
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 2 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3-3 Cycles of Matter
How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 3 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Recycling in the Biosphere
Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 4 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are passed from one organism to another
Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the body, or decomposed.
AND from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.
Recycling in the Biosphere
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 5 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What are the two reasons we need food?
1. Energy. Organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
2. Build us. Organic compounds contain the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur that make up most of our bodies.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 6 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
All living things require water to survive.
The Water Cycle
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 7 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 8 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
How are nutrients important in living systems?
Remember the two reasons why you need food (nutrients):
--For energy and building materials
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 9 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 10 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Group Name Chemical composition (made up of…)
Examples Function (job) in living things
CARBOHYDRATESC,H,O
LIPIDSC,H,O
NUCLEIC ACIDSC,H,O,N,P
PROTEINSC,H,O,N,S
Rembember this chart? Matter is neither created nor destroyed
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 11 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.
Biological processes
such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes
such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 12 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
CO2 in Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
feeding
feeding
Respiration
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks
Deposition
Decomposition
Fossil fuel
Volcanic activity
Uplift
Erosion
Respiration
Human activity
CO2 in Ocean
Photosynthesis
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 13 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and proteins!
Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N2 gas. THIS IS UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT…
Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes (beans, clover, etc.).
They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia (usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 14 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
THEN…
Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.
Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids.
Nutrient Cycles
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 15 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Decomposition, excretion
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Denitrification
Decomposition, excretion
NO3 and NO2
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 16 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia.
The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.
Nutrient Cycles
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 17 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification.
This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.
Nutrient Cycles
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 18 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA.
Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 19 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.
Nutrient Cycles
Ocean
Land
Organisms
Sediments
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 20 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter (carbohydrates) is created by producers through photosynthesis.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Slide 21 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.
Therefore: lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus LIMIT the growth of plants.
If a plant can’t make proteins or nucleic acids it can’t build or run itself.
What happens if large amounts of N or P are added?
Nutrient Limitation
- or -Continue to: Click to Launch:
Slide 22 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Slide 23 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Transpiration is part of the
a. water cycle.
b. carbon cycle.
c. nitrogen cycle.
d. phosphorus cycle.
Slide 24 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
a. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. calcium carbonate.
d. ammonia.
Slide 25 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances
a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.
b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.
c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.
d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.
Slide 26 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing
a. plants.
b. bacteria.
c. detritivores.
d. animals.
Slide 27 of 33
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3–3
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
a. runoff.
b. algal death.
c. algal bloom.
d. less primary productivity.
END OF SECTION