Slide 1 of 30 Chemistry 12.1. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 30 The Arithmetic of...

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Chemistry 12.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 2 of 30

The Arithmetic of Equations

More than 3000 cocoons are needed to produce enough silk to make just one elegant Japanese kimono. Like silk manufacturers, chemists must know how much reactant they need to make a certain amount of product. Determining the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction requires a balanced chemical equation.

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>The Arithmetic of Equations >The Arithmetic of Equations Using Everyday Equations

Using Everyday Equations

How is a balanced equation like a recipe?

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>The Arithmetic of Equations Using Everyday Equations

A balanced chemical equation provides the same kind of quantitative information that a recipe does.

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>The Arithmetic of Equations >The Arithmetic of Equations Using Balanced Chemical Equations

Using Balanced Chemical Equations

How do chemists use balanced chemical equations?

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>The Arithmetic of Equations Using Balanced Chemical Equations

Chemists use balanced chemical equations to calculate how much reactant is needed or how much product is formed in a reaction.

The calculation of quantities in chemical reactions is a subject of chemistry called

stoichiometry.

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>The Arithmetic of Equations Interpreting Chemical Equations

A balanced chemical equation can be interpreted in terms of different quantities, including numbers of atoms, molecules, or moles; mass; and volume.

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Number of Atoms

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Number of Molecules

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Moles

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Mass

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12.2 Chemical Calculations

The effectiveness of car’s air bags is based on the rapid conversion of a small mass of sodium azide into a large volume of gas. The entire reaction occurs in less than a second. You will learn how to use a balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction.


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Chemical Calculations > Writing and Using Mole Ratios

In chemical calculations, mole ratios are used to convert between moles of reactant and moles of product, between moles of reactants, or between moles of products.

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Mole-Mole Calculations

A mole ratio is a conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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Practice Problems for Sample Problem 12.2

Problem Solving 12.12 Solve Problem 12 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

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Mass-Mass Calculations

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

If a carpenter had two tabletops and seven table legs, he could only build one four-legged table. The number of table legs is the limiting factor in the construction of four-legged tables. Similarly, in chemistry, the amount of product made in a chemical reaction may be limited by the amount of one or more of the reactants.

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield > Limiting and Excess Reagents

In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of any of the reactants will limit the amount of product that forms.

The limiting reagent is the reagent that determines the amount of product that can be formed by a reaction.

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield > Limiting and Excess Reagents

In the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, hydrogen is the limiting reagent. Nitrogen is the reagent that is not completely used up in the reaction. The reagent that is not used up is called the excess reagent.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield >

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Percent Yield

Percent Yield

What does the percent yield of a reaction measure?

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield > Percent Yield

The percent yield is a measure of the efficiency of a reaction carried out in the laboratory.

A batting average is actually a percent yield.

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Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield > Percent Yield

The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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Slide 1 of 30 Chemistry 12.1. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 30 The Arithmetic of...

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