Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
-
Upload
gabriella-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
1
Transcript of Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
![Page 1: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Slide 1 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology
![Page 2: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Slide 2 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4 Seed Plants
![Page 3: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 3 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22-4 Seed Plants
Seed plants are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land.
![Page 4: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 4 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22-4 Seed Plants
Seed plants are divided into two groups:
• Gymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of cones.
• Angiosperms, or flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
![Page 5: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 5 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22-4 Seed Plants
Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all species of flowers.
![Page 6: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 6 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Reproduction Free From Water
Seed plants have a life cycle that alternates between a gametophyte stage and a sporophyte stage.
They do not need water for fertilization of gametes.
Seed plants can live just about anywhere.
![Page 7: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 7 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water?
![Page 8: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 8 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include:
• flowers or cones
• the transfer of sperm by pollination
• the protection of embryos in seeds
![Page 9: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 9 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Cones and Flowers
Gametophytes grow within sporophytes called cones, which are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms, and flowers, which are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms.
Gametophyte generations live inside these structures.
![Page 10: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 10 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Pollen
The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain.
Sperm do not need water to fertilize eggs; instead the pollen grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by wind, insects, or small animals.
This transfer of pollen is called pollination.
![Page 11: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 11 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Seeds
A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply.
An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development.
The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out.
![Page 12: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 12 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Internal Structures of a Seed
![Page 13: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 13 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
Seeds may have special tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal to other habitats.
• Some seed coats stick to the fur or feathers of animals.
• Other seeds are within tissues eaten and dispersed by animals.
![Page 14: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 14 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Reproduction Free From Water
After fertilization, the zygote grows into a plant—the embryo.
The embryo can stop growing while it is within the seed, and it can remain this way for a long time.
When it grows, it uses nutrients from the stored food supply.
Seeds can survive extreme cold or heat, or even drought.
![Page 15: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 15 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Evolution of Seed Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
The fossil record indicates that ancestors of seed plants evolved adaptations enabling them to survive where most mosses and ferns could not.
The most important of these adaptations was the seed itself.
A seed can survive dry conditions and extreme temperatures.
![Page 16: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 16 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
What are the four groups of gymnosperms?
![Page 17: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 17 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
The four groups of gymnosperms are:
• gnetophytes
• cycads
• ginkgoes
• conifers
![Page 18: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 18 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Gnetophytes
About 70 present-day species of the phylum Gnetophyta are known, placed in just three genera.
Reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones.
![Page 19: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 19 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Cycads
Cycads are palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones.
They first appeared during the Triassic, 225 million years ago.
Today, only nine genera of cycads exist.
They grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places.
![Page 20: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 20 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Ginkgoes
Today the phylum Ginkgophyta contains only one species, Ginkgo biloba. The living Ginkgo species looks like its fossil ancestors.
Ginkgo trees are planted in U.S. cities because of their resistance to air pollution.
![Page 21: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 21 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Conifers
Conifers are the most common gymnosperms, with more than 500 known species.
Conifers include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews.
![Page 22: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22–4 Seed Plants
Slide 22 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Ecology of Conifers
Conifer leaves have specific adaptations to dry conditions.
Most developed long, thin leaves, which reduce evaporation.
Their leaves have a thick, waxy layer.
Most conifers are “evergreens” and retain leaves all year.
![Page 23: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
- or -Continue to: Click to Launch:
Slide 23 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
![Page 24: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Slide 24 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
All of the following are adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water EXCEPT
a. transfer of sperm by pollination.
b. production of spores.
c. protection of embryos in seeds.
d. supplying embryos with food.
![Page 25: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Slide 25 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
The early developmental stage of the sporophyte in seed plants is known as the
a. seed coat.
b. seed.
c. embryo.
d. endosperm.
![Page 26: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Slide 26 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
Which of the following is a water-conserving adaptation in conifers?
a. presence of cones
b. long, thin needles
c. no vascular tissue in the leaves
d. seed coats
![Page 27: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Slide 27 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
Each species of seed plant reproduces by means of
a. cones only.
b. flowers only.
c. both cones and flowers.
d. either cones or flowers.
![Page 28: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Slide 28 of 28
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–4
The group of gymnosperms having the greatest number of species are the
a. gnetophytes.
b. conifers.
c. cycads.
d. ginkgoes.
![Page 29: Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081800/56649e625503460f94b5dd60/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
END OF SECTION