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Figure 7-1Page 127

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Mangroves

Coral reefs

Rivers

Lakes

Figure 7-2Page 128

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Figure 7-3Page 129

Advantages Disadvantages

Physical support from water buoyancy

Fairly constant temperature

Nourishment from dissolved nutrients

Water availability

Easy dispersalof organisms, larvae, and eggs

Less exposure to harmful UVradiation

Dilution anddispersion ofpollutants

Can tolerate a narrow range of temperatures

Exposure to dissolved pollutants

Fluctuating population size for many species

Dispersion separates many aquatic off-spring from parents

Trade-offs

Living in Water

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Ocean hemisphere Land-ocean hemisphere

Figure 7-4Page 130

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Figure 7-5Page 130

Natural Capital

EcologicalServices

Climate moderation

CO2 absorption

Nutrient cycling

Waste treatment and dilution

Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)

Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Scientific information

EconomicServices

Food

Animal and pet feed (fish meal)

Pharmaceuticals

Harbors and transportation routes

Coastal habitatsfor humans

Recreation

Employment

Offshore oil and natural gas

Minerals

Building materials

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Marine Ecosystems

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High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

EstuarineZone

Continentalshelf

Open SeaSea level

Sun

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Depth inmeters

0

50

100

200

Ph

oto

sy

nth

es

is

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

10,000

Da

rkn

es

sT

wil

igh

t

Figure 7-6Page 131

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

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Figure 7-7Page 132

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

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Herring gulls

Snowyegret

Peregrine falcon

Cordgrass

Short-billeddowitcher

Marshperiwinkle

Bacteria

Clamworm

Soft-shelledclam

Zooplankton andsmall crustaceans

Phytoplankton

Smelt

Producerto primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary to higher-levelconsumer

All producers and consumers todecomposers

Figure 7-8Page 132

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Rocky Shore BeachSea star Hermit crab Shore crab

Nudibranch

Monterey flatworm

Kelp Sea lettuce

Barnacles

Sea urchin Anemone

Low tide

Mussel

Periwinkle

High tide

Sculpin

Figure 7-9a Page 134

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Barrier beach

Silversides

Blue crab

Low tide

Dwarfolive

Clam

Beach flea

Tiger beetle

High tide

GhostshrimpMole

shrimp

Sandpiper

Peanut worm

White sandmacoma

Sand dollar Moon snailFigure 7-9bPage 134

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Ocean Beach

Intensive recreation,no building

Primary Dune

No direct passage

or building

Trough

Limitedrecreation

and walkways

Secondary Dune

No direct passage

or building

Bay orLagoon

Intensiverecreation

Back Dune

Most suitablefor development

Grasses or shrubs Taller shrubs

Taller shrubs and trees

Bay shoreNo filling

Figure 7-11Page 135

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Gray reef shark

Green seaturtle

Sea nettle

Fairy basslet

Bluetangs

Brittle star Banded coralshrimp

Sergeant majorParrot fish

Hard coralsAlgae

Phytoplankton

Symbioticalgae

Zooplankton

Sponges

Bacteria

Morayeel

Blackcap basslet

Coney

Producerto primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary to higher-levelconsumer

All consumers and producers todecomposers

Figure 7-12Page 136

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Figure 7-13Page 137

Ocean warming

Soil erosion

Algae growth from fertilizer runoff

Mangrove destruction

Coral reef bleaching

Rising sea levels

Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish

Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry

Damage from anchors, ships,and tourist divers

Natural Capital Degradation

Coral Reefs

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Figure 7-14Page 137

Marine Ecosystems

Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms

About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats

Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed

Natural Capital Degradation

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Figure 7-15Page 138

Freshwater Systems

EcologicalServices

EconomicServices

Climatemoderation

Nutrient cycling

Waste treat-ment anddilution

Flood control

Groundwaterrecharge

Habitats foraquatic andterrestrialspecies

Geneticresourcesand bio-diversity

Scientificinformation

Food

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Hydroelectricity

Transportationcorridors

Recreation

Employment

Natural Capital

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Sunlight

Paintedturtle

Greenfrog

Pondsnail

Blue-wingedteal

Muskrat

Plankton

Northernpike

BloodwormsYellowperch

Divingbeetle

Littoral zone

Limnetic zone

Profundal zone

Benthic zone

Figure 7-16Page 139

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Figure 7-17Page 139

Sunlight

Little shore vegetation

Limnetic zone

Profundalzone

Oligotrophic lake

Low concentration of nutrients and plankton

Sparse fish population

Narrow littoral zone

Sleepily sloping shorelines

Sand, gravel, rock bottom

Sunlight

Much shore vegetation

Limnetic zone

Profundalzone

Eutrophic lake

High concentration of nutrients and plankton

Dense fish population

Widelittoral zone

Gentlysloping shorelines

Silt, sand, clay bottom

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Rain and snow

Water

Sediment

Lake Glacier Rapids

WaterfallTributary

Flood plain

Oxbow lake

Salt marsh

Delta Ocean

Depositedsediment

Source Zone

Transition Zone

Floodplain Zone

Figure 7-18Page 140

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Click to view animation.

Ocean provinces interaction.

Animation

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Click to view animation.

Lake zonation interaction.

Animation

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Click to view animation.

Lake turnover interaction.

Animation

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Click to view animation.

Trophic nature of lakes interaction.

Animation