Slide 1 Figure 13-1 Page 251 AFRICA ZAIRE BURUNDI TANZANIA KENYA ETHIOPIASUDAN LAKE VICTORIA.

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Figure 13-1Page 251

AFRICA

ZAIRE

BURUNDI

TANZANIA

KENYA

ETHIOPIASUDAN

LAKEVICTORIA


Kelp

Hogfish

Cobia

Pacific sailfishCarrageen

Yellow jack

Batfish

MorayRed snapper Red algae

Striped drum AngelfishBladder kelp

Sea lettuce Orange roughyChinook salmon

DevilfishGreat barracuda

Laminaria

Porcupine fish

Sockeye salmonGrouper

Dulse Chilean sea bass

Figure 13-253


Bulrush

BluegillWhite bass

Brook trout White waterlily

Water lettuce

Rainbow trout

Muskellunge

Bowfish Water hyacinth

Rainbow darter

Bladderwort

Black crappieWhite sturgeon

Yellow perch

Largemouth black bass

Walleyed pike

American smelt

EelgrassLongnose garDuckweed

Common piranha

Carp

African lungfish

Egyptian white lotus

Channel catfish

Velvet cichlid

Figure 13-3Page 254


Global freshwater

Year

Me

an

tro

ph

ic le

vel

1950 1960 1970 1980 19902.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Figure 13-4aPage 255


Global marineM

ea

n t

rop

hic

leve

l

Year1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Figure 13-4bPage 255


Present

Not present

No dataFigure 13-5Page 256


Whale

Seal

Turtle

Sea lion

Bowhead whale

HumpbackwhaleNorthern right

whale

Fin whaleHawksbillturtle

Hawaiianmonk seal

Hawksbillturtle

Greenturtle Leatherback

turtle

Greenturtle

Humpbackwhale

Fin whale

Humpbackwhale

Hawksbillturtle

Greenturtle

HawksbillturtleKemp's

ridley turtle

Leatherbackturtle

Olive ridleyturtle

Fin whale

Humpbackwhale

Bowhead whale

Bowhead whale

Northern rightwhale Mediterranean

monk seal

Leatherbackturtle

Hawksbillturtle

Oliveridleyturtle

Leatherbackturtle

Humpbackwhale

Fin whale

Leatherbackturtle

Greenturtle

Oliveridleyturtle

Japanesesea lion

Bowhead whale

Hawksbillturtle

Saimaa seal

Figure 13-6Page 258


Loggerhead119 centimeters

Olive ridley76 centimeters

Leatherback188 centimeters

Hawksbill89 centimeters

Green turtle124 centimeters

Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters

Black turtle99 centimeters

Australian flatback

99 centimeters

Figure 13-7Page 258


Atlanticwhite-sideddolphin

Harborporpoise

Commondolphin

Killerwhale

Belugawhale

Bottlenosedolphin

False killerwhale

Pilotwhale

Cuvier'sbeakedwhale

Pygmyspermwhale

Spermwhale

Narwhal

Squid

Baird'sbeakedwhale

Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30m

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft

Figure 13-8aPage 260


Humpback whale

Bowhead whale

Right whaleMinke whale

Blue whale

Feeding on krill

Fin whale

Sei whale

Gray whaleMysticetes (Baleen Whales)

Figure 13-8bPage 261


Solutions

Managing Fisheries

Fishery RegulationsSet catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield

Improve monitoring and enforcementof regulations

Economic ApproachesSharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies

Charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters

Certify sustainable fisheries

Protected areasEstablish no-fishing areas

Establish more marine protected areas

Rely more on integrated coastal management

Consumer InformationLabel sustainably harvested fish

Publicize overfished and threatened species

BycatchUse wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish

Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles

Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea

AquacultureRestrict coastal locations for fish farms

Control pollution more strictly

Depend more on herbivorous fish species

Nonnative InvasionsKill organisms in ship ballast water

Filter organisms from ship ballast water

Dump ballast water far at sea and replace withDeep-sea water Figure 13-9

Page 263


Figure 13-10Page 265

Solutions

Protecting Wetlands

Legally protect existing wetlands

Steer development away from existing wetlands

Use mitigation banking only as a last resort

Require creation and evaluation of a new wetland before destroying an existing wetland

Restore degraded wetlands

Try to prevent and control invasions by nonnative species


( )

( )

GULF OFMEXICO

Naples

Fort Myers

FLORIDA

Florida Bay

EvergladesNational

Park

Key Largo

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Miami

FortLauderdale

WestPalmBeach

LakeOkeechobee

Unchannelized

Channelized

FLORIDA

Area ofdetail

Agricultural area

Treatment marsh

Water conservation area

Canal

miles

kilometers

0

0

20

20

40

40 60

60

KissimmeeRiver




Natural Capital

Ecological Services of Rivers

•Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries

•Deposit silt that maintains details

•Purify water

•Renew and renourish wetlands

•Provide habitats for wildlife


Fish change form

Fish enter riversand head forspawning areas

Grow to smoltand enter the ocean...

Grow to maturityin Pacific Oceanin 1-2 years

Eggs and young arecared for in the hatchery

Fry hatch in the spring...

Fingerlings migrate downstream

In the fall spawning salmondeposit eggs in gravel nests and die

NormalLifeCycle


Fingerlingsare released into river

And grow in the streamfor 1-2 years

Human capture

Salmonprocessingplant

Eggs are taken from adultfemales and fertilized withsperm “milked” from males

ModifiedLifeCycle

To hatchery



Solutions

Rebuilding Salmon Populations

Building upstream hatcheries

Releasing juvenile salmon from hatcheries to underpopulated streams

Releasing extra water from dams to wash juvenile salmon downstream

Building fish ladders so adult salmon can bypass dams during upstream migration

Using trucks and barges to transport salmon around dams

Reducing silt runoff from logging roads above salmon spawning streams

Banning dams from some stream areas

Slide 1 Figure 13-1 Page 251 AFRICA ZAIRE BURUNDI TANZANIA KENYA ETHIOPIASUDAN LAKE VICTORIA.

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