Slide 1 CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY.
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Transcript of Slide 1 CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY.
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CHAPTER 6CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
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TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 6
• What factors determine weather and climate and aquatic conditions?
• How do biomes develop in response to climate and soil?
• What are and how do humans impact desert and grassland biomes?
• What are and how do humans impact forest and mountain biomes
• What are and how do humans affect saltwater life zones?
• What are and how do humans affect freshwater life zones
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Climate
the average weather patterns for an area overa long period of time (30 - 1,000,000 years).
is
It is determined by
Average Precipitation Average Temperatureand
which are influenced by
latitude altitude ocean currents
and affects
where people live how people livewhat they
grow and eat
Figure 6-2Page 107
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Polar (ice)
Subarctic (snow)
Cool temperate
Warm temperate
Dry
Tropical
Highland
Major upwelling zones
Warm ocean current
Cold ocean current
River
Figure 6-3Page 108
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Temperature and precipitation patterns that cause different climates within the earth's troposphere are caused by air
circulation over the earth's surface. Five factors determine these global air circulations. These factors plus ocean
density create warm and cold ocean currents.
1. Uneven heating of the earth's surface
2. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation as earth wobbles causes seasons to flip flop N to S
3. Rotation of earth on its axis causes air at equator to move faster than air at poles resulting in 6 convection cells that mix the earth's air and moisture (called Hadley cells) resulting in prevailing winds
4. Long term variations in sun intensity due to changes in solar output and planetary shifts (the Siberian Milankovitch first described these cycles in the 1920's).
5. Properties of air and water such as heat causing water to evaporate and transfer its heat to the air
Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Fall
(sun aims directly at equator)
Summer(northern hemisphere
tilts toward sun)
Spring(sun aims directly
at equator)
23.5º Winter(northern hemispheretilts away from sun)
Solarradiation
Figure 6-4Page 108
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Milankovitchcycles
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There are many layers to the earth's atmosphere. For now, we
need to know the difference between the troposphere (where
weather occurs) and the stratosphere. Note that
temperature and altitude do not change in a linear fashion.
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Convection and Atmospheric Pressure
• Evaporation• Latent heat• Condensation• Convection
currents• Air pressure
differences• Coriolis effect
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Jet Stream
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Circumpolar winds transport air pollution from heavily industrialized regions to the Arctic, where high levels of smog accumulate.
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Seasonal Winds and Monsoons
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Wind
Movement ofsurface water
Diving birds
Nutrients
Upwelling
Fish
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Figure 6-6Page 110
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Normal Conditions
Cold water
Warm water
Thermocline
SOUTHAMERICA
Warm waterspushed westward
AUSTRALIA
EQUATOR
Surface windsblow westward
Figure 6-7 (1)Page 110
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El Niño Conditions
Cold water
Thermocline
Warm waterWarm water deepens offSouth America
SOUTHAMERICA
Warm waterflow stoppedor reversed
AUSTRALIA
EQUATOR
Drought inAustralia andSoutheast Asia
Winds weaken,causing updraftsand storms
Figure 6-7 (2)Page 110
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El Niño
Unusually warm periods
Unusually high rainfall
Drought
Figure 6-8Page 111
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Figure 6-9Page 111
GLOBAL WARMING IS CAUSED BY GREENHOUSE GASES CAPTURING THE ENERGY OF LONGER WAVELENGTHS OF
LIGHT WITH THEIR CHEMICAL BONDS
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Carbon dioxide levels are increasing and oscillate with seasons of northern hemisphere
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Click to view animation.
Greenhouse gases animation.
Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Cell 3 South
Cold,dry air falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 South
Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain
Cell 1 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
Polar cap
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
EquatorTropical rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland
Figure 6-5Page 109
RELATIONSHIP OF BIOMES TO HADLEY
CELLS AND LATITUDE
Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains(complex zonation)
Semidesert,arid grassland
Tropic ofCapricorn
Equator
Tropic ofCancer
Figure 6-11Page 113
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Figure 6-13Page 114
MountainIce and snow
Altitude
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
ConiferousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
ConiferousForest
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
Polar iceand snow
Latitude
COMPARISON OF VEGETATION CHANGE WITH ALTITUDE AND LATITUDE. NOTE THAT LOW LATITUDE
DESERTS ARE MISSING IN THIS FIGURE
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Figure 6-15Page 116
MAJOR IMPACTS ON DESERTSLarge desert cities
Soil destruction by vehiclesand urban development
Soil salinization from irrigation
Depletion of undergroundwater supplies
Land disturbance and pollutionfrom mineral extraction
Storage of toxic and radioactiveWastes
Large arrays of solar cells andsolar collectors used to produceelectricity
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Figure 6-19Page 119
HUMAN IMPACTS ON GRASSLANDSConversion of savanna and temperategrassland to cropland
Release of CO2 to atmosphere fromburning and conversion of grasslandto cropland
Overgrazing of tropical and temperategrasslands by livestock
Damage to fragile arctic tundraby oil production, air and water pollution,and vehicles
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Harpyeagle
Tocotoucan
Woolyopossum
Braziliantapir
Black-crownedantpitta
Shrublayer
Canopy
Emergentlayer
UnderstoryUnderstory
GroundlayerGroundlayer
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45H
eigh
t (m
eter
s)
Figure 6-21Page 121STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
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Figure 6-24Page 124
HUMAN IMPACTS ON FORESTSClearing and degradation of tropicalforests for agriculture, livestock grazing,and timber harvesting
Clearing of temperate deciduousforests in Europe, Asia, andNorth America for timber, agriculture,and urban development
Clearing of evergreen coniferousforests in North America, Finland,Sweden, Canada, Siberia,and Russia
Conversion of diverse forests to lessbiodiverse tree plantations
Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Mangroves
Coral reefs
Rivers
Lakes
Figure 6-26Page 125
AQUATIC LIFE ZONES
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Figure 6-29Page 127
Marine Systems
Ecological Services
• Climate moderation
• CO2 absorption
• Nutrient cycling
• Waste treatment and dilution
• Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)
• Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species
• Genetic resources and biodiversity
• Scientific information
Economic Services
• Food
• Animal and pet feed (fish meal)
• Pharmaceuticals
• Harbors and transportation routes
• Coastal habitats for humans
• Recreation
• Employment
• Offshore oil and natural gas
• Minerals
• Building materials
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High tideLow tide
Coastal Zone
EstuarineZone
Continentalshelf
Open SeaSea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal Zone
Depth inmeters
0
50
100
200
Ph
oto
sy
nth
es
is
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Da
rkn
es
sT
wil
igh
t
Figure 6-30Page 128
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Figure 6-31Page 128
MADAGASCAR ESTUARY
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Figure 6-36Page 133
MAJOR IMPACTS TO CORALOcean warming
Soil erosion
Algae growth from fertilizer runoff
Mangrove destruction
Coral reef bleaching
Rising sea levels
Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion
Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish
Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry
Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers
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Figure 6-37Page 133
MAJOR IMPACTS TO MARINE SYSTEMSHalf of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development
Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms
About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level
Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats
Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed
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Figure 6-39Page 133
Freshwater Systems
Ecological Services Economic Services
• Climate moderation
• Nutrient cycling
• Waste treatment and dilution
• Flood control
• Groundwater recharge
• Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species
• Genetic resources and biodiversity
• Scientific information
• Food
• Drinking water
• Irrigation water
• Hydroelectricity
• Transportation corridors
• Recreation
• Employment
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Figure 6-41Page 136
Sunlight
Little shore vegetation
Limnetic zone
Profundalzone
Oligotrophic lake
Low concentration of nutrients and plankton
Sparse fish population
Narrow littoral zone
Sleepily sloping shorelines
Sand, gravel, rock bottom
Sunlight
Much shore vegetation
Limnetic zone
Profundalzone
Eutrophic lake
High concentration of nutrients and plankton
Dense fish population
Widelittoral zone
Gentlysloping shorelines
Silt, sand, clay bottom
OLIGOTROPHIC (CLEAN)
VS.EUTROPHIC(POLLUTED)BODIES OF
WATERThese slides contrast oligotrophic with eutrophic lakes, but this terminology can be applied to rivers and saltwater systems
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THIS ENDS CHAPTER 6IT IS LONG, BUT VERY IMPORTANT!