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Chapter 3 Anatomy of Cells

Chapter 3 Anatomy of Cells

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Functional Anatomy of Cells

Functional Anatomy of Cells

• The typical cell – Also called

composite cell– Characteristics

• Varies in size and shape

• Microscope

• The typical cell – Also called

composite cell– Characteristics

• Varies in size and shape

• Microscope

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Functional Anatomy of Cells

Functional Anatomy of Cells

• Cell structures– Plasma membrane - surrounds the

cell– Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and

organelles– Nucleus - contains genetic

information

• Cell structures– Plasma membrane - surrounds the

cell– Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and

organelles– Nucleus - contains genetic

information

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Cell MembranesCell Membranes

• Membranes– Plasma membrane– Membranous organelles

• Membranes– Plasma membrane– Membranous organelles

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Fluid mosaic modelFluid mosaic model– Arranged in double-layered sheet– Fluid -

• the molecules are able to float around slowly

– Arranged in double-layered sheet– Fluid -

• the molecules are able to float around slowly

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Cell Membranes characteristics

Cell Membranes characteristics

• Chemical attractions hold membranes together– “rafts”– “Rafts” may pinch inward, bringing

material into the cell or organelle

• Chemical attractions hold membranes together– “rafts”– “Rafts” may pinch inward, bringing

material into the cell or organelle

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• Primary structure - double layer of phospholipid molecules

– Heads are hydrophilic (water-loving)

– Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing)

– Surrounded in water

– Embedded • Cholesterol

• membrane proteins

• carbohydrates

• Primary structure - double layer of phospholipid molecules

– Heads are hydrophilic (water-loving)

– Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing)

– Surrounded in water

– Embedded • Cholesterol

• membrane proteins

• carbohydrates

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CytoplasmCytoplasm

• Cytoplasm—– Intracellular gel-like fluid called

cytosol– organelles suspended in cytosol

• Cytoplasm—– Intracellular gel-like fluid called

cytosol– organelles suspended in cytosol

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Two major groups of organellesTwo major groups of organelles

–Membranous organelles - sacs and canals

–Nonmembranous organelles - made of filaments

–Membranous organelles - sacs and canals

–Nonmembranous organelles - made of filaments

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Organelles Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticulum – canals with membranous walls – Proteins move through the canals

• Endoplasmic reticulum – canals with membranous walls – Proteins move through the canals

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• 2 Types of endoplasmic reticulum - Rough and smooth– Rough endoplasmic reticulum

•Has Ribosomes– Ribosomes synthesize proteins

•Function in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation

• 2 Types of endoplasmic reticulum - Rough and smooth– Rough endoplasmic reticulum

•Has Ribosomes– Ribosomes synthesize proteins

•Function in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

–No ribosomes–Functions

»Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

»Removes and stores Calcium from cell’s interior.

–No ribosomes–Functions

»Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

»Removes and stores Calcium from cell’s interior.

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RibosomesRibosomes

• Two types: – Attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum– Free, scattered through the cytoplasm

• Made of two pieces,– a large subunit and a small subunit; – each subunit is composed of rRNA– Function

• Make proteins for export or cell use

• Two types: – Attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum– Free, scattered through the cytoplasm

• Made of two pieces,– a large subunit and a small subunit; – each subunit is composed of rRNA– Function

• Make proteins for export or cell use

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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

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• Golgi apparatus– Membranous organelle – Consist of cisternae (tiny sacs)– Proteins leave endoplasmic

reticulum and go to golgi apparatus

– Golgi apparatus processes protein which leave in a vesicle to be secreted outside cell

• Golgi apparatus– Membranous organelle – Consist of cisternae (tiny sacs)– Proteins leave endoplasmic

reticulum and go to golgi apparatus

– Golgi apparatus processes protein which leave in a vesicle to be secreted outside cell

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The inner life of the cellThe inner life of the cell

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•Lysosomes - suicide sacs–membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus

– lysosomes digest defective cell parts

•Lysosomes - suicide sacs–membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus

– lysosomes digest defective cell parts

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PeroxisomesPeroxisomes• Cylinders found in cytoplasm

– sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

– In kidney and liver cells– Break down

• abnormal/misfolded proteins or normal proteins no longer needed by cell

• Break apart peptide bonds

• Cylinders found in cytoplasm– sacs containing enzymes that

detoxify harmful substances– In kidney and liver cells– Break down

• abnormal/misfolded proteins or normal proteins no longer needed by cell

• Break apart peptide bonds

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MitochondriaMitochondria

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• Mitochondria– Look like small sausages– Two membranes forming a sac

within a sac– The “power plants” of cells– Contains enzymes that make

ATP

• Mitochondria– Look like small sausages– Two membranes forming a sac

within a sac– The “power plants” of cells– Contains enzymes that make

ATP

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NucleusNucleus

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NucleusNucleus

– Surrounded by a membrane with tiny holes or pores (nuclear envelope)

– Contains DNA (heredity molecules)• Chromatin - threadlike material• Chromosomes - tightly coiled chromatin• Function of nucleus - to contain the DNA

– DNA is the master code for making all proteins of cell

– Surrounded by a membrane with tiny holes or pores (nuclear envelope)

– Contains DNA (heredity molecules)• Chromatin - threadlike material• Chromosomes - tightly coiled chromatin• Function of nucleus - to contain the DNA

– DNA is the master code for making all proteins of cell

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

• The cell’s internal supporting framework• Cell fibers

– Smallest cell fibers are microfilaments

– Intermediate filaments– Microtubules - arranged in spiral

• The cell’s internal supporting framework• Cell fibers

– Smallest cell fibers are microfilaments

– Intermediate filaments– Microtubules - arranged in spiral

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CentrosomeCentrosome

–Nonmembranous organelles–Plays a role in cell division–Located near nucleus

–Nonmembranous organelles–Plays a role in cell division–Located near nucleus

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• Cell extensions– There are three types

• Microvilli• Cilia • flagella

• Cell extensions– There are three types

• Microvilli• Cilia • flagella

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•Cell connections

Three typesDesmosomesGap junctionsTight junctions

•Cell connections

Three typesDesmosomesGap junctionsTight junctions

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Cell ConnectionsCell Connections

• Desmosome– collar

• Gap junctions– “tunnels”

• Tight junctions– Prevents molecules from moving

between

• Desmosome– collar

• Gap junctions– “tunnels”

• Tight junctions– Prevents molecules from moving

between

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Introduction to the Microscope

Introduction to the Microscope

CarePartsFocusing

CarePartsFocusing

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• Always carry with 2 hands

• Only use lens paper for cleaning

• Do not force knobs

• Always store covered

• Keep objects clear of desk and cords

• Always carry with 2 hands

• Only use lens paper for cleaning

• Do not force knobs

• Always store covered

• Keep objects clear of desk and cords

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Eyepiece

Body Tube

Revolving NosepieceArm

Objective Lens

StageStage Clips

Coarse Focus

Fine Focus

Base

Diaphragm

Light

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• Place the Slide on the Microscope

• Use Stage Clips • Click Nosepiece to the

lowest (shortest) setting• Look into the Eyepiece• Use the Coarse Focus

• Place the Slide on the Microscope

• Use Stage Clips • Click Nosepiece to the

lowest (shortest) setting• Look into the Eyepiece• Use the Coarse Focus

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• Follow steps to focus using low power

• Click the nosepiece to the longest objective

• Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob

• Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide

• Follow steps to focus using low power

• Click the nosepiece to the longest objective

• Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob

• Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide

What can you find on your slide?

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Images Produced by Electron Microscopes

Images Produced by Electron Microscopes

Cyanobacteria (TEM) Lactobacillus

(SEM)Campylobacter

(SEM) Deinococcus(SEM)

House ant Avian influenza virus Human eyelash Yeast

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Parts of the microscopeParts of the microscope

Objective Lenses

Stage

Diaphragm

Light Source

Base

Fine adjustment

Course adjustment

Stage clip

Arm

Ocular lens (eyepiece)

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Relative sizes and detection devicesRelative sizes and detection devices