Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels: Identifying Which Frac ... · Recycle. Reuse. Results. 2 0 20 40 60...

www.hydrozonix.com Recycle. Reuse. Results.

Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels: Identifying Which Frac Fluid Works

Better with Produced Water (A Recycling Case Study)

www.hydrozonix.com Recycle. Reuse. Results. 2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

HawaiiLouisianaAlabama

MississippiAlaskaFlorida

TennesseeGeorgia

North CarolinaArkansas

South CarolinaConnecticut

KentuckyDelaware

MassachusettsNew Jersey

Rhode IslandWest Virginia

MarylandVirginia

New HampshireMaine

PennsylvaniaIndiana

MissouriNew YorkVermont

IllinoisOhio

WashingtonOklahoma

IowaMichigan

WisconsinOregonKansas

TexasMinnesota

CaliforniaNebraska

NevadaIdaho

South DakotaNorth Dakota

ColoradoMontana

ArizonaNew Mexico

WyomingUtah

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION

55% of wells drilled 3Q13

TEXAS NORTH DAKOTA

COLORADO


freshwater constraints + disposal constraints = need to recycle


Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels

Slickwater Crosslink Gels

Friction Reducer can be effected

Gel Compatibility is an issue

Friction reducer can be adjusted on the fly

Difficult to adjust gel on the fly

Little sensitivity to blend rate High sensitivity to blend rate

Fluid consistency not an issue Fluid consistency is an issue

No Boron concerns Boron is a concern


Permian Basin Slickwater Recycle Rate

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

10

/14

/11

11

/13

/11

12

/13

/11

01

/12

/12

02

/11

/12

03

/12

/12

04

/11

/12

05

/11

/12

06

/10

/12

07

/10

/12

08

/09

/12

09

/08

/12

10

/08

/12

% Recycled Fluid per Well All Permian Basin


Permian Basin Slickwater: FR vs. Recycle Rate

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

12/23/2011 4/1/2012 7/10/2012 10/18/2012 1/26/2013 5/6/2013 8/14/2013

FR C

on

cen

trat

ion

, % in

mas

s

% o

f R

ecy

cle

d

Fracturing Date

% of Recycled

FR Concentration


Permian Basin Slickwater: HZO vs. Biocide vs. Chlorine Dioxide

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

2012/10/18 2012/12/7 2013/1/26 2013/3/17 2013/5/6 2013/6/25 2013/8/14 2013/10/3 2013/11/22

Fri

ctio

n R

ed

uce

r C

on

cen

trat

ion

, % in

mas

s

Fracturing Date

Hydrozonix

Biocide

ClO2

Water Treatment Technology # of Wells FR Concentration, % in mass

Biocide 22 0.0123

ClO2 9 0.0146

Hydrozonix 27 0.0042


Cross-linked gel fluids

8


Cross-linked gel fluids

9

• Gel Compatibility can be maintained over narrow range.

• TSS, TDS, Chlorides and Boron are all issues.

• Once Gel recipe is developed water quality must remain in a narrow range to maintain gel compatibility

• Control of water quality is paramount


Need for Fluid QA/QC on X-linked Gel Fracs

10

• Pre-frac circulation, pretest water, define blend • Blend to correct ratios • Monitor water quality real time • Synchronize water transfer with pumping company


Pre-Frac TESTING

11

• Blended Water Gel Compatibility Test • Water Source- Freshwater and Produced

• Chloride • Boron • TDS


Pre-Frac TESTING

12

Gel frac recycle and control system

Consistent Water Quality • Calibrate Pumps- Fresh &

Produced

• Baseline TDS, Chlorides and Boron

• Chloride concentration

optimized for clay stabilization


Pre-Frac TESTING

13


Pre-frac circulation • Agitate water

• Collect samples • Engineer chemistry to

match the fluid


Why circulate?

14

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Before Circulation After Circulation After Treatment

Bac

teri

a C

ou

nt

/ m

l

GHB

SRB

APB

Bacteria levels

DOUBLE


Circulation Options

15


X-FRaC SYSTEM

16


Real-time measurement • Total dissolved solids

• Chloride • Boron • General Water Quality


X-FRaC SYSTEM

17


Pump control • Control pump RPMs

• Control blend ratios • Adjust blends on-the-fly


Case study – Permian Basin

18

• 130,000 bbl frac

• 75% freshwater

• 25% produced fluid

• Results

• Volumetric ratios

• Boron

• Chloride


Volumetric ratios

19

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Pre* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stage Number

Produced Water

Fresh Water


Boron levels

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Pre* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Boron, mg/L

Stage Number

Produced Water

Treated Water


Potassium chloride (KCl) equivalency

21

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

4.5%

5.0%

Pre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

KCl equivalency

Stage Number


Gel Concentration vs. Recycle Rate

22

Frac Service # of wells Gel Concentration, % in

mass Gel to Proppant Ratio

Frac Crew #1 12 0.223 0.017 : 1

Frac Crew #2 w/ Biocide 14 0.204 0.029 : 1

Frac Crew # 2 w/ Hydrozonix 11 0.197 0.026 : 1

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

9/14/2011 12/23/2011 4/1/2012 7/10/2012 10/18/2012 1/26/2013 5/6/2013 8/14/2013 11/22/2013 3/2/2014

Ge

l Co

nce

ntr

atio

n, %

in m

ass

Fracturing Date

Frac Crew #1

Frac Crew #2 w/ Biocide

Frac Crew #2 w/ Hydrozonix


Hydrozonix EF80

• Versatile bacteria treatment

• On-the-fly treatment onsite

• No negative impact on chemical compatibility

23


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Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels: Identifying Which Frac ... · Recycle. Reuse. Results. 2 0 20 40 60...

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