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![Page 1: Sławomir Majdanik Firearm injuries Department of the Forensic Medicine Pomeranian Academy of Medicine of Szczecin.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ef05503460f94c009a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sławomir Majdanik
Firearm injuries
Department of the Forensic Medicine Pomeranian Academy
of Medicine of Szczecin
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Definition
many kinds of weapons may cause firearm injury:
shotguns /used by hunters/ handguns (pistols or revolvers)rifleshome - made guns / `country guns`/air riflessports guns
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Definition
Rarely firearm injuries are caused using other kinds of objects:
projectiles and their fragments (artillery shells, mortars) captive - bolt guns industrial stud-guns alarm guns /tracer shells/
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Gun
muzzle
barrel
trigger
gunlock
cock
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Cartridge
Projectile
Gunpowder
Cartridge case
Primer
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Shotgun ammunition
WadGunpowder and shot
Cardboard or plastic cylinder
Metal base including primer
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Calibre
7.62 mm and 9 mm are most frequent calibres in Poland.
barrel (cross section)
calibre
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Basic factors affect nature of a gunshot wound
type of weapon missile velocity nature of projectile
range of dischargeangle of discharge
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Why firearms injuries are often fatal ?
Because of significant kinetic energy of the bullet.
Vo = 200-1000 m/s (even more !)
Ek = m V2
2
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Gunshot injuries
I. Gunshot injury penetrate through the head (or leg, arm, neck, trunk ...)
a/ entrance wound
b/ canal of the shot
c/ exit wound
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Gunshot injuries
II. “blind” shots - bullet is lodged in the victim`s body
a/ entrance wound
b/ canal of the shot
c/ bullet in the body
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“Migrating bullet”
bullet when lodged in the vessel may move /up or down the blood flow/ in the victim`s body
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“Migrating bullet”
bullet when lodged in a cavity may move /following the gravitation force/ in the victim`s body
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Gunshot injuries
III. Diagonal gunshot injury /wound or abrasion/
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Gunshot injuries
IV. Ricochet (bullet changes trajectory)Nevertheless non typical serious injuries may occur lower velocity of the bullet
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Gunpowder comes out the muzzle in two forms:
Completely burned gunpowder, called “soot” or “fouling”, can be washed off the skin.
Particles of burned and unburned powder can become embedded in the skin or bounce off and abrade the skin. The marks on the skin are called “tattooing” or “stippling”.
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Analysis of the gunpowder traces
A. microscope determination (including electron microscopy)
B. chemical determination1. Wellenstein-Kober reaction (green-blue tint)2. “parch” reaction /in high temp./3. Griess&Illosvay reaction (pink tint)
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Entrance wound (right angle)
Central defect
Soiled area(lubricant & soot& metal fragments)
Rim of abrasion [width=1-3mm](effect of the shock wave)
Stippling/tattooing& soot/fouling area (burned gunpowder and gunpowder particles)
Shot direction
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Entrance wound (acute angle)
Shot direction
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Canal of the wound
Fragments of clothingFragments of bullet/shotFragments of bone /other tissue/
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Exit wound
Central defect
soiled area (none)rim of abrasion (none)gunpowder and its traces (none)
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Gunshot (tight contact and loose contact)
barrel
tight contact
skinmuzzle
loose contact
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Gunshot (tight contact)
all gunpowder residueon the edges or inside a wound
there may be searing or burning of wound margins
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (tight contact)
reddeningof surrounding margins may
occur due to CO gas produced by burning powder (Paltauf sign)
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (tight contact)
muzzle impression(muzzle mark on skin)
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (tight contact)
There is often tearing of the skin around the entrance wound (specially in head
wounds) because of pressurebuild-up and blow-back of the
skin toward the muzzle
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (loose contact)
muzzle impression ( - )
gunpowder may escape from the barrel and
be deposited around the edges of a wound
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (close range)
fouling and stippling are present
barrel
victim
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Gunshot (intermediate range)
fouling ( - )
stippling is present
barrel
victim
< 1 m
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Gunshot (distant range)
fouling ( - )
stippling ( - )
victim
> 1 m
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Shotgun wound /caused by shot/
or contact wounds
“rat hole” wound (from 30cm to 1 metre)
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Shotgun wound /caused by shot/
Satellite pellet holes (appearing at the
distance of over 1 metre)
Spread of shot increases, central hole diminishes
Uniform spread with no central hole (appearing atthe distance of over 10 metres)
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Scene
1. The scene must be examined for bullets and cartridges.
2. Localisation of the body and the gun must be considered.
3. Traces on the wearing and victims hands must be protected !
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Autopsy examination in the case of gunshot
1. Inspection of the victim`s clothing (gun powder traces, damage)
2. Localisation and inspection of the entrance/exit wound
3. Inspection of the canal of the wound
4. Finding the bullet
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Commonly asked question
I. How close was the victim to the gun when it was fired ?
II. What was the the trajectory in the body ? (where is the entrance/exit wound ?)
III What was the calibre /kind/ of the gun ?
IV. What was the sequence of the gunshot ?
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Most important question is ...
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homicide? suicide? accident?
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A typical hunting accident“I swear it was a wild boar”
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Captive - bolt guns /to dispatch large animals/
Metal rod is propelled for about 5 centimetres from the muzzle.
Captive bolt inflicts a clean, penetrating injury, which can be
mistaken with stab-like injury.
skin
muzzle
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Industrial “stud-guns”
Specific piston acts as a hammer on the metal pin or stud.
skin/wall
muzzle
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Rubber and plastic bullets
To disperse riotVelocity about 250 kphEffective range 50-70m
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Death from explosion
Both civilian and military circumstances
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Death from explosion - mechanisms
a/ blast effect
b/ impact of projectiles originating from the explosives device
c/ impact from surrounding objects and debris impelled by the explosion
d/ burns from hot gas and incandescent objects
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Death from explosion - injuries
“Peppering” by numerous small missiles causing lacerations and bruises.Burning.
A bomb can totally fragment the body and scatter unidentifiable pieces over a large area.