Skulls from the Danes' Graves, DriffieldAuthor(s): William WrightSource: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 33(Jan. - Jun., 1903), pp. 66-73Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and IrelandStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842992 .

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( 66 )

SKULLS FROM THE DANES' GRAVES, DRIFFIELD.

BY WILLIAM WRIGHT, M.B., F.R.C.S.

[PRESENTED MARCH 1OTH, 1903. WITH PLATES XIV-XV.]

FouR miles due north of Driffield, in the open rolling country called the Yorkshire Wolds, is a small plantation known by tradition as "The Danes' Graves." It covers to-day some acres, but in earlier times it was more extensive, having been gradually encroached upon by the plough.

On its northern side, are traces of Britislh earthworks, or entrenchlments. Entering the plantation, the mounds or barrows are found to be numerolus. The ordnance map gives 197 of them, early writers number them at 500. They are congregated closely together, 4 to 6 feet intervening. They are round in form, measure 9 to 33 feet in diameter, and are 1 to 32 feet in height.

Almost all the barrows have been explored from time to time, chiefly by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., and by Mr. J. P. Mortimer, and to their writings I am largely indebted for the archaeological matter in this paper.

There is usually only one burial under each mound, but in one case, a child was found buried with an elderly man; in another, five skeletons were found, all seemingly interred at the same time; and in a third, two adult skeletons were found.

The graves are oval, measuring 7 feet by 6 feet, and 2 feet in depth. The skeletons are markedly flexed, the knees beinig situated close to the chin-so flexed are they found, that Canon Greenwell considers it likely that they were tightly swathed so as to be brought into that position.

In some of the graves were found remains of animals, coarse hand-made pottery, and ornaments such as hairpins, armlets, combs, and girdles. In one of the graves was also found the remains of a chariot, with horse trappings, but as no bones of horses were discovered, it is clear that the animals themselves were not interred.

Who the people here buried were, and where they came from, are questions much more easily asked than answered. Weapons and pottery, which are usually invaluable in helping us to ail answer to such questions, fail us here, for the former are absent, and the latter seemingly unique. " The pottery," writes Canon Greenwell, " is neither in shape nor colour like that of which so many specimens are described in this memoir (referring to Ancient British Pottery), and it also differs from it in the absence of ornamentation, but it is still more unlike Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon ware."' Mr. Mortimer, again, writes that "the pottery is very unlike any I have ever found with a true British interment in the

1 Ancient British Potter*y.

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W. WRIGHT.-Skulis from the Danes' Graves, Drifleld. 67

large barrows oii the wolds. It rather resembles a rude kind of dark Roman or Romano-British vessel than any other kind with which I am acquainted."'

The mode of interment also is unusual, being only met with again in this country, I believe, at Arras and Beverley, both in the East Riding, and close to the Danes' Graves. According to Herbst, of Copenhagein, sluch interments are unknown in Denmark, Norway, or Sweden.

An additional interest is thus given to the skulls from these graves, for it is by an examination of them that we can alone hope to arrive at any definite conclusion.

The skulls I examined were twenty-two in number, and are now in the Mortimer Mu.seum, Driffield. I considered fifteen of them to be those of males, and seven to be those of females. Three of the skulls belonged to young adults, judging from the size and the prominence of the frontal and parietal eminences, and the non-eruption of the wisdom teeth.

The condition of the skulls was sufficiently good to allow, in the majority of cases, the more important cranial measurements to be takeni with accuracy. The facial portion of the skull was naturally in a less perfect state of preservation than the cranial portion. An asymmetry, probably posthumous, was discoverable in a Tiunuber of the skulls, the skull appearing as though one lateral half of it had been pushed forward, causing the malar eminence of that side to present on an anterior plane to that of the other; there was a corresponding flatteninog of the occipital region.

The measurements were checked by at least one repetition; they were only taken where the condition and symmetry rendered them reliable. The single exception was that I endeavoured to obtain the cephalic inldex in all cases-the doubtful ones being- marked by a " ?"

The cranial capacity of the two skulls which allowed of an estimation, was in each case 1,325 c.cm. as measured by millet seed-the skulls beingu too fragile for the use of pellets. The skulls were, in both cases, those of femiiales. The horizontal circumference of the skulls ranged from 473 to 537 millimetres, the transverse circumference from 391 to 435, and the sagittal from 488 to 528 millimetres.

Nine of the skulls were dolichocephalic, five were mesaticephalic; the condition of the remiaining eight being too precarious to allow of an accurate classification. The cephalic index ranged from 68 to 79. Three of the skulls were orthognathous, and three were mesognathous, the range being from 91 to 101. The auriculognathic index, which was taken by Cunningham's modification of Busk's craniometer, ranged from 101 to 117. The total facial and upper facial indices (Kollinann) from 87 to 101, and from 51 to 66 respectively. The nasomalar index ranged from 106 to 112, the orbital, from 80 to 89, and the nasal, from 40 to 54. The palatal index ranged from 104 to 125, the molar, from 39 to 44. The palatal index of one skull was 140, but as this was so abnormally high, I have mentioned it separately. This skull was of further interest, since the second upper molar of

1 Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, p. 297. F 2

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68 W. WRIGHT.-Skulls from the Dan es' Crazes, Driftield.

either side had not erupted, whereas the other molars were all erupted, and considerably worn; the cause of the delayed eruption of the second molar being, presumably, the relative shortness of the hard palate and alveolar processes.

I have given no averages, being strongly of opinion that they are comparatively valueless and unscientific.

The skulls are thus seen to be those of a mixed people, which, however, on the whole, is dolichocephalic.

As regards the sutures-in six skulls, those of the calvarium were entirely, or in part, obliterated. The lambdoidal seemed to be the last to close, the sagittal beilig the first, and to begin at the obelion. This differs somewhat from what usually obtains-the lambdoidal closing before the coronal (Topinard).

Wormian bones were present in nine skulls; they were all in connection with the lambdoidal suture, and completiing the occipital bone, except one which was to the left side of the posterior end of the sagittal suture, and which completed the parietal bone. One of the Wormian bones measured 42 mm. by 41 mm., and formed the left upper part of the occipital bone. The lambda of three skulls was occupied by a large wormian bone.

The pterion of the ten skulls which were uninijured in this regioln, was invariably in H; the length of the spheno-parietal suture varied from a to 18 mm. Where the pteria of opposite sides could be compared, the left spheno-parietal suture was found to be slightly longer than that of the right side. In two skulls, epipteric bones were present, in each case they were bilateral, and in course of fusing with the parietal bone. In two skulls, the suture between the squaino- zygomatic portion of the mastoid and the periotic portion had lnot been obliterated, -a feature noticed by Dr. Haddon in prehistoric Irish crania. The abnormalities were chiefly of the nature of well-marked asperities for the attachment of miuscles. Superciliary eminences were well-marked in five skulls, but never to the degree seen in the skulls of the Stone and Bronze ages. The upper rim of the orbit was thickened and swollen in one skull only, although a common condition in the skulls of earlier tinies. Supraorbital foramina were discovered in eleven of the skulls; they were bilateral in three of them. A sagittal ridge was lnoted on one skull, unusually large parietal foramina in another, and a small paramastoid process in a third. The teeth, speaking generally, were flattened. One lower canine was possessed of two fangs-an abnormality which the late Professor Rolleston used to consider was much more frequently met with in prehistoric crania than in those of later time.

Turning now to the classification of the skulls according to Sergi's natural system, I would say at the outset that it is the method to which I attach most in)portance as a means of distinguishing races from an exainination of their skulls. The system is, I think, of especial value, as applied to prehistoric skulls, for many of them are fragimentary, often only a lateral half remains, the general shape being discoverable frequently, when measurements aie impossible. Very few of the skulls described in this paper, for instance, would have repaid at all adequately an

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W. WRIGHT.-Skulls frov?m the Danes' Craves, Drift'gelt. 69

examination, had the latter consisted merely of the taking of measurements, so fragile and incomplete, in some respect, were most of them.

The examination of skulls by measurements has had a long and somewhat tedious trial, yielding disappointing results in so far as they enable us to distinguish and classify different races. It is further an uninteresting museum method-if I may say it without offence-dissociating the physical anthropology of the dead too markedly from that of the livinig. The graphic methods lately advocated by Flinders Petrie and Thomson, whilst certainly less cumbersome than the earlier table method, still, to my thinking, are based upon the fundamental error of attempting to find racial distinctions bv other than zoological methods.

The advantages of Sergi's method are that there is not the same dissociation between the physical anthropology of the living and the dead; it makes the subject peculiarly interesting, and capable of daily application; it is based above all upon sound zoological principles, and, I think, gives us reason to hope that, when once the forms have been more clearly defined, and the nomenclature has become settled, we will be able to readily and accurately classify living European races. Further, it must have been the experience of all of us to meet someone possessed of an identically similar type of skull to that of an acquaintance-a likeness so close that one can have nio doubt of their belonging to the same race. Analyzing such a resemblance, we would see that it consists perhaps in a peculiarity- in the curve of the forehead, or the " cut " of the lower jaw, the general shape of the orbit, or the modelling of the cheek-features readily yielded to the trainied and observant eye, but either not at all to the craniometer, or, at least, not sufficiently emphasized.

The objection to the method is an important one-that it is a difficult matter to distinguish between skulls reseinbling each other so much, and yet invariably differing in some detail or other. There is the further disadvantage of our not all seeing with the same eyes. A considerable part of the difficulty is, I feel, surmounted by photographing the skulls, for, by that means, we have then merely to deal with one plane, instead of several. There is the further advantage that a permanent record might thus be obtained which would be all important in helping us to determine tlle different types. But, having photographed the skulls, and placed the photographs side by side, the difficulty of classification is still great, since it may be takell that no two skulls are exactly alike. It is only by waiving the minor characteristics that we are able to have groups containing more than one skull. The question then presents itself- what are the important, and what the unimportant characteristics from a classificatory point of view ? Many, for instance, might lay much stress upon the appearance of the superciliary eminences, many would study with particular attention the norma verticalis, whilst others would apply themselves to the norma facialis or lateralis. My opinion is that if we endeavoured, by repeated examination of a large nulmiber of skulls, to distinguish between the features which tend to be general, and those which are of merely occasional occurrence,

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70 W. WRIGHT.-Skulls fr-om the Dactes' Graves, D'riffleld.

and that if, in addition, we sought to explain the cause of the variations, we would ultimately arrive at some definite conclusions as to what are the important, and what the unimportant characters from a race classification point of view.

Further, I believe that it is only after working through a comparatively unmixed series, such as the prehistoric skulls, that we can with advantage pass on to the skulls of recent time, and so on to the living.

Paying special attention then, in the classification of these skulls from the Danes' G-raves, to the so-called natural system, I distinguish five types. The first type is characterized by a vertical forehead, by a bulge of the occipital squamnae, by being orthognathous, by belonging to Sergi's Ovoides group, resembling somewhat the skull which he calls Isobathys Siculus. The second type is characterized by a sloping forehead, by the bulge of the occipital squame being either absent, or very faintly marked, by being less orthognathous than the first type, by belonging to the .Ellipsoides type, resembling the skull termed Ellipsoides Isocarmpylos. The third type is c-haracterized by a very sloping forehead, by prominent superciliary eminences, faint occipital bulge, well-marked inion, and a sagittal ridge. It closely resemnbles the skull described by Sergi under the name Ellipsoides Ametopus. Sergi found skulls of this type particularly amongst the Kurgans of Southern Russia.

The fourth type is characterized by distinct superciliary eminences, a low forehead, and absence of the occipital bulge, resemblinig tlhe skull described as Ell'psoides depressus.

The fifth type is chiefly characterized by a somewhat flattened vertex, as seen from the norma lateralis, and belongs to the type which Sergi calls Paralleleoipedoides.

The first seven in the table of measurements, I consider, are of the first type, the 8th to the 17th, iniclusive, of the second type, the 18th of the third type, the 19th to 21st, inclusive, of the fouirth type, and the 22nd of the fifth type.

The shape of skull I (P1. XIV), from the norm,a verticalis, is pentagonal; the explanation of this is found, I consider, in the pronounced bulge of the occipital squamee as seen from the norma lateralis. The cause of the bulge is of interest. Many have drawn attention to the prominence of the frontal and parietal eminences in the child's bead, biit not, so far as I know, to that of the occipital eminence, which, however, is readily seen at the junction of the supraoccipital and interparietal portions of the occipital bone. The eminence is situated at the ossifying and hardest portion of the bone in each case, and is due, 1 would suggest, to the softer surrounding portions yielding to the pressure of the scalp. So pronounced is the occipital eminence, that the upper border of the occipital bone in the very young child is somewhat overlapped by the posterior borders of the parietal bones-a peculiarity nmade use of by the obstetrician in recognizing the posterior fontanelle. I associate the presence of a pronounced occipital bulge with an ill-filled condition of the subjacent portion of the canial cavity.

As regards the conclusions to be drawn from these skulls and the graves, we

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No. 1.-Norma Facia&is. No. 1.-Norma Lateralbs. No. 1.-Norma VertecalisN No. 1.-N'onna Oocipitali .

No. 8.-Vorma F"cialis. No. 8.-Normna Lateralis. No. 8.-Norma Verticalis. No. 8.-Norma Occ?ipitalis.

SKULLS FROM THE DANES' GRLAVES, DRIFFIELD

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No. 18.-N orma Fa cialis. No. 18. -Vorrna Lateralis. No. 18.--Aorma l erticulis. No. 18.-Yorma Occipitalis.

No. 21. Yorrna Faicwlus. No. 21. -Vorma Lateralis. No. 21.-Nonna 1ertUcalis. No. 21.- orma Occipitalis.

SKULLS FROM THE DANES GRAVES, DIIIFFIELD.

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W. WRIGHT.-SkU/lsfromn the -Danes' Craves, Driffleld. 71

can affirm that the latter belong to the Iron age, and, from the primitive nature of the burials, to the early part of that age. The people buried belonged to a long-headed race, and were of short stature-the mean stature, as estimated from the femora, being 5 feet 31 inches. The types of skulls resenmble those found in Britain in Neolithic time. Dr. Haddon has described skulls of that time from Ireland as resembling Sergi's Isobathys Siculus and Ellipsoides Depressus. Two hypotheses as to these people seem to mne possible: either they were the direct descendants of the British Neolithic race, who lived comparatively unmixed throug,h the lengthy Bronze age, or they were, settlers from the continient belonging to a race which was more or less identical with that of the British neolithic dIolichocephals. The latter hypothesis is to mle the more likely one.

In favour of the continental origin, we have the nearness to the East coast- the graves are about 8 miles fromn Scarboro'-similar graves close by at Arras and Beverley, and so far as I know no where else in Britain. The settlement was no doubt a peaceful one, judgiDg from the presence of women and children, and the absence of weapons. The presence of goats, again, so freqtuently in the graves is suggestive of their constitutinig the burial ground of a pastoral community. Further, we are told that there were two contrasted kiiids of expeditions about this time, from the continient to Britain, one, north of the Wash, for the purpose of colonization, and one, further south, for booty.

Supposilng then that they carne fromi the Continent, we have little to guide us in endeavourino to determine from which part. I think we may presume, from geographical reasons, that they in all probability came from northern Europe; and Scandinavia, having at that time a comparatively pure dolichocephalic population, may have supplied them. The " Viking," type of skull, figured by Sergi, closely resembles the skulls constituting my first type.

The paucity of our knowledge concerning the origin of these people is a striking commentary on the difficulty, not to say impossibility, of applying the results obtaiined from measuremenits to a practical use in the identification of race.

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SKULLS FROM THE PANEs' GRAVES, DRIFFIELD.

CraialMesurmens. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2] 22 N

Glabello-occipital length.... 179 176 185 180 182 177 177 180 182 185 188 183 162 192 176 188 191 190 188 180 183 183 Ophryo-occipital length .... 179 176 185 181 181 1 74 176 178 180 181 188 - 160 188 177 186 187 184 187 179 183 180 Maximum breadth .... 141 133 134 139 141 ?134 130 130 143? 137 141 134? 130? 137 135 132 130? 129 132? 138 131 131 Basio-bregmatic height .... 121 -12S - - - 129 - 141 - - - 141 137 - - - - 134131 Stephanic breadth ... 1,16 - 110 114 127- - 118 - 116 - --- -- 115 108 92 - 110 Asterionic breadth ...116 - 116 108 - 107 105 110 118 - 108 - 106 115 111 107 - - - 11I 9 107 Minimum frontal breadth 89 89 97101 104 88 95 87 92100 98 - 89 100 9595 95 86 97 93 - 92 Frontal longitudinal arc 122 120 127 130 128 113 121 123 130 125 125 - 112 128 129 129 128 120 127 124 125 131 iParietal longitudinial are.... 98 127 126 1171 134 122 124 131 122 132 133 - 110 134 131 141 130 130 134 138 133 134 Occipital lonugitudinal arc 141 112 114 116 112 113 119 - 118 120 112 - - 123 115 103 110 - 115 112 110 105 Fronito-occipital arc .... 361 359 367 363 374 348 364 - 370 377 370 - - 385 375 373 368 - 376 374 368 370 Foramen magnum length 36 39 41 41 38 38 38 - -37 38 - - - 38 41 - 40 - - 41 38 Basio-niasal lenigth 91.. 91- - - -- 96 -108 - - -105 99- - --- 88 98 Auiriiculo-nasal radius .... 89 8.9 93 91 89 88 90 95 94 91 104 - 86 94 90 - - 100 - 84 90 AuLriculo-bregmatic radius 110 117 117 116 118 109 115 121 118 123 125 - 110 123 122 130 122 121 - 112 114 Auiriculo-bregmatic arc .... 292 - 301 296 303 272 288 296 302 306 - - 281 304 308 320 298 - - 285 Biauricular breadth ...119 108 115 128 131 120 116 110 123 122 121 - 110 124 109 115 - 107 - 120 114 Transverse circumference 411 - 416 424 434 392 404 406 425 428 -- - 391 428 417 435 - - - 405 Horizontal circumference 508 504 521 521 537 495 500 .490 515 520 - - 473 532 501 518 520 507 - 508 Sagittal circumference .... 488?-- - - - 498 - 515 - - - - 528 515 - - - - 503 504 Cranial capacity .... .... 1,325?--1,325 Z

Facial MJIeasutremen,ts. Basio-alveolar length .... 86- - - - 89 -109 - - 104 98?-92 Auriculo-alveolar radius.... 90 93 97 94 95 99 93 102 111 93 - - 93 104 100 - - 106 - - 95 A-Lriculo-mental radius .... 112 109 110 115 126 119 113 120 131 121 118 - 113 128 122 - 121 118 - 112 113 Nasio-alveolar length .... 63 - 60- 72 62 66 70 73 66 -- - 59 68 64 - - 71 60 70 66 Nasio-mental length .... 108 99 107 - 121 113 112 118 125 117 - - 104 115 118 - 119 116 - 118 116 Bizygomatic breadth .... 123 113 - - 139 - 120 - 124 - - - 110 133 - .- - 119 - -

Max. bimaxillary breadth 84 - 92 100 95 - 89 - 91 - - - 79 91 - - -- 90 - 86 Bidacryal breadth . . -- 24 - - 21 20 19 21- 16 20 -- 19 16 - 24 Bimalar breadlth .... .... 87 - 94 -- - - 92 91 93 96 - - 88 10 1--- 97 - 92 Nasomalar line .... .... 94 - 101 - - - 99,101 103 106 - - 94 108 -- - - 108 - 98 Nasal height .... .... 50 43 4748 57 52 48 50 52 51 - - 45 52 47 -- 51 46 49 50 Nasal width .. .... 20 -24 2424 24 26 24 - 23 -- 21 25-- - 22 24 23 23 Orbital width .... ...4038 -44 41 - 38 39 39 40 - - 38 41 -- 46 44 - 40 43 Orbital height .. ...35 -- 37 35- 34 3332 35 -- 29 33 -- 39 35 - 33 37 Palatomaxillary length .... 44 48 52 - 56 54 48 56 57 50 - - 55 58 55 - 46 58 -- 52 53 Palatomaxillary breadth . 55 57 58 - 60 57 56 61 67 60 - - 60 60 59 - 64 63 - 55 56 Molar length .... .... 38 - 40 --- 42 -- 42 -39-- - 4142 --- 42- 37

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SKULLS FROM THE~ DANES' GRAVES, DRIFFIELD.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 .2Measuremnents of3fandlible. CT & ? &CT ? IsI & CT CT Is CT Is CT CT

Syinphysial height .... .... 29 26 30 30 26 32 29 28 37 31 3 3 2 33 63 32 - 31 3 Coronoid height,. .... 55 51 61 69 75 55 60 - 62 63 61 63 - 66 69 63 - 68 - -- 62 Condyloid height .... 54 43 52 61 63 60 59 61 60 50 51 54 47 58 64 49 63 57 - 55 56 Goni'o-symphysial length .... 85 77 79 85 93 83 77 79 91 85 8~ 81 85 93 82 82 87 93 - 83 82 3 Bicondyloid width. . 106 96 114 121 123 117 107 101 119 118 - - - 117 104 - - 117 - 120 106 Bigonial width .. .... 84 81 92 101 99 99 74 88 96 99 94 - 80 90 89 83 104 96 - 100 90 Width of ramus *.... 33 32 34 28 31 28 28 28 30 32 34 27 28 36 32 31 30 39 - 28 28

Indices.

Cephalicbreadth index: .. 79 76 72 77 81? 76 74 72 78? 74 75 73 ? 70? 71 76 70 67? 68 70? 77? 72 72 ? Cephalic height index.... ..68 - 70 - -- - 73 -77 73 7 8 74 72 Facial index (Kollmann) .. 88 88 87 - 93 - 101 95 87 - - 97 Upper facial index (Kollmaun) 51 -52 -55 -66 54 51 - - 65 Stephano-zygomatic ind x .... 94 - - 91 - 98- 93 ? ? ? ? ? ? - 80 Gnathic index .... .... .... 91?94-10194-- - - 99 99?94I? Auriculo-gnathic index .... 101 104 104 103 107 112 103 107 1 17 102 - 108 110 III - 106- - 105 Naso-malar index *. .... 108 - 107 - - - 107 111 112 110- - 107 107- - - 111 - 106 Nasal index .... ... .... 40- 52 49 42 46 54 48- 45 -- 52 48 - -- 43 52 46 46 Orbital index .... .... .... 87 ---84 85 - 8984 82 88 - 80 80 -- 85 80 -82 86 Palatal index (Flower).... .... 125 118 111 - 107 106 116 109 117 120- - 109 104 107 - 140 109 - 106 106 Molar index (Flower) .... .... 42?3 - -9 - 41 42 - - 42 - 44

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