SKS_Water Power Studies

7/23/2019 SKS_Water Power Studies

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PRESENTATION

ON

Hydrology and Water Power Studies

SK Singal

Principal Scientific officer, AHEC

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE



Small Hydro



UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project Zonal Plan -Activity

AHEC/IITRoorkee/Se t.2002



Power Potential and Energy

Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cumecs) x Head (m) x Efficiency

Energy (Units)= Power x 8760 (No of hours)



PROJECT HYDROLOGY

• Hydrological data collection/assessment• Data analysis to establish a reliable water flow with time

variability

• Peak flood discharge

• Fixing the installed capacity and establishing energy generation

• Accurate assessment of the hydrology is important for planningof SHP schemes and design of various hydrological structures

• Over estimate of water availability may lead to higher

installation and larger investment lower estimate may result in

non-utilization of potential optimally• Water availability at the intake site decides the techno-

economic feasibility flood discharge is important for safe

design of the structures



DATA REQUIREMENT• The basic data for hydropower development is the head and

discharge

• Generally observed long term stream flow data are not available

• Discharge is to be started measuring at the first possible opportunity

• The discharge data may also be assessed by use of indirect methods

with the help of the following data:

Catchment area with following characteristics:

o Altitudeo Raingauge locations and their long term rainfall data

o River system

o Shape

o Land use pattern

o Snow cover, if anyo Soil types

o Details of existing projects in the catchment, if any.

Stream flow and rainfall data of adjoining and/or similar

catchments.

Water utilization data from existing projects/facilities.



SOURCES OF DATA

• Rain gauge locations, rainfall and snowfall data and other

climatological information such as temperature, wind velocity,

evaporation, cloud cover etc. are available with the IndiaMeteorological Department (IMD) Pune

• Major rivers and their tributaries are being gauged regularly by the

Central Water Commission and State Governments and long term

records of water levels, sediment load and daily discharges• Other sources

Survey of India

Irrigation/water resources Department of State Governments

Agriculture Department of State Governments

Forest Department of State Governments

District Revenue Department of State Governments

Water Year Books of State Governments

Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)



COLLECTION OF DATA

• The project developer should install gauging station near the intake

site

• The discharge measurements should be carried out for a minimum

of two years covering two lean seasons and one monsoon season

on daily basis.

• Two years discharge data though is short to develop a long term

series but it gives an idea about minimum discharge expected • In order to have longer period observed discharges, the gauging

site should be established at the earliest and the data till the

preparation of detailed project report (DPR) should be used in

hydrological studies.• For the SHP projects on existing dams and canal falls, a longer

time series 5-15 years normally be used depending on data

availability at existing facilities, which normally is available.



QUALITY OF DATA

• For assessing the quality of data, details of methods of

measurement and observations, the instruments used and the

frequency of observations is essential.

• Adequate length of data is essential for any hydrologic analysis.

• The longer the length of data more is the confidence on the

reliability of the analysis.

• for small hydro power projects, a 10 years period may be adequate.However, planning may be initiated with minimum of two years

daily discharge data.



FILLING-IN MISSING DATA

• It is generally observed that rainfall and discharge data in many

cases are found missing for some days and even for months.

• The following techniques are used for filling missing data:

Using values of observed discharges earlier or later of the

missing period

Using the observations of the adjoining stations. At least three

stations be used.



FLOW ASSESSMENT FOR AN UNGAUGED

CATCHMENT

Long Term Data of Some Other Site

• When long term flow measurement data of a site on the same

stream or adjoining stream are available, they can be transposed

to the proposed site in proportion to the catchment areas of the

two sites.

2

2

11

2

1

2

1 Qi.e. Q A

A

A

A

Q

Q==

• 1 denotes ungauged site and 2 denotes the site for which flow

data is available.• In case the rainfall data are available for both the catchments,

the rainfall variability may also be considered.

Regional Model



POWER EQUATION

P = 9.81ηQH

Where

η = Overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear box

Q = Discharge in cumecH = Head available for power generation in m

P = Power in kW



POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES AND

INSTALLED CAPACITY

• Prior to the determination of installed capacity, the followings areto be ensured:

Applicable efficiencies including part load efficiency of

equipment such as turbine, generator and gear box.

Accurate assessment of rated head. Minimum discharge as environmental flow to be released in

the river/stream at diversion structure as per regulations and

deducted from the water availability.

Provision has been made for silt flushing discharges and other

losses in the water conductor system. Other requirements of water use such as drinking, irrigation,

industrial, navigational, recreational, etc., if any are met and

deducted from the water availability as applicable.



FIXATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY

• Obtain daily/10-daily average hydrological inflow series (year-

wise) in m3

/sec for all hydrological years.• Deduct environmental flow to have water availability for power

generation.

• Arrange discharge data for each year in descending order.

• Calculate average discharge for all the year’s data

• Calculate % of time corresponding to average discharge values and plot flow duration curve

• Calculate power potential for each discharge value using power

equation given in para 2.0.

• Consider number of alternatives of installed capacities in suitablesteps say 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000……… kW



• Compute incremental energy generation (Δ kWh) for every

incremental MW or so (Δ MW) and plot the curve between

installed capacity and corresponding annual energy

• Installed capacity is fixed at a value where the fall in the graph is

sharp.

• The alternative for installed capacity, which provides higher

energy generation with a acceptable / saleable generation cost ascompared to alternate source cost is selected.



INSTALLED CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL

ENERGYS. No. Inst

Cap.(MW)

Annual

Energy(GWh)

Load factor

(%)

Incremental

Benefit∆MU/∆MW

Potential

Exploited(%)

1 10 84.89 96.91 30.12

2 11 91.50 94.95 6.60 32.46

3 12 97.77 93.01 6.27 34.68

4 13 103.83 91.18 6.06 36.83

5 14 109.84 89.57 6.01 38.976 15 115.63 88.00 5.78 41.02

7 16 120.84 86.21 5.21 42.87

8 17 125.83 84.50 5.00 44.64

9 18 130.27 82.62 4.44 46.21

10 19 134.60 80.87 4.32 47.75

11 20 138.51 79.06 3.92 49.1412 21 142.39 77.40 3.88 50.51

13 22 146.01 75.76 3.62 51.80

14 23 149.60 74.25 3.59 53.07

15 24 152.83 72.69 3.23 54.22

16 25 155.94 71.21 3.12 55.32

17 26 159.06 69.84 3.11 56.43



GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF INSTALLED

CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL ENERGY



SELECTION OF UNIT-SIZE & NUMBER OF

UNITS

Equal Sized Turbine Generating Unit Unequal Sized

Turbine Generating Unit



DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2005)

Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0 2150 0 0 0 0 1150 510 2500 1430 1015 1550

2 0 2000 0 0 0 0 1150 510 2500 1430 1015 1775

3 0 1350 0 0 0 0 570 0 2000 1390 980 1910

4 0 945 0 0 0 0 0 510 2000 1390 980 1775

5 0 750 0 0 0 0 0 510 2050 1350 945 15956 0 660 0 0 0 0 0 0 2050 1350 945 1510

7 0 630 0 0 0 0 0 0 1550 1310 910 1430

8 1150 630 0 0 0 0 0 510 1775 1310 880 1510

9 1150 630 0 0 270 0 0 510 1775 1310 880 1470

10 1550 600 0 0 1685 0 0 510 2000 1310 845 1510

11 1550 600 0 0 2150 0 0 510 2000 1270 845 1650

12 1775 570 0 0 1390 0 0 510 2250 1270 845 1730

13 1775 540 0 0 810 0 0 510 1775 1270 880 177514 1775 310 0 0 1470 0 0 510 1550 1230 880 1775

15 1775 460 0 0 1350 0 0 510 1550 1230 845 1775

16 1550 440 0 0 1190 0 0 0 1550 1230 810 1230

17 2000 440 0 0 1015 0 0 0 810 1230 810 1050

18 2000 415 0 0 570 0 0 0 1550 1190 810 1115

19 2000 415 0 0 270 0 0 0 2000 1190 0 1115

20 2000 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1190 0 945

21 2000 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1310 690 880

22 1550 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1310 690 78023 1150 0 0 0 235 0 0 0 2500 1310 660 570

24 1150 0 0 0 235 0 0 0 2500 1270 1190 440

25 1150 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 1595 1270 1470 340

26 1150 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 1550 1230 1150 295

27 1150 0 0 0 145 0 510 510 1550 1230 1150 250

28 0 0 0 0 90 0 510 950 1550 1190 1390 0

29 0 0 0 0 270 510 1550 1510 1115 1150 0

30 400 0 0 0 810 510 2000 1470 1080 1470 031 690 0 0 510 0 1050 0



DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2006)

Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0 2150 185 0 0 215 0 2250 2500 1550 390 0

2 0 2000 185 0 0 200 0 2250 2500 1775 270 0

3 0 1350 185 0 0 235 0 2500 2500 1550 270 0

4 0 945 185 0 0 235 0 2500 2500 1550 270 0

5 0 750 185 0 0 215 0 2500 2500 1550 180 0

6 0 660 185 0 0 200 510 2500 2500 1550 90 0

7 0 630 185 0 0 200 810 2500 2500 1350 90 0

8 0 630 185 0 270 200 1150 2500 2500 1150 90 0

9 0 630 0 0 810 200 1150 2500 2500 980 270 0

10 0 600 0 0 1550 200 1150 2400 2500 810 180 0

11 0 600 0 0 1150 200 1430 2400 2500 810 180 0

12 0 570 0 0 1470 200 880 2500 2000 810 660 0

13 0 540 0 0 1470 200 540 2500 2500 810 1150 014 0 490 0 0 1270 200 510 2500 2500 810 810 0

15 0 460 0 0 1080 200 1550 2500 2500 1350 660 0

16 0 440 0 0 910 0 1550 2500 2500 1775 390 0

17 0 440 0 0 750 0 1550 2500 2500 2000 270 0

18 0 415 0 0 600 0 1550 2500 2500 1550 180 0

19 0 415 0 0 490 0 1550 2500 2500 1350 0 0

20 0 390 0 0 440 0 1550 2500 2500 1115 0 0

21 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 810 0 0

22 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 630 0 0

23 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 540 0 0

24 270 390 0 0 1190 0 1550 2500 2500 460 0 0

25 810 390 0 0 1650 0 1550 2500 2500 415 0 0

26 2400 370 0 0 1650 0 2250 2500 2500 415 0 0

27 2400 370 0 0 880 0 2250 2000 2500 415 0 0

28 2400 370 0 0 490 0 2250 2000 2500 390 0 0

29 2400 0 0 370 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0

30 2250 0 0 320 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 031 2100 0 160 2250 2500 390 0



DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2007)Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2500 1550 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2500 2000 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2500 2000 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2000 1550 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 2500 2250 1550 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2250 1470 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 2500 2250 1550 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2250 1550 0

9 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 2500 2500 2000 1350 0

10 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 2500 2500 1350 1150 0

11 270 0 0 0 390 0 0 2500 2500 1150 980 0

12 1150 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 810 0

13 980 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 510 0

14 270 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 390 015 180 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 270 0

16 90 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 2250 980 270 0

17 90 0 0 0 390 0 510 2500 2500 980 270 0

18 90 0 0 0 320 0 1550 2500 2500 810 0 0

19 90 0 0 0 180 0 2000 2500 2500 810 0 0

20 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2250 2500 810 0 0

21 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2250 2250 660 0 0

22 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2500 2500 510 0 023 180 0 0 0 90 0 2350 2500 2500 390 0 0

24 270 0 0 0 90 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0

25 180 0 0 0 90 0 2000 2500 2500 0 0 0

26 90 0 0 0 0 0 1775 2500 2500 0 0 0

27 90 0 0 0 0 0 1775 2500 2500 0 0 0

28 90 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 0 0 0

29 90 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 0 0 0

30 90 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2400 390 0 0

31 0 0 2500 2500 810 0



DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2008)Day \

Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0 0 0 0 270 0 2000 1910 1910 2500 510 0

2 0 0 0 0 110 0 2000 1910 1910 2500 510 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1910 2500 540 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1350 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1550 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1650 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2150 1910 2500 1550 0

8 0 0 0 0 270 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1685 0

9 0 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1595 0

10 0 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 1650 2500 1430 0

11 0 0 0 0 600 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1190 0

12 0 0 0 0 390 0 510 2250 1910 2500 1115 0

13 0 0 0 0 390 0 510 2000 2100 2500 1080 0

14 0 0 0 0 270 0 1150 2000 1775 2000 1150 0

15 0 0 0 0 180 0 2000 2000 2250 2500 1350 0

16 0 0 0 0 180 0 1550 1150 2400 2500 1190 0

17 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2500 1050 0

18 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2250 980 0

19 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2150 0 0

20 0 0 0 0 90 270 1775 1150 2400 2150 0 0

21 0 0 0 0 90 0 1775 1775 2400 2150 0 022 0 0 0 0 90 510 1775 1775 2400 2150 0 0

23 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1775 2400 2000 0 0

24 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1775 2400 2000 0 0

25 0 0 0 0 90 1550 1775 1775 2400 1270 0 0

26 0 0 0 0 90 1150 1775 1910 2400 1510 0 0

27 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 1230 0 0

28 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 1080 0 0

29 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 810 0 0

30 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2500 690 0 0

31 0 0 0 90 1910 1910 540 0



DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2009)Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1 0 180 0 0 0 0 0 2500 1910 1550 1550 0

2 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1775 2000 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1550 2000 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1550 1550 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 1910 1550 1550 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 510 1550 1910 1550 1470 0

7 0 0 0 0 270 0 810 2000 1910 1350 1550 0

8 0 0 0 0 810 0 1150 2500 1910 1150 1550 0

9 0 0 0 0 810 0 1150 2500 1910 980 1350 0

10 390 0 0 0 660 0 1150 2500 1650 810 1150 0

11 1150 0 0 0 510 0 1430 2500 1910 810 980 0

12 810 0 0 0 460 0 880 2500 1910 810 810 0

13 810 0 0 0 510 0 540 2500 2100 810 510 0

14 1150 0 0 0 370 0 510 2500 1775 810 390 0

15 1550 0 0 0 295 0 1550 2500 2250 1350 270 0

16 1550 0 0 0 235 0 1550 2250 2400 1775 270 0

17 1550 0 0 0 180 0 1550 2500 2400 2000 270 0

18 1550 0 0 0 145 0 1550 2500 2400 1550 0 0

19 1550 0 0 0 125 0 1550 2500 2400 1350 0 0

20 1550 0 0 0 110 0 1550 2250 2400 1115 0 0

21 1550 0 0 0 90 0 1550 2250 2400 810 0 0

22 1650 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 630 0 023 1650 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 540 0 0

24 1550 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 460 0 0

25 1550 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 415 0 0

26 1470 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 415 0 0

27 980 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 415 0 0

28 1150 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 390 0 0

29 810 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 390 0 0

30 390 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0

31 270 0 0 0 2250 2500 390 0

10 DAILY DISCHARGE (C sec)



10-DAILY DISCHARGE (Cusec)

Month Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

JAN

I 385 0 0 0 39

II 1820 0 339 0 1322

III 945 1440 144 0 1184

FEB

I 1035 1035 0 0 27

II 419 476 0 0 0

III 0 383 0 0 0

MAR

I 0 148 0 0 0

II 0 0 0 0 0

III 0 0 0 0 0

APR

I 0 0 0 0 0

II 0 0 0 0 0

III 0 0 0 0 0

MAY

I 196 263 54 227 255

II 1049 963 610 237 294

III 150 716 41 90 8

JUN

I 0 210 0 0 0

II 0 100 0 27 0

III 108 0 0 1521 0

JUL

I 287 477 0 616 477

II 0 1266 683 1242 1266

III 232 1932 2241 1787 1932



Month Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

AUG

I 357 2440 1517 2063 1517

II 255 2490 2450 1625 2450

III 455 2409 2477 1849 2477

SEP

I 2020 2500 2500 1884 1884

II 1754 2450 2475 2195 2195

III 1923 2500 2465 2410 2410

OCT

I 1358 1382 2185 2500 1382

II 1230 1238 1014 2355 1238III 1215 477 286 1403 477

NOV

I 940 210 1572 1237 1572

II 673 430 350 911 350

III 1101 0 0 0 0

DEC

I 1604 0 0 0 0

II 1416 0 0 0 0

III 323 0 0 0 0



FLOW DURATION

% Time

Equalled

or

Exceeded

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average

(cusecs)

Average

(cumec)

2.78 2020 2500 2500 2500 2477 2399 67.97

5.56 1923 2500 2477 2410 2450 2352 66.63

8.33 1820 2490 2475 2355 2410 2310 65.44

11.11 1754 2450 2465 2195 2195 2212 62.65

13.89 1604 2440 2450 2063 1932 2098 59.42

16.67 1416 2409 2241 1884 1884 1967 55.72

19.44 1358 1932 2185 1849 1572 1779 50.4022.22 1230 1440 1572 1787 1517 1509 42.76

25.00 1215 1382 1517 1625 1382 1424 40.34

27.78 1101 1266 1014 1521 1322 1245 35.26

30.56 1049 1238 683 1403 1266 1128 31.94

33.33 1035 1035 610 1242 1238 1032 29.23

36.11 945 963 350 1237 1184 936 26.51

38.89 940 716 339 911 477 676 19.16

41.67 673 477 286 616 477 506 14.33

44.44 455 477 144 237 350 333 9.42

47.22 419 476 54 227 294 294 8.33

50.00 385 430 41 90 255 240 6.80

52.78 357 383 0 27 39 161 4.56

55.56 323 263 0 0 27 123 3.47



% Time

Equalled

or

Exceeded

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average

(cusecs)

Average

(cumec)

58.33 287 210 0 0 8 101 2.86

61.11 255 210 0 0 0 93 2.63

63.89 232 148 0 0 0 76 2.15

66.67 196 100 0 0 0 59 1.67

69.44 150 0 0 0 0 30 0.85

72.22 108 0 0 0 0 22 0.61

75.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

77.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

80.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

83.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

86.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

88.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0091.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

94.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

97.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

10 Daily Average Data in Cumecs



10 Daily Average Data in Cumecs

S. No. %Availability Qav. (Cumecs)

1 2.78 67.97

2 5.56 66.63

3 8.33 65.44

4 11.11 62.655 13.89 59.42

6 16.67 55.72

7 19.44 50.40

8 22.22 42.76

9 25.00 40.34

10 27.78 35.26

11 30.56 31.9412 33.33 29.23

13 36.11 26.51

14 38.89 19.16

15 41.67 14.33

16 44.44 9.42

17 47.22 8.33

18 50.00 6.8019 52.78 4.56

20 55.56 3.47

21 58.33 2.86

22 61.11 2.63

23 63.89 2.15

24 66.67 1.67

25 69.44 0.85



S. No. %Availability Qav. (Cumecs)

26 72.22 0.61

27 75.00 0.00

28 77.78 0.00

29 80.56 0.0030 83.33 0.00

31 86.11 0.00

32 88.89 0.00

33 91.67 0.00

34 94.44 0.00

35 97.22 0.00

36 100.00 0.00



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 20 40 60 80 100

D i s c h a r g e ( i n c u m e c s )

% Time Equalled or Exceeded

FLOW DURATION CURVE

POWER POTENTIAL



POWER POTENTIAL

S. No.% of

Time

Discha

rge

(cumec

s)

Net

Head

(m)

Power Potential

(kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (2000

kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (3000

kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (4000

kW)

1 2.78 67.97 8.75 5093.41 2000.00 3000.00 4000.002 5.56 66.63 8.75 4992.82 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00

3 8.33 65.44 8.75 4903.75 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00

4 11.11 62.65 8.75 4694.65 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00

5 13.89 59.42 8.75 4453.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00

6 16.67 55.72 8.75 4175.20 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00

7 19.44 50.40 8.75 3776.72 2000.00 3000.00 3776.72

8 22.22 42.76 8.75 3203.90 2000.00 3000.00 3203.909 25.00 40.34 8.75 3022.92 2000.00 3000.00 3022.92

10 27.78 35.26 8.75 2642.51 2000.00 2642.51 2642.51

11 30.56 31.94 8.75 2393.81 2000.00 2393.81 2393.81

12 33.33 29.23 8.75 2190.13 2000.00 2190.13 2190.13

13 36.11 26.51 8.75 1986.20 1986.20 1986.20 1986.20

14 38.89 19.16 8.75 1436.04 1436.04 1436.04 1436.04

15 41.67 14.33 8.75 1073.60 1073.60 1073.60 1073.6016 44.44 9.42 8.75 706.17 706.17 706.17 706.17

17 47.22 8.33 8.75 624.11 624.11 624.11 624.11

18 50.00 6.80 8.75 509.87 509.87 509.87 509.87

19 52.78 4.56 8.75 341.99 341.99 341.99 341.99

20 55.56 3.47 8.75 260.34 260.34 260.34 260.34

21 58.33 2.86 8.75 214.48 214.48 214.48 214.48

22 61.11 2.63 8.75 197.42 197.42 197.42 197.42



S. No.% of

Time

Dischar

ge

(cumec

s)

Net

Head

(m)

Power Potential

(kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (2000

kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (3000

kW)

Power Potential

at Installed

Capacity (4000

kW)

23 63.89 2.15 8.75 161.26 161.26 161.26 161.26

24 66.67 1.67 8.75 125.46 125.46 125.46 125.46

25 69.44 0.85 8.75 63.49 63.49 63.49 63.4926 72.22 0.61 8.75 45.85 45.85 45.85 45.85

27 75.00 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

28 77.78 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

29 80.56 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

30 83.33 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

31 86.11 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

32 88.89 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

33 91.67 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

34 94.44 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

35 97.22 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

36 100.00 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Average Power

(kW) 881.84 1165.91 1360.45

Annual Enegry

(MU) 7.72 10.21 11.92Load factor 0.44 0.39 0.34

ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES




Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I

(2x1000 kW)

Alternate-II

(2x1500 kW)

Alternate-III

(2x2000 kW)

Works A. Preliminary 7.00 8.00 10.00

B. Land 10.00 12.00 15.00

C. Civil Works 550.00 800.00 1050.00

D. Electrical and Mechanical

equipment

700.00 990.00 1300.00

(a) Freight, insurance,transportation, erection and

commissioning charges

(b) Transmission line upto grid

70.00 100.00 130.00

Total I-Works 1337.00 1910.00 2505.00

Establishment and other

indirect charges (12% of Iworks)

160.44 229.20 300.60

Total (I+II) 1497.44 2139.20 2805.60

Installation cost per kW ( Rs.) 74872 71307 70140



GENERATION COST

Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I

(2x1000 kW)

Alternate-II

(2x1500 kW)

Alternate-III

(2x2000 kW)(a) Annual Expenses

Operation and maintenance

cost 3% of project cost 44.92 64.18 84.17

Annual depreciation charges

3% of project cost 44.92 64.18 84.17

Interest charges 12% of

project cost 179.69 256.70 336.67

Total Annual expenses 269.53 385.06 505.01

(b) Energy Generation 7.30 9.65 11.26

(c) Cost of Generation(Rs. / kWh)

3.69 3.99 4.48

GENERATION COST CONSIDERING



GENERATION COST CONSIDERING

SUBSIDY AND CDM BENEFITS

Installation cost Rs.2139.20 lacs

Subsidy Rs.330 lacs

Installation cost with subsidy Rs.1809.20 lacs

Annual expenses:

- Operation and maintenance cost (3% of project cost) Rs.54.28 lacs

- Annual depreciation charges (3% of project cost) Rs.54.28 lacs

- Interest charges (12% of project cost) Rs.217.10 lacs

Sub Total Rs.325.66 lacs

CDM benefits Rs.48.56 lacs

Annual expenses with CDM benefits Rs.277.10 lacs

Cost of generation with subsidy and CDM benefits Rs.2.87 per kWh

For recommended option of (2 x 1500 kW) for installation:




Sl. No. Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I(2 x 2000 kW) Alternate-II(2 x 2500 kW)

I. Works

A. Preliminary 10.00 12.00

B. Land 15.00 20.00

C. Civil Works 1000 1200

D. Electrical and

Mechanical works

1440 1700

Total I-Works 2540 2990

II. Establishment and other

indirect charges (12% of I

works)

330 389.00

Total (I+II) 2870 3379

INSTALLATION COST



INSTALLATION COST

Items Alternate-I

(2 x 2000 kW)

Alternate-II

(2 x 2500 kW)

Installation cost per kW ( Rs.) 71,750 67,574

GENERATION COST

Items Alternate-I

(2 x 2000 kW)

Alternate-II

(2 x 2500 kW)(a) Annual Expenses

Operation and maintenance cost

3% of project cost

Annual depreciation charges 3%

of project costInterest charges 12% of project

cost

Rs. 86.10 Lacs

Rs. 86.10 Lacs

Rs. 344.40 Lacs

Rs. 101.36 Lacs

Rs. 101.36 Lacs

Rs. 404.44 Lacs

Total Annual expenses Rs. 516.60 Lacs Rs. 608.16 Lacs

(b) Energy Generation 22.05 MU 26.57 MU

(c) Cost of Generation (Rs. / kWh) Rs. 2.34/kWh Rs. 2.29/kWh

10 D il Di h D t



Month/Year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

I 1.12 * 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.16

January II 1.05 * 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09

III 0.98 * 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.02

I 0.77 * 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80

February II 0.75 * 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.79III 0.76 * 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.79

I 0.90 * 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94

March II 0.93 * 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97

III 1.01 * 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.05

I 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07

April II 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07

III 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07

I 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 *

May II 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.95 *

III 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.97 *I 1.27 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 *

June II 1.52 1.53 1.61 1.62 1.62 1.62 *

III 2.59 2.61 2.74 2.77 2.77 2.77 *

I 3.00 * 3.20 * 3.30 * 3.35 * 3.35 * 3.35 *

July II 3.50 * 3.60 * 3.70 * 3.75 * 3.75 * 3.75 *

III 3.75 * 3.80 * 3.90 * 3.95 * 3.95 * 3.95 *

I 3.90 * 3.95 * 4.00 * 4.05 * 4.05 * 4.05 *

Aug. II 3.80 * 3.90 * 3.95 * 4.00 * 4.00 * 4.00 *

III 3.60 * 3.70 * 3.80 * 3.85 * 3.85 * 3.85 *

I 3.00 * 3.10 * 3.20 * 3.25 * 3.25 * 3.25 *

Sept. II 2.90 * 3.00 * 3.10 * 3.15 * 3.15 * 3.15 *

III 2.85 * 2.90 * 3.00 * 3.05 * 3.05 * 3.05 *

I 2.80 2.80 2.95 3.10 3.10 3.10 *

Oct. II 2.79 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.92 2.92 *

III 2.78 2.81 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.91 *

I 2.12 2.14 2.19 2.21 2.21 2.21 *

Nov. II 2.06 2.08 2.13 2.15 2.14 2.15 *

III 1.98 2.00 2.05 2.07 2.07 2.07 *

I 1.81 1.83 1.87 1.89 1.88 1.89 *

Dec. II 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.69 14.69 *

III 1.40 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.46 1.46 *

10 Daily Discharge Data



Flow Duration

% of time

equalled or

exceeded

Discharge (Cumecs) 90% of

Av.Discharge

for power gen.

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993Average

2.78 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.05 4.05 4.69 4.107 3.70

5.56 3.80 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.00 4.05 3.950 3.56

8.33 3.75 3.80 3.90 3.95 3.95 4.00 3.892 3.50

11.11 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.85 3.95 3.792 3.41

13.89 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.75 3.75 3.85 3.692 3.3216.67 3.00 3.20 3.30 3.35 3.35 3.75 3.325 2.99

19.44 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.25 3.25 3.35 3.192 2.87

22.22 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.15 3.15 3.25 3.092 2.78

25.00 2.85 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.10 3.15 3.017 2.72

27.78 2.80 2.82 2.95 3.05 3.05 3.10 2.962 2.67

30.56 2.79 2.81 2.89 2.92 2.92 3.05 2.897 2.61

33.33 2.78 2.80 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.92 2.865 2.58

36.11 2.59 2.61 2.74 2.77 2.77 2.91 2.732 2.46

38.89 2.12 2.14 2.19 2.21 2.21 2.77 2.273 2.05

41.67 2.06 2.08 2.13 2.15 2.14 2.21 2.128 1.92

44.44 1.98 2.00 2.05 2.07 2.07 2.15 2.053 1.85

47.22 1.81 1.83 1.87 1.89 1.88 2.07 1.892 1.70



50.00 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.69 1.891.700 1.53

52.78 1.52 1.53 1.61 1.62 1.62 1.621.587 1.43

55.56 1.40 1.411.44

1.46 1.46 1.461.438 1.29

58.33 1.27 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.361.328 1.20

61.11 1.12 1.12 1.131.15 1.17

1.161.142 1.03

63.89 1.05 1.05 1.061.08 1.09

1.091.070 0.96

66.67 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94

69.44 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94

72.22 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94

75.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.051.030 0.93

77.78 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.021.000 0.9080.56 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.970.977 0.88

83.33 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.970.952 0.86

86.11 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.950.943 0.85

88.890.90

0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.940.927 0.83

91.67 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.930.917 0.83

94.44 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.800.785 0.71

97.22 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.790.775 0.70

100.00 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.790.770 0.69



Fig 4.1. : Flow Duration Curve

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

4.000

4.500

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00

% of Time Equalled or Exc eeded

D i s c h a r g e

i n C u m e c s



Power Potential and Energy Generation

% of time

equalled or

exceeded

Discharge Power Power Power Power Power

for power Potential Available Available Available Available

gen.

(Cumecs)

(kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)

2x750 kW 2x1000 kW 2x1500 kW 3x1000 kW

2.78 3.70 7750.10 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

5.56 3.56 7454.44 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

8.33 3.50 7344.35 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

11.11 3.41 7155.63 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

13.89 3.32 6966.91 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

16.67 2.99 6274.94 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.0019.44 2.87 6023.31 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

22.22 2.78 5834.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

25.00 2.72 5693.05 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

27.78 2.67 5589.25 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

30.56 2.61 5466.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

33.33 2.58 5406.82 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

36.11 2.46 5155.20 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

38.89 2.05 4290.23 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.0041.67 1.92 4016.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

44.44 1.85 3875.05 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

47.22 1.70 3569.95 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

50.00 1.53 3208.24 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00

52.78 1.43 2994.36 1500.00 2000.00 2994.36 2994.36

55.56 1.29 2714.42 1500.00 2000.00 2714.42 2714.42

58.33 1.20 2506.83 1500.00 2000.00 2506.83 2506.83

61.11 1.03 2154.55 1500.00 2000.00 2154.55 2154.55



63.89 0.96 2019.30 1500.00 2000.00 2019.30 2019.30

66.67 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12

69.44 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12

72.22 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12

75.00 0.93 1943.81 1500.00 1943.81 1943.81 1943.81

77.78 0.90 1887.20 1500.00 1887.20 1887.20 1887.20

80.56 0.88 1843.16 1500.00 1843.16 1843.16 1843.16

83.33 0.86 1795.98 1500.00 1795.98 1795.98 1795.98

86.11 0.85 1780.26 1500.00 1780.26 1780.26 1780.26

88.89 0.83 1748.80 1500.00 1748.80 1748.80 1748.80

91.67 0.83 1729.93 1500.00 1729.93 1729.93 1729.93

94.44 0.71 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45

97.22 0.70 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58

100.00 0.69 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14

Load Factor 99.80 95.85 82.80 82.80

Av. Power (kW) 1497 1917 2484 2484

Energy (MU) 13.11 16.80 21.76 21.76



Month/Year 1999 2000

January 3.24 3.52

February 2.95 3.10

March 3.20 3.65

April 4.80 4.52

May 5.10 5.30

June 7.12 6.86

July 10.17 10.55

Aug. 9.239.00

Sept. 8.69 8.85

Oct. 7.84 7.50

Nov. 4.92 5.10

Dec. 4.10 3.90

Discharge (Cumecs)

Monthly Discharge Data

Flo D ration Po er Potential and Energ Generation



90% of Power

1999 2000 Avera e0 10.17 10.55 10.360 9.32 12141.84

8.33 10.17 10.55 10.360 9.32 12141.84

16.67 9.23 9.00 9.115 8.20 10682.71

25.00 8.69 8.85 8.770 7.89 10278.37

33.33 7.84 7.50 7.670 6.90 8989.18

41.67 7.12 6.86 6.990 6.29 8192.23

50.00 5.10 5.30 5.200 4.68 6094.36

58.33 4.92 5.10 5.010 4.51 5871.68

66.67 4.80 4.52 4.660 4.19 5461.48

75.00 4.10 3.90 4.000 3.60 4687.97

83.33 3.24 3.65 3.445 3.10 4037.51

91.67 3.20 3.52 3.360 3.02 3937.89

100.00 2.95 3.10 3.025 2.72 3545.28

% of time

Potential (Kw Av.Discharge

Discharge in Cumecs

Flow Duration, Power Potential and Energy Generation



Fig. 4.1 Flow Duration Curve

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent of time equalled or Exceeded

D i s c h a r g e i n c u m e c s



90% of Power Power Power Power Power

Av.Discharge Potential Available Available Available Available

for power

gen.(cumecs)

( kW) ( kW) ( kW) ( kW) ( kW)

2x2000 2x2500 2x3000 3x2000

9.32 12141.84 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00

8.20 10682.71 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00

7.89 10278.37 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00

6.90 8989.18 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00

6.29 8192.23 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.004.68 6094.36 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00

4.51 5871.68 4000.00 5000.00 5871.68 5871.68

4.19 5461.48 4000.00 5000.00 5461.48 5461.48

3.60 4687.97 4000.00 4687.97 4687.97 4687.97

3.10 4037.51 4000.00 4037.51 4037.51 4037.51

3.02 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89

2.72 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28

3956.93 4684.05 5295.15 5295.15

34.66 41.03 46.39 46.39

98.90 93.68 46.39 46.39

Av. Power (kW)

Load Factor

Energy (MU)



Thank You

SKS_Water Power Studies

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