Skin and Body Membranes Ch 4 Marieb 7
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Transcript of Skin and Body Membranes Ch 4 Marieb 7
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 4.1 – 4.32
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 4Skin and Body
Membranes
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Skin and Body MembranesSkin and Body Membranes
Slide 4.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Function of body membranes Line or cover body surfaces Protect body surfaces Lubricate body surfaces
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Classification of Body MembranesClassification of Body Membranes
Slide 4.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial membranes Cutaneous membrane Mucous membrane Serous membrane
Connective tissue membranes
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Cutaneous MembraneCutaneous Membrane
Slide 4.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cutaneous membrane = skin A dry membrane Outermost protective boundary
Superficial epidermis Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium Underlying dermis
Mostly dense connective tissue Figure 4.1a
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Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes
Slide 4.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surface epithelium Type depends on site
Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Often adapted for absorption or secretion Figure 4.1b
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Serous MembranesSerous Membranes
Slide 4.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surface simple squamous epithelium
Underlying areolar connective tissue
Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
Serous layers separated by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c
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Serous MembranesSerous Membranes
Slide 4.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Specific serous membranes Peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
Pleura Around the
lungs Pericardium
Around the heart
Figure 4.1d
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Connective Tissue MembraneConnective Tissue Membrane
Slide 4.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synovial membrane Connective tissue
only Lines fibrous
capsules surrounding joints
Figure 4.2
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Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System
Slide 4.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin (cutaneous membrane) Skin derivatives
Sweat glands Oil glands Hairs Nails
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Skin FunctionsSkin Functions
Slide 4.9aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protects deeper tissues from: Mechanical damage Chemical damage Bacterial damage Thermal damage Ultraviolet radiation Desiccation
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Skin FunctionsSkin Functions
Slide 4.9bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Aids in heat regulation Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid Synthesizes vitamin D
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Skin StructureSkin Structure
Slide 4.10a
Epidermis – outer layer Stratified
squamous
epithelium Often
keratinized
(hardened
by keratin)
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Layer of EpidermisLayer of Epidermis
Slide 4.11aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stratum basale Cells undergoing mitosis Lies next to dermis
Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum
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Layer of EpidermisLayer of Epidermis
Slide 4.11b
Stratum lucidum Occurs only in thick skin
Stratum corneum Shingle-like
dead cells
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MelaninMelanin
Slide 4.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
Color is yellow to brown to black Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum
basale Amount of melanin produced depends
upon genetic and exposure to sunlight
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Skin Color DeterminantsSkin Color Determinants
Slide 4.14
Melanin Yellow, brown or black pigments
Carotene Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermis
capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red
coloringCyanosis - Low oxygen content creates a
bluish appearance
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MELANIN
How Sun Effects Melanin
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Dermis
Dense connective tissue
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DermisDermis
Slide 4.13aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Two layersPapillary layer
Projections called dermal papillae
Pain receptors Capillary loops
Reticular layer Blood vessels Glands Nerve receptors
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FINGERPRINTS
WHIRL
ARCH
LOOP
Arise from the interaction of an individual’s genes and the developmental environment in the uterus.
Genes determine general characteristics of patterns that are used for fingerprint classification.
As the skin on the fingertip differentiates, it expresses these general characteristics.
This skin is also in contact with the amniotic fluid in the uterus and other parts of the fetus and the uterus, and their position in
relation to uterus and the fetal body changes as the fetus moves on its own and in response to positional changes of the
mother.
The area around growing cells on the fingertip is in flux, and is always slightly different from hand to hand and finger to
finger.
Their effect is amplified by the differentiating cells and produces the larger differences that enable the fingerprints of
even identical twins to be differentiated.
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Skin StructureSkin Structure
Slide 4.10b
Deep to dermis is the hypodermis Not part of the
skin Anchors skin to
underlying organs Composed mostly
of adipose tissue
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Skin StructureSkin Structure
Slide 4.13bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.4
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Appendages of Appendages of the Skinthe Skin
Slide 4.15
Sebaceous glands Produce oil
Lubricant for skin Kills bacteria
Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles Glands are activated at puberty
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Appendages of the SkinAppendages of the Skin
Slide 4.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sweat glands Widely distributed in skin Two types
Eccrine Apocrine
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Eccrine sweat gland
Open via duct to pore on skin surface
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Apocrine sweat gland
Ducts empty into hair follicles
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Sweat and Its FunctionSweat and Its Function
Slide 4.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition Mostly water Some metabolic waste Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
Function Helps dissipate excess heat Excretes waste products Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
Odor is from associated bacteria
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Appendages of the SkinAppendages of the Skin
Slide 4.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hair Produced by
hair bulb Consists of hard
keratinized epithelial cells
Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Figure 4.7c
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HAIR FOLLICLE
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Hair AnatomyHair Anatomy
Slide 4.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Central medulla Cortex surrounds
medulla Cuticle on outside of
cortex Most heavily
keratinizedFigure 4.7b
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Asian, Caucasian, African
In this cross-section of a hair root, the dark cortex and medulla are surrounded by the interlocked cuticles, Huxley's and Henle's layers, the outer epithelial root sheath, a deeply stained basement membrane and, finally, the well-vascularized connective tissue sheath.
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Associated Hair StructuresAssociated Hair Structures
Slide 4.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hair follicle Dermal and epidermal
sheath surround hair root
Arrector pilli Smooth muscle
Sebaceous gland Sweat gland
Figure 4.7a
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Appendages of the SkinAppendages of the Skin
Slide 4.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nails Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
Heavily keratinized Stratum basale extends beneath the nail
bed Responsible for growth
Lack of pigment makes them colorless
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Nail StructuresNail Structures
Slide 4.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Free edge Body Root of nail Eponychium –
proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body
Figure 4.9
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Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
Slide 4.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Infections Athletes foot
Caused by fungal infection Boils and carbuncles
Caused by bacterial infection Cold sores
Caused by virus
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Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
Slide 4.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Infections and allergies Contact dermatitis
Exposures cause allergic reaction Impetigo
Caused by bacterial infection Psoriasis
Cause is unknown Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
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Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
Slide 4.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Burns Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers
Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance Circulatory shock
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Rules of NinesRules of Nines
Slide 4.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Way to determine the extent of burns Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation Each area represents about 9%
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Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns First-degree burns
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen Second degree burns
Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
Skin is red with blisters Third-degree burns
Destroys entire skin layer Burn is gray-white or black
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Critical BurnsCritical Burns
Slide 4.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Burns are considered critical if: Over 25% of body has second degree
burns Over 10% of the body has third degree
burns There are third degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet
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Skin CancerSkin Cancer
Slide 4.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cancer – abnormal cell mass Two types
Benign Does not spread (encapsulated)
Malignant Metastasized (moves) to other parts of
the body Skin cancer is the most common type of
cancer
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Skin Cancer TypesSkin Cancer Types
Slide 4.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Basal cell carcinoma Least malignant Most common type Arises from statum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma Arises from stratum spinosum Metastasizes to lymph nodes Early removal allows a good chance of cure
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Skin Cancer TypesSkin Cancer Types
Malignant melanoma Most deadly of skin
cancers Cancer of melanocytes Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels Detection uses ABCD rule
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ABCD RuleABCD Rule
Slide 4.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A = Asymmetry Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularity Borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color Different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
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